Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-03-14T18:31:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_MarinaAlves.pdf: 2711910 bytes, checksum: 2be4e3e9354ac9d7fcc36ea36bfd6cee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-14T18:31:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_MarinaAlves.pdf: 2711910 bytes, checksum: 2be4e3e9354ac9d7fcc36ea36bfd6cee (MD5) / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências- Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / O Complexo Estuarino-Lagunar Mundaú-Manguaba (CELMM), situado no litoral nordeste do Brasil, vem sofrendo um processo contínuo de degradação ambiental, relacionado principalmente aos efluentes da agroindústria canavieira e ao crescimento urbano desordenado. Traçadores geoquímicos têm sido uma eficiente ferramenta na determinação da origem da matéria orgânica em sedimentos, se alóctone ou autóctone, podendo ser utilizados para identificar possíveis fontes de poluição produzidas por atividades antrópicas, bem como mudanças naturais no ambiente. Nesse contexto, esse trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a origem, transformação e acumulação recente da matéria orgânica nos sedimentos do CELMM. Para tal, cinco testemunhos, dois representando cada laguna, e um fluvial (Rio Mundaú), foram analisados quanto à distribuição vertical dos teores de argila, silte e areia, de carbono orgânico, da razão C/N, do 13C e de ligninas. A distribuição dos parâmetros analisados mostrou que a matéria orgânica sedimentar das lagunas tem origem predominantemente da sua própria produção primária fitoplanctônica. No entanto, a presença de ligninas, mesmo em baixas concentrações, indica a presença de material vegetal alóctone. No Rio Mundaú verificou-se a presença de material proveniente de angiospermas lenhosas, enquanto nas lagunas há grande mistura de angiospermas lenhosas e não lenhosas, sem um padrão claro de distribuição ao longo dos perfis. As razões (Ad/Al)v demonstraram que as ligninas encontradas possuem certo grau de degradação, contribuindo para uma possível redução na concentração total das mesmas, além de alterações nas razões S/V e C/V. A aplicação do índice LPVI (Lignin-Phenol Vegetation Index) para os lignino-fenóis permitiu obter maior clareza a cerca da evolução das fontes de material terrestre para o sistema, de forma que ficou evidente a transição de angiospermas lenhosas, vegetação anteriormente natural na bacia de drenagem, para angiospermas não lenhosas, a partir da expansão da atividade canavieira na região. Além disso, os resultados de acumulação de matéria orgânica nos sedimentos das lagunas demonstram um aumento de produtividade nas camadas mais recentes, como provável conseqüência dos efeitos da expansão agrícola e urbana no CELMM. / The Mundaú-Manguaba Estuarine-Lagoon System (MMELS), located in northeastern Brazil, has been undergoing a continuous process of environmental degradation, mainly related to the input of effluents from the sugar-cane industry and uncontrolled demographic expansion. Geochemical tracers have been an effective tool in determining allochthonous and autochtonous sources of organic matter in sediments. They have been applied to identify possible sources of pollution produced by human activities and natural changes in the environment. In this context, this study aimed to identify the origin, transformations and recent accumulation of organic matter in the sediments of MMELS. Five short cores, two representing each lagoon and one the fluvial end-member (Mundaú River), were analyzed for the vertical distribution of clay, silt and sand, organic carbon, the C/N ratio, 13C and lignins. The parameters showed that the sedimentary organic matter in the lagoons originated largely from its own phytoplanktonic primary production. However, the presence of lignin, albeit at low concentrations, indicated the presence of allochthonous plant material. In Mundaú River the presence of material derived from woody angiosperms was evident, while the lagoons exhibited a mixture of woody and non-woody materials, without a clear distributional pattern along the vertical profiles. The (Ad/Al)v ratios showed that the lignins were subject to a certain degree of degradation, contributing to a possible reduction in their total concentration and changes in the lignin-phenol S/V and C/V ratios. The application of the LPVI index (Lignin-Phenol Vegetation Index) for lignin-phenols allowed for a better understanding on the evolution of terrestrial material sources to the system, with a clear transition from woody angiosperms, representing the original vegetation in the drainage basin, to non-woody angiosperms, corroborating the expansion of sugar cane cultivation in the region. In addition, the results of organic matter accumulation in the lagoon’s sediments showed an increase of primary productivity in the more recent layers at the top of the cores, likely reflecting the effects of agricultural and urban expansion in MMELS

Oleogenic yeasts under appropriate conditions produce and accumulate lipids and lipid-soluble metabolites in high amounts. This attribute is characteristic also for red yeasts that except lipids accumulate also carotenoids – natural pigments used in food industry and dietary supplements. The aim of this diploma thesis was designed as a comparative screening study of production properties of strains Cystofilobasidium capitatum, Rhodotorula glutinis, Sporobolomyces roseus and Sporobolomyces shibatanus. Choosen carbon sources were glucose and glycerol as waste by-product in biofuel industry. The best production properties were found in Cystofilobasidium capitatum and Rhodotorula glutinis. These two strains produced increased amounts of lipids as well as higher amounts of carotenoids. Strains were tested by FTIR spectroscopy that enables high-throughput, uncomplicated and accurate analysis.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Wachstum von Bergahorn und Buche mit dendroökologischen Methoden untersucht. Dies geschah vor dem Hintergrund der Ausbreitung des Bergahorns und der Eutrophierung der Landschaft. Die daran anknüpfende Fragestellung ist: Begünstigt Eutrophierung den Bergahorn? Die Untersuchung fand in einem Waldstück in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern statt. Dabei wurden von 42 Bergahornen und 38 Buchen Bohrkerne für die Vermessung der Jahrringe genommen. Weiterhin wurde neben jedem beprobten Baum das C/N-Verhältnis des Oberbodens bestimmt (n=80). Die Auswertung der Daten erfolgte durch drei Ansätze: 1.) Der Einfluss einer Hähnchenmastanlage auf beide Baumarten wurde untersucht. 2.) Die Beziehung zwischen dem C/N-Verhältnis des Bodens und dem Wachstum der Bäume wurde verglichen. 3.) Auf unterschiedlichen Standorten (C/N-Verhältnis) wurde die Abhängigkeit des Wachstums der Bäume vom Klima untersucht. Dabei wurde die Reaktion der beiden Arten auf das Klima verglichen. Die deutlichsten Ergebnisse wurden durch den zweiten Ansatz erzielt. Das C/N-Verhältnis des oberen Bodens lag zwischen 12,4 und 17,4. In diesem Bereich wurde eine positive Korrelation zwischen dem C/N-Verhältnis des Bodens und dem Wachstum der Bäume festgestellt. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine Schädigung der beiden Arten durch Stickstoff hin, welche beim Bergahorn (R² = 0,30) stärker als bei der Buche (R² = 0,18) ausgeprägt ist. Daraus folgt, dass der Bergahorn durch die Eutrophierung geschwächt wird. Ein Einfluss der Mastanlage auf das Wachstum der Bäume wurde nicht festgestellt. Auf das Klima reagierten beiden Arten ähnlich. Es bestand ein positiver Zusammenhang zwischen dem Niederschlag und dem Wachstum der Bäume. Der Einfluss des Standorts auf die Klimareaktion der Bäume war uneindeutig. / Within this thesis the growth of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) was investigated by applying dendroecological methods. The overall idea derived from the distribution of sycamore and the eutrophication of the environment leading to the question whether eutrophication promotes the spread of sycamore. The investigated forest was located in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. To inspect the annual rings of the trees 42 samples were taken off the trunk of sycamore while 38 samples were gathered from beech. Apart from that the ratio of carbon and nitrogen within the topsoil of every single tree was analysed (n=80). The evaluation of the data employed three approaches. 1.) The impact of a poultry farm on both species was investigated. 2.) The relation of the C/N-ratio of the soil was compared to the growth of the trees. 3.) The connection between the growth of the trees and the climate was examined for the various sites (in terms of the C/N-ratio). Thereby the response of the species onto the climate was compared. The most precise results were achieved within the second approach. Values for the C/N-ratio of the upper soil lay between 12.4 and 17.4. A positive correlation between the C/N-ratio of the soil and the growth of the trees was discovered within this range. The results suggest an adverse effect to both of the species. This effect is more intense regarding sycamore (R² = 0,30) compared to beech (R² = 0,18). It can therefore be concluded that sycamore is weakened by eutrophication. An effect of the poultry farm on the species was not observed. Both species responded similarly regarding climate parameters. A positive relation between precipitation and growth of the trees was found. The impact of the location on the climate reaction of the trees was ambiguous.

Algae that are grown in wastewater treatment lagoons could be an important substrate for biofuel production; however, the low C/N ratio of algae is not conducive to anaerobic digestion of algae with economically attractive methane production rates. Increasing the C/N ratio in anaerobic, laboratory scale, batch reactors by blending algal biomass with sodium acetate resulted i increased methane production rates as the C/N ratio increased. The highest amount of methane was produced when the C/N was 21/1. When the C/N was 24/1, the biogas production rate decreased. Batch experiments were done to evaluate the effect of optimizing the C/N ratio on methane production from algae and to identify the most essential information needed to conduct research on co-digestion of algal biomass using the continuous, high-rate, up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor system. Based on the results obtained from batch reactor experiments, anaerobic co-digestion of algal biomass, obtained by continuous centrifugation from the Logan City, Utah, 5th stage wastewater treatment lagoon, and sodium acetate was conducted using laboratory scale UASB reactors with the C/N ratio in the feedstock adjusted to 21/1. Duplicate, 34 L UASB reactor systems were built of poly(methyl methacrylate). Both reactors were seeded with 11 L of anaerobic sediment from the 3rd stage lagoon. The pH of the feedstock was adjusted to the neutral range. The feedstock was initially introduced at a low organic loading rate of 0.9 g/L.d with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 7.2 days and then increased up to 5.4 g/L.d and a HRT of 5.5 days. These organic loading rates corresponded to an initial influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 6.25 g/L and increased to 27.2 g/L. Methane production increased from 270 mL/g to 349 mL/g COD biodegraded. COD removal efficiency was 80% and biogas methane composition was 90% at steady state. Algal biomass contributed 33-50% of the COD in the feed stock depending on the COD of the algae paste from centrifugation. The shortest HRT at which steady state was not affected was 5.5 days. At lower HRT all monitored parameters showed a slight decrease after the 75th day of operation.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-05-11T17:24:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Completa.pdf: 4492376 bytes, checksum: 676d473676c9c53901a55c556909987f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-11T17:24:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Completa.pdf: 4492376 bytes, checksum: 676d473676c9c53901a55c556909987f (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / Alterações na cobertura original do solo, devido o desenvolvimento de atividades antrópicas, e o lançamento de esgoto doméstico diretamente em rios, são fatores que causam a redução na qualidade de água e sedimentos em ecossis temas aquáticos. A bacia do rio Jacuecanga (Angra dos Reis, R.J) vem sofrendo com crescentes alterações no uso do solo, principalmente, pelo crescimento populacional e o desenvolvimento de diferentes atividades industriais , o que pode acarretar a degradaçã o dos seus recursos hídricos . Esse estudo propõe a caracterização da matéria orgânica presente no canal principal d esse sistema fluvial , e de seus principais afluentes e ainda na sua região estuarina. Foram avaliados parâmetros físico - químicos da água e marcadores orgânicos moleculares, elementares e isotópicos nos sedimentos com o objetivo de compreender a influência das modificações da cobertura primária do solo sobre o aporte de material orgânico terrígeno para esses sistemas aquáticos. Foram realizada s cinco campanhas para a coleta de águas em 16 estações nos rios Jacuecanga, Caputera e Vermelho, contemplando as diferentes situações climatológicas do ano e um evento de chuva. Coletas dos sedimentos superficiais foram realizadas em 14 estações no rio e 15 na enseada. A estação (RJ2) localizada a jusante da Vila Caputera apresentou tendências a eutrofização devido ao desmatamento, exp osição do solo e ocupação humana desordenada caracterizada pelo maior aporte de carbono, nitrogênio, MPS e DBO . N a zona est uarina, o adensamento urbano da Vila de Jacuecanga foi relacionado aos altos percentuais de carbono e nitrogênio, principalmente durante eventos de chuva. As águas pluviais que drenam o pátio da Transpetro e são lançadas no rio Jacuecanga no final do trech o de água doce apresentou características alternadas entre as campanhas, com períodos de alta condutividade, e o período s com elevada concentração de MPS, sem , no entanto , interferir de forma relevante na qualidade das águas do rio Jacuecanga. Da mesma for ma a entrada lateral de águas oriundas da lagoa de estabilização e as águas do rio Vermelho com baixa concentração de oxigênio e elevado teor de material orgânico não demonstr aram alterações significativas n o rio Jacuecanga. N os sedimentos do rio Jacuecang a , o predomínio da fração arenosa seguida do cascalho demonstra a intensa hidrodinâmica e ausência de depósitos orgânicos ao longo da bacia. Na porção estuarina foi registrado elevação nos teores de matéria orgânica com a identificação de fontes de restos vegetais e de coprostanol a partir do maior adensamento urbano que ocorre em sua margem direita. Os sedimentos da enseada localizados próximo à foz do rio Jacuecanga e influenciados pela dispersão da pluma apresentaram maiores teores de matéria orgânica de qualidade terrígena (restos vegetais e efluentes domésticos). Os sedimentos marinhos, mais distantes da foz do rio, apresentaram menores teores de matéria orgânica com características fitoplânctonicas, sendo os sedimentos localizados na zona da água de mi stura com valores intermediários. Foi verificada contaminação fecal na estação mais próxima a foz do rio e influência fecal em duas estações pró ximas, porém situadas em frente ao canal de drenagem da Vila de Jacuecanga pertencente à bacia hidrográfica vizi nha / Changes in the original land use and cover due to human activities development and and launch of domestic sewage directly into rivers, are factors causing the reduction in water quality and sediments in aquatic ecosystems. The Jacuecanga river basin (Angra dos Reis, RJ) has been suffering with growing changes in land use, mainly by population growth and development of different industrial activities, which can lead to degradation of its water resources. This study proposes the characterization of organic ma tter present in the main channel of this river system, its tributaries and its estuary. We evaluated the physical - chemical and sediments molecular markers as molecular, elemental and isotopic compositions with the aim of understanding the influence of chan ges in the primary coverage of the ground on the input of terrigenous organic material for these aquatic systems. A total of five samples were obtained at 16 stations on the rivers Jacuecanga, Caputera and Vermelho rivers , contemplating the various climate conditions of the year and a rain event. Sampling of surface sediments were performed at 14 stations in the river and 15 at the bay. The station (RJ2) located downstream of Vila Caputera showed trends of eutrophication due to deforestation, soil exposure and disorderly urban occupation characterized by greater intake of carbon, nitrogen, BOD and SPM . In the estuarine zone, the density of the urban Vila Jacuecanga was related to high percentages of carbon and nitrogen, especially during rain events. Rainwat er draining Transpetro Plant are discharged into the river at the end of the stretch of Jacuecanga freshwater and showed features alternating between the dry season with high conductivity, and the rainy season with high concentrations of SPM , but did not interfere relevant ly in water quality of river Jacuecanga. Likewise, the side entrance of water coming from the stabilization pond and the waters of the Vermelho River with low oxygen and high content of organic material did not show significant changes in river. In the sediments of Jacuecanga river were observed the p redominance of the sandy fraction demonstrat ing the intense hydrodynamics and lack of organic deposits along the basin. In the estuarine portion was recorded high er organic matter content with the identification of sources of vegetal remains and coprostanol from the greater urban density that occurs in the right margin. The sediments of bay located near the mouth of the river Jacuecanga and influenced by the plume showed higher levels of terrig enous organic matter quality ( vegetal remains and effluents). Marine sediments, most distant from the river mouth, had lower levels of organic matter with phytoplankton characteristic . S ediments located in the zone of mixing water presented intermediate va lues. Fecal contamination was checked at the station nearest the river mouth and fecal influence in two nearby stations, but located outside the drainage channel of the Village of Jacuecanga belonging to neighboring watershed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_alberto_bohn.pdf: 586241 bytes, checksum: 0568eec20a5d22d087fb11ebc9a8fb75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-17 / The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of Embrapa Clima Temperado/Lowlands and Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Department of Plant Science, UFPel. Different densities in the soil seeds (T1 - 777.70 kg.ha-1; T2 - 736.63 kg.ha-1; T3 - 624.59 kg.ha-1 and T4 - 234.42 kg.ha-1) were tested in annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in succession to soybean crop. Forage harvesting has occurred twice and after the second defoliation, were tested different levels of urea (null; 45; 90 and 135 kg.ha-1). The highest densities produced more rapid crop establishment and greater mass of harvested forage, both at first and in the second cut. In this sense, from the application of different doses of urea was found, only significant effect of nitrogen on seed yield, so the addition of a unit of urea increased by 1.7 units seeds. Occurred relationship between levels of SPAD when the assessment was conducted before flowering. Prior to harvest seed regression models between SPAD and urea levels were not significant. The seed physiologic quality was not affected by the levels of in the soil seeds and urea. / O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental da Embrapa Clima Temperado/Terras Baixas e no Laboratório de Análises de Sementes do departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel. Foram avaliadas diferentes densidades de sementes no solo (T1 - 777,70 Kg.ha-1; T2 - 736,63 Kg.ha-1; T3 - 624,59 Kg.ha-1 e T4 - 234,42 Kg.ha-1) de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) em sucessão a cultura da soja. Ocorreu a colheita de forragem em duas ocasiões e, após a segunda desfolha, utilizada diferentes doses de ureia (zero; 45; 90 e 135 kg.ha-1). As maiores densidades proporcionaram mais rápido estabelecimento da cultura e maior massa de forragem colhida, tanto no primeiro, quanto no segundo corte. Neste sentido, a partir da aplicação das diferentes doses de ureia verificou-se, apenas, efeito significativo do nitrogênio sobre o rendimento de sementes, de modo que o acréscimo de uma unidade de ureia aumentou 1,7 unidades de sementes. Através do clorofilômetro foi possível predizer o rendimento de sementes pelos níveis de SPAD, quando comparadas antes do florescimento. Previamente a colheita da semente os modelos de regressão entre SPAD e níveis de nitrogênio não foram significativos. A qualidade fisiológica da semente não influenciada pelos fatores avaliados.

Integrated aquaponic food production systems are capable of producing more food on less land using less water than conventional food systems, and marine systems offer the potential of conserving freshwater resources. However, critical factors such as suitable species combinations, environmental conditions (salinity and pH), and nutrient management (animal to plant ratio, C/N ratio, and dietary crude protein) have not been fully understood for marine systems. There were four objectives in this project. The first objective was to evaluate the growth performance of potential comparable combination (whiteleg shrimp with three halophytic plants) for the development of marine aquaponics with BFT under different salinities. The second objective was to evaluate stocking densities and the C/N ratio on growth and production of whiteleg shrimp and three halophytes. The third objective was evaluation of varying concentrations of dietary crude protein in practical diets fed to shrimp raised in biofloc aquaponic saltwater systems. The fourth objective was to evaluate effects of pH levels and additional C on the growth and production of whiteleg shrimp and five plant species in marine aquaponics. Four conclusions were determined: 1) Regarding marine aquaponics, whiteleg shrimp and the three halophytes (Atriplex hortensis, Salsola komarovii, and Plantago coronopus) are suitable combinations for future development. According to the research results, shrimp performed better in a salinity of 15 and 20 ppt; yet, plants performed better in a salinity of 10 and 15 ppt. Therefore, a salinity of 15 ppt is suggested as the optimal saline condition for shrimp and the three halophytes in an indoor marine aquaponics system. In addition, inoculating probiotics do have the efficiency of stabilizing water quality, cultivating microbial community, and enhancing the health of shrimp and plants in the operation of aquaponics. 2) The stocking density ratio and C/N ratio exerted significant impacts on the performance of shrimp and plants in marine aquaponics. Shrimp performed better with the stocking density of 2:1 and 3:1, with no impact from the C/N ratio. Conversely, plants performed better with the stocking density of 3:1 and 5:1 with the C/N ratio at 15. Therefore, a stocking density ratio of 3:1 with a C/N ratio at 15 is suggested as the optimal condition for shrimp and the three halophytes in an indoor marine aquaponic food production system. Inoculating the water with biofloc and applying probiotics regularly can enhance the management of water quality and the health of shrimp and plants in aquaponics. 3) Among the findings of the study, shrimp growth was not affected by the protein content of the feed, suggesting that it is possible to use feeds with lower protein concentration when culturing shrimp in biofloc-based marine aquaponics. However, plants grew better in the treatments with higher protein content feed in the early and middle stages of production. Hence, for maximum production, providing a higher protein concentration feed (35 %) in the early stages of system start-up, and switching to a lower protein concentration feed (30 %) in the later stages of cultivation might be feasible. 4) The current study found no significant effects of pH or additional C on shrimp performance. In contrast, plants grew better in lower pH treatments, while additional C supplements improved the performance of plants grown in higher pH treatments and had similar results to the lower pH treatments. We suggest that RO water is not suitable source of water for shrimp-based marine aquaponics if ionic composition is not managed. The addition of C, however, led to improved growth and yields of most plants. Hence, adding C can be a promising approach in marine aquaponics to enhance the resistance to the abiotic stress of plants and improve their growth.<div> <br>The present study on marine aquaponics has produced important findings that will fill some knowledge gaps, provide management guidelines for production, and facilitate its development. <br></div>

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