MSc. (Biochemistry) / GLOBOCAN 2008 Survey reported that 12.7 million cancer cases with 7.6 million cancer deaths occurred with an astonishing 56% of these cases and 64% of these deaths allocated to economically developing countries, such as South Africa. Statistics are alarming concerning cutaneous malignant melanomas (CMM) with the World Health Organisation (WHO) estimating that 132 000 new cases of CMM arise per annum internationally with CMM incidence rates showing an increase of 28% in men and 12% increase in women worldwide; whilst the Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) has reported that skin cancer is the most common cancer in South Africa, with an estimated 20 000 new cases being reported per annum. Normal cells progressively transform into malignant tumours by a process that requires sequential acquisition of mutations in a genome damaged by various intrinsic and exogenous incidences resulting in two distinct and functional outcomes: 1) activation and/or expression of unfavourable oncogenes and 2) inactivation of tumour suppressor genes that code for proteins involved in checkpoints to cell proliferation or cell death. Transformation of dendritic melanocytic epidermal skin cells give rise to different types of skin cancers with CMM being predominant with poor prognosis and 90% of all deaths associated with cutaneous type tumours and CMM has been classified as a multifactorial disease where both environmental and genetic factors/mutations interact in concert to contribute to CMM susceptibility. Conceptual progress in the last decade has added two emerging hallmarks showing increased potential in generality to the already six known hallmarks of cancer, namely reprogramming of cellular energy metabolism and evasion of immune destruction by T and B lymphocytes and macrophages, enabled by core hallmark cancer characteristics such as genome instability and tumour-promoting inflammation. The Warburg Effect has been described, in terms of metabolic particularities of cancers, as an increased glucose uptake, via a shift in energy production from oxidative phosphorylation to a glycolytic pathway, with increased extracellular lactate release by tumours resulting in a consequent decrease in pH in the surrounding tissues, even in the presence of oxygen. This effect contributes to proliferation, invasiveness, metastasis and angiogenesis of malignant cells. Thus, chronic and uncontrolled cell proliferation, representing the essence of tumour growth, involves not only deregulatory control of cell proliferation but also a parallel adjustment to energy metabolic pathways in order to fuel cell growth and division. Over the last twenty years, studies have shown that the concept of programmed cell death (PCD), by apoptosis, serves as a natural barrier to cancer development where both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic circuits conclude in the implementation of progressively...

[pt] A dissertação analisa o cinema de horror brasileiro a partir de 2008, momento em que José Mojica Marins, criador do icônico Zé do Caixão, lança sua última obra, Encarnação do Demônio. A produção que segue daí é bastante heterogênea e diversa, além de crescente em número de filmes. Para se ter uma ideia, em 2008 foram lançados três filmes, incluindo o de Mojica, já em 2018, foram lançadas nove obras. Do conjunto me interessa e destaco aquelas que, de alguma forma, mobilizam o gênero narrativo enquanto crítica ou comentário social. Discuto na dissertação, além de Encarnação do Demônio, os filmes Trabalhar Cansa (2011), As Boas Maneiras (2017), Mormaço (2018) e Bacurau (2019). Partindo desse corpus, desenvolvo uma reflexão sobre os usos dos gêneros narrativos no cinema brasileiro das primeiras décadas do século XXI. / [en] This work analyses Brazilian horror cinema from 2008, when José Mojica Marins, creator of the iconic Coffin Joe, launched his latest film, Encarnação do Demônio. The set of movies that follows is not only heterogeneous and diverse but also growing in number of films. To get an idea, in 2008 three films were released, including Mojica s, as opposed to nine films in 2018. From this set of movies, what interests me and what I highlight are those films that somehow mobilizes the genre as a critic or social comment. I discuss in this work, besides Encarnação do Demônio, the films Trabalhar Cansa (2011), As Boas Maneiras (2017), Mormaço (2018) and Bacurau (2019). By this corpus, I develop a reflection on the uses of the narrative genres in Brazilian cinema of the first decades of the 21st century.

Cancer is regarded as a global disease and one of the leading killer diseases in the world. The reason why cancer is so widespread and often misunderstood stems from multiple factors, namely, the lack of knowledge about cancer, unfair discrimination of persons living with cancer, inadequate or inappropriate treatment provided to patients, the stigma attached to cancer, misdiagnosis and late diagnosis of persons living with cancer, as well as the inadequate provision of screening programs to detect cancer at an early stage. The combination of these issues raises alarming medico-legal problems that merit further attention. The thesis will explore the origin, nature, philosophical and clinical aspects pertaining to cancer, as well as legal issues related to cancer and oncology. The study will conclude with recommendations aimed at mitigating and addressing the shortcomings that exist in the medico-legal framework. The study will also draw on a legal comparison of relevant South African, English and American laws and regulations. Since this thesis entails focussing on medico-legal principles, the study will draw on aspects of medical law, labour law, law of contract, law of delict, constitutional law and criminal law. / Private Law / LL. D.