Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:30:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiani Cruz Hartman.pdf: 1884563 bytes, checksum: e16a5b42a86658f86cfd68e490069ec0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The soil organic matter (SOM) perform an important role in the agriculture sustainability, and depending of the management system used, the soil can behave as a source or drainage of carbon (C) to the atmosphere. The objective of this study was to comprehend the impact of the use of phosphorous (P) sources in the soil organic carbon (SOC) pools and in the soil aggregation, managed in the crop-livestock integration system (CLIS), in no-till, adopting as a reference the native vegetation. The experiment design was completely randomized blocks in factorial 2x3, with four replicates. The experiment was established in April 2009 with five treatments: (i) control: without P application; (ii) TSP60: application of 60 kg ha-1 in the form of triple superphosphate (TSP); (iii) TSP120: application of 120 kg ha-1 of P in the form of TSP; (iv) MTP60: application of 60 kg ha-1 of P in the form of magnesium thermophosphate (MTP); (v) MTP120: application of 120 kg ha-1 of P in the form of MTP. In addition, we used as a reference a nearby native vegetation area. The soil was sampled in march 2013, at the depths of 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 cm for aggregate analysis and 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 8-100 cm for total organic carbon (TOC) analysis, total and labile polysaccharides (PT and PL), hot water extractable organic carbon (HWEOC), permanganate oxidizable organic carbon (POXC), pyrophosphate oxidizable organic carbon (PIOC), recalcitrant carbon (Crec), particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral associated organic carbon (MAOC). The treatments with TSP promoted higher stocks in all the SOC labile pools at 0-100 layer. The treatment with TSP presented higher POC, HWEOC and POXC stocks, which was 22.65 and 22.53; 21.99 and 22.49; 4.98 and 4.85 Mg ha-1, respectively, for TSP60 and TSP120, respectively at 0-100 cm layer. The extra-large macroaggregate class (8-19 mm) at the depth of 0-20 cm presented the highest TOC stocks regarding the other aggregate classes and the TSP at the rate of 60 kg ha-1 promoted the highest TOC stock. The C sequestration rate estimated by the unicompartimental model of C balance was 10 times higher in the 8-19 aggregate class at the depth of 0-20 regarding the 0.053-0.25 mm aggregate class. The C sequestration rate for the treatments control, TSP60, TSP120 MTP60 and MTP120 were 0.82, 1.06, 1.14, 1.09 and 1.06 Mg ha-1, respectively. The minimum amount of crop residue necessary to maintain the carbon balance for the treatments control, TSP60, TSP120 MTP60 and MTP120 respectively were from 6.98, 8.17, 7.93, 7.98 and 8.0 Mg ha-1 to 0.32, 0.23, 0.27, 0.20 and 0.22 Mg ha-1, in the 2-19 and 0.25-0.053 classes, respectively. The phosphate fertilization with soluble source in no-till in CLIS in short-term promoted higher benefits to soil structure and higher C stock in the SOC pools and in the aggregates, than the partial soluble source, indicating higher potential in reverting the soil degradation process. / A matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) desempenha um papel importante, na sustentabilidade agrícola e dependendo do manejo adotado o solo pode atuar como fonte ou dreno de Carbono (C) para a atmosfera. O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender o impacto do uso de fontes de fósforo, nos compartimentos de Carbono orgânico e na agregação do solo, manejado no sistema integrado de produção agropecuária (SIPA), em plantio direto (PD), tendo como referência a vegetação nativa (VN). O experimento foi realizado em um Cambissolo Háplico argiloso no município de Castro, PR. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos aleatorizados, em arranjo fatorial (2X3), com quatro repetições. O experimento foi implantado em abril de 2009 e constitui-se de 5 tratamentos: (i) Controle – sem aplicação de P; (ii) SFT60 - aplicação de 60 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na forma de superfosfato triplo (SFT); (iii) SFT120 – aplicação de120 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na forma de SFT; (iv) TFM60 - aplicação de 60 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na forma de termofosfato magnesiano (TFM); (v) TFM120 –aplicação de 120 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na forma de TFM, também, foi adicionado como tratamento o solo sob VN adjacente ao experimento, caracterizando a referência. O solo foi coletado em março de 2013, nas profundidades 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 cm para análise de agregados e 0-5, 5-10, -10-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 e 80-100 cm para análise de C orgânico total (COT), C organico particulado (COP) e C associado aos minerais, C extraído por água quente (CAQ), C oxidado por permanganato de potássio (COXP), C extraído por pirofosfato de sódio (CPIR), polissacarídeos totais e lábeis (PT e PL respectivamente), e C recalcitrante (Crec), compreendendo os compartimentos do C. Os tratamentos com SFT promoveram estoque superior nos compartimentos lábeis na camada de 0-100 cm. Os tratamentos com fonte SFT resultaram em maior estoque de COP, CAQ e COXP que foi de 22,65 e 22,53; 21,99 e 22,49; 4,98 e 4,85 Mg ha-1, respectivamente, para o SFT60 e SFT120, respectivamente na camada de 0-100 cm. A classe de macroagregado extra-grande (8-19 mm) na camada de 0-20 cm constituiu-se no maior estoque de COT em relação as demais classes de agregados e o tratamento com SFT na dose de 60 kg ha-1 promoveu o maior estoque de COT. A taxa de sequestro de C estimada pelo modelo unicompartimental de balanço de C foi de quase 10 vezes superior na classe de macroagregados (8-19 mm) na camada de 0-20 cm em relação a classe de microagregados (0,053- 0,25 mm). A taxa de de sequestro de C para os tratamentos Controle, SFT60, SFT120 TFM60 e TFM120 foi de 0,82, 1,06, 1,14, 1,09 e 1,06 Mg ha-1ano-1, respectivamente. A quantidade mínima de resíduos culturais na forma de palhada para manter o balanço de C em equilíbrio estável para os tratamentos Controle, SFT60, SFT120, TFM60 e TFM120 foi de 6,98, 8,17, 7,93, 7,98 e 8,03 Mg ha-1 e 0,32, 0,23, 0,27, 0,20 e 0,22 Mg ha-1, respectivamente, nas classes 2-19 e 0,25-0,053 mm, respectivamente, A adubação fosfatada com fonte solúvel em PD em experimento sob SIPA de curto prazo, promoveu maiores benefícios à estruturação do solo e maior estoque de C nos compartimentos de C e nos agregados, do que a fonte parcialmente solúvel, indicando maior potencial em reverter o processo de degradação da qualidade do solo.

<p dir="ltr">Forest ecosystems play a pivotal role in climate change mitigation. Sustainable forest management practices necessitate accurate quantification of forest aboveground carbon stocks (FACS). In the first part of this study, I compared the 13-year changes in FACS across three silvicultural systems, including even-aged management (EA), uneven-aged management (UEA), and non-harvested controls (NH), in Indiana's hardwood forests. Forest stands within each silvicultural system were assigned with one of the six treatment types, including clearcutting, shelterwood, or prescribed burning for EA, single-tree selection or patch cutting for UEA, or untreated controls. From 2008 to 2021, the FACS of the study area exhibited an increase from 91.5 ± 9.0 Mg/ha to 115.3 ± 2.1 Mg/ha. Single-tree selection, shelterwood, and prescribed burning were found to have minimal impacts on FACS. However, clearcutting and patch cutting resulted in a significant reduction in FACS, with subsequent recovery reaching only 30-37% of their pre-treatment levels after 13 years. Further investigations may use long-term inventory data to analyze the chronic recovery patterns on these sites.</p><p dir="ltr">In the second part of this study, I evaluated the feasibility of using 3DEP LiDAR in conjunction with the random forest algorithm for multiscale FACS prediction. It was found that the stand-scale model outperformed the plot-scale model, primarily due to a stand’s higher positioning accuracy and reduced boundary effects than the plot-scale model. This led to a reduction in RMSE from 25.43 Mg/ha (26%) to 16.74 Mg/ha (20%). Moreover, the stand-scale model exhibited robust landscape-level prediction performance even in scenarios where point density decreased from 7.7 points/m² to 2.0 points/m². However, the partitioned model including solely clearcut and patch sites produced a higher RMSE of 59% (17.82 Mg/ha) due to inaccurate LiDAR return classification and biased canopy height metrics extraction. Future research should delve into the mechanisms of point cloud classification to improve the FACS prediction accuracy for clearcut forest monitoring.</p><p dir="ltr">Overall, this thesis contributed to a deeper understanding of carbon dynamics in managed hardwood forests, highlighted the potential of using LiDAR technology for improved landscape-level carbon monitoring, and informed the decision-making processes in the context of climate change mitigation.</p><p><br></p>

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clever Briedis.pdf: 1258130 bytes, checksum: ffdbaa47bb93b2258b4ff51d6b50f9ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-14 / Liming is the most often practice used to neutralize soil acidity, and also promotes chemical changes that can alter the soil organic matter (SOM) pools and the mechanisms of flocculation, formation and stabilization of macro-and microaggregates. The objective of this study was to evaluate carbon sequestration, in the whole and in the aggregates samples, and the changes in the SOM pools affected by liming in a long-term no-tillage. The experiment was conducted in an Oxisol, located in Ponta Grossa, PR. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, arranged as split plot with three replications. The main plot consisted of dolomite lime applied on the soil surface at a 0 or 6 Mg ha-1 in 1993, and 0 or 3 Mg ha-1 in 2000 in plots previously with and without lime, and the treatments was assigned as: 0+0, 6+0, 0+3 and 6+3 Mg ha-1. The subplots were represented by sampling depth and consist of 0-2.5, 2.5-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm layer. The soil samples were taken in September 2008 and the total organic carbon (TOC) was analyzed in the whole sample, in the aggregates and in the particulate organic carbon (POC) and in the fraction associated with minerals carbon (OCAM). Aggregates of 8-19 mm, in the 0-2.5 cm layer were analyzed by using scan microscope spectrometer X-ray (EDS) for elemental analysis of carbon (C) and calcium (Ca). Liming promoted accumulation of TOC mainly in the layer 0-2.5 cm. The TOC stocks at 0-20 cm were 49.9, 52.9, 52.7 and 57.5 Mg ha-1 for 0+0, 6+0, 0+3, 6 +3 treatments, respectively. Stocks in the SOM fractions were also increased with liming. The increase in POC stock was close relationship (R2 = 0.98, P = 0.011) with the C accumulated input through crop residue, which was higher in plots that were limed. A positive correlation was found between TOC and C extracted in hot water (CHW), total polysaccharides (TP) and labile (LP). Correlations also showed that TOC had a closer relationship with POC than with OCAM, suggesting a greater influence on the labile fraction of TOC increase with liming. In aggregate, the effect of liming in TOC accumulation was mainly in 0-2.5 cm depth. The treatments with liming showed high mean weight diameter (MWD), which provided a large stock of TOC in the 8-19 mm aggregate size. A higest proportion of large aggregates with liming was closely correlated with the TOC content of whole sample. The highest liming dosis resulted in both COP and in OCAM, in the largest class of aggregates. The proportion of POC average of the treatments in relation to OCAM, this class of aggregates, has decreased in depth, and were 18, 13, 10 and 8% at depths of 0-2.5, 2.5-5, 50-10 and 10-20, respectively. Elemental analysis of C and Ca showed a positive correlation of those elements contained in a section of clay from the center of 8-19 mm aggregates. The results suggest that application of lime in soil with clay fraction dominated by kaolinite, brings benefits to structuring and promotes an increase of C in the whole sample and in aggregates. / A calagem é a prática mais utilizada para neutralizar a acidez do solo, porém promove também modificações químicas capazes de alterar os compartimentos da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e mecanismos de floculação, formação e estabilização de macro e microagregados. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o seqüestro de carbono, na amostra integral e nos agregados, e as alterações nos compartimentos da MOS afetados por calagem superficial em sistema plantio direto de longa duração. O experimento foi conduzido em um Latossolo Vermelho textura média, no município de Ponta Grossa, PR. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas consistiram da aplicação de calcário dolomítico na superfície do solo na dose de 0 ou 6 Mg ha-1 em 1993, e dose de 0 ou 3 Mg ha-1 em 2000 nas parcelas previamente com e sem calcário, compondo os tratamentos: 0+0; 6+0; 0+3 e 6+3 Mg ha-1. As subparcelas foram constituídas pelas profundidades de coleta, sendo realizadas em 0-2,5, 2,5-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm de profundidade. As coletas de solo foram realizadas em setembro de 2008 e analisados os conteúdos de carbono orgânico total (COT) na amostra total, nos agregados e nas frações particulada (COP) e associada aos minerais (COAM) da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). Agregados de 8-19 mm, da camada 0-2,5 cm, foram analisados através do uso de espectrômetro de dispersão de raios X (EDS) para a análise elementar de carbono (C) e cálcio (Ca). A calagem promoveu acúmulo de COT, principalmente na camada 0-2,5 cm. Os estoques de COT na camada de 0-20 cm foram 49,9, 52,9, 52,7 e 57,5 Mg ha-1 para os tratamentos 0+0, 6+0, 0+3 e 6+3, respectivamente. Os estoques nas frações da MOS também foram aumentados com a calagem. O aumento no estoque de COP foi estreitamente relacionado (R2=0,98; P=0,011) com a adição acumulada de C via resíduo cultural, a qual foi mais elevada nas parcelas que receberam calagem. Houve correlação positiva entre COT e carbono em água quente (CAQ), polissacarídeos totais (PT) e lábeis (PL). Correlações também demonstraram que o COT teve relação mais estreita com o COP do que com COAM, sugerindo maior influência da fração lábil no aumento de COT com a calagem. Nos agregados, a calagem proporcionou acúmulo de COT principalmente na profundidade de 0-2,5 cm. A calagem aumentou o diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP), proporcionando grande estoque de COT na classe de agregado 8-19 mm. A elevada proporção de agregados grandes nos tratamentos com calagem foi estreitamente correlacionado com o conteúdo de COT da amostra integral. A maior dose de calcário proporcionou aumento no estoque de COT tanto em COP quanto em COAM, visto principalmente na maior classe de agregados. A proporção de COP em relação ao COAM, na média dos tratamentos, nessa classe de agregados, diminuiu em profundidade, ficando em torno de 18, 13, 10 e 8 % nas profundidades de 0-2,5, 2,5-5, 5-10 e 10-20, respectivamente. Análise elementar de C e Ca demonstraram correlação positiva dos dois elementos contidos em uma secção da fração argila do centro de agregados de 8-19 mm. A aplicação de calcário, em solo dominado na fração argila por caulinita, traz benefícios à estruturação e promove aumento de C na amostra integral e nos agregados.