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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Vliv aktivity kyslíku, během tavby a odlévání, na metalurgickou jakost slitin železa / Influence of Oxygen Activity, during Melt and Casting, on Metallurgical Quality of Ferrous Alloys

Pecina, Vladimír January 2010 (has links)
Casting of test castings from low – carbon steel with different deoxidation degrees. Oxygen activity measurement in castings – from the temperatures over liquidus to solidification of metal. Analysis of chemical composition of inclusions. Calculation of thermodynamic equilibrium between oxygen activity and aluminium, silicon and manganese activities in unalloyed steel. Estimation of conditions for the course of carbon reactions in studied casting.
32

Soldagem de chapas grossas em aço baixa liga temperado e revenido ASTM A514 com aço carbono ASTM A36 pelo processo arame tubular / Welding of ASTM A514 quenched and tempered low alloy steel thick plates with ASTM A36 carbon steel by FCAW process

FERRARI, MARCELLO 09 October 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-10-09T18:35:29Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T18:35:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foram determinadas as condições para a soldagem de chapas grossas de aço carbono ASTM A36 com aço baixo-liga temperado e revenido ASTM A514 Grau Q empregando-se o processo arame tubular. Para tanto foram soldadas diversas peças de testes com o intuito de se avaliar as condições mais adequadas de preparação e soldagem de juntas dissimilares destes materiais. A preparação foi realizada por meio de corte térmico. A temperatura de preaquecimento foi determinada através de modelos matemáticos, pelas recomendações das normas AWS D1.1 e DIN EN 1011-2 sendo posteriormente avaliada por intermédio do teste de soldabilidade tipo CTS Controlled Thermal Severity. Os parâmetros de soldagem foram determinados a partir da qualificação de um procedimento de soldagem, conforme a norma AWS D1.1. Foram avaliadas as consequências do emprego do tratamento térmico de alívio de tensões após soldagem (TTAT), pelos testes de dureza Vickers e impacto Charpy. A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada por meio de microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A caracterização das superfícies oxicortadas evidenciou os efeitos da descarbonetação e também da carbonetação. A temperatura de pré-aquecimento de 160°C determinada por meio da metodologia recomendada pelas normas AWS D1.1 e DIN EN 1011-2 mostrou-se satisfatória nos testes de soldabilidade. Foi possível a qualificação do procedimento de soldagem (EPS) com requisitos de impacto na condição "como soldado", porém na condição "após TTAT", os baixos valores de tenacidade obtidos no metal de solda, inferiores a 27J, não permitiram a qualificação de uma EPS com requisitos de impacto. Foi observada a ausência de trincas intergranulares tanto na zona afetada pelo calor quanto no metal de base ASTM A514, porém foi revelada a presença de microfases frágeis no metal de solda na condição "como soldado", especificamente na região da raiz, intensificadas pelo efeito da diluição. O aumento do teor de carbono na raiz, a presença de microfases frágeis, a grande fração de grãos colunares e de ferrita proeutetóide combinados com a baixa fração de ferrita acicular no metal de solda contribuíram para os baixos valores de tenacidade encontrados na condição "como soldado". Após o TTAT observou-se uma queda acentuada da tenacidade, inferior a 27J, do metal de solda devido à fragilização provocada pela precipitação e coalescimento de carbonetos de ferro. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
33

Selected heat conduction problems in thermomechanical treatment of steel

Martin, D. C. (David Charles) 20 September 2011 (has links)
Abstract This thesis considers two related problems where heat conduction is accompanied by phase transformation during the cooling of carbon steels – phenomena which are fundamental to modern thermomechanical treatment processes. In the first problem, a non-linear heat equation formulation is described which includes linkage between irreversible diffusive and diffusionless phase transformation processes and thermophysical properties. A family of numerical schemes using finite difference methods with diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta method integrators for solving this formulation is present. Sample calculations using these schemes are presented for a mild steel cooled under range of industrially relevant heat transfer conditions. These calculations illustrate the need for careful scheme design and solver selection when coupled heat conduction and microstructure evolution equations become non-linear and stiff. The second section of the thesis extends this heat conduction formulation into the realm of inverse analysis. The problem of temperature reconstruction and boundary condition estimation using temperature measurements obtained thermocouples embedded into laboratory samples undergoing phase transformation is considered. A solution method based on iterative regularization is described for solving the resulting ill-posed problem. An analysis of extremely high rate cooling experiments made on a pilot-plant descaling unit using the inverse method is presented. This analysis highlights some of the practical issues associated with embedded thermocouple temperature measurements made in this fashion. / Tiivistelmä Väitöstyössä tutkitaan kahta ongelmaa liittyen hiiliteräksen termomekaanisen käsittelyn numeeriseen mallintamiseen. Työssä tarkastellaan teräksessä tapahtuvaa lämmönsiirtoa ja faasimuutoksia jäähdytyksen aikana, eli ensisijaisen tärkeitä ilmiöitä kehittynyttä teräksen valmistusta ja prosessointia ajatellen. Ensimmäisenä ongelmana tutkitaan epälineaarisen energiayhtälön muodostaminen huomioiden teräksen termofysikaaliset materiaaliominaisuudet, diffuusion kontrolloimat ja diffuusiosta riippumattomat irreversiibelit faasimuutokset. Lisäksi huomioidaan näiden väliset kytkennät. Yhtälöt ratkaistaan numeerisesti ja käytetyt menetelmät esitellään differenssimenetelmien ja diagonaalisesti implisiittisten Runge-Kutta-menetelmien osalta. Väitöstyössä näiden käyttöä havainnollistetaan simuloimalla niukkahiilisen teräksen käyttäytymistä teollisia olosuhteita vastaavan jäähdytyksen aikana. Laskentatulokset osoittavat ratkaisumenetelmän suunnittelun ja valinnan tärkeyden erityisesti silloin, kun lämmönjohtuminen, mikrorakenteen kehittyminen ja termofysikaaliset materiaaliominaisuudet muuttavat ratkaistavan ongelman epälineaariseksi ja jäykäksi. Toisena ongelmana tutkitaan edellä esitetyn lämmönsiirtomallin käyttöä osanainversioanalyysiä. Laboratoriokokeiden, termopareilla suoritettujen lämpötilamittausten, työssä kehitetyn lämmönsiirtomallin ja suoritetun inversioanalyysin avulla rekonstruoidaan teräskappaleiden lämpötila- ja faasimuutoskäyttäytymistä sekä estimoidaan mallin reunaehtoja. Näin luotu inversio-ongelma on kuitenkin matemaattisesti tarkasteltuna ns. huonosti asetettu ongelma, ja sen ratkaisemiseksi käytetään iteratiiviseen säännöllistämiseen perustuvaa menetelmää. Väitöstyön inversioanalyysiä havainnollistetaan pilot-mittakaavan kokeiden avulla, joissa hilsepesuria käyttäen koekappaleen jäähtymisnopeus saadaan erittäin korkeaksi. Tulokset nostavat esille inversio-analyysiin liittyviä ongelmia ja rajoitteita nopeaan jäähtymiseen sekä lämpötilamittauksiin liittyen.
34

Corrosion behaviour of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys exposed to sulphate - reducing bacteria in industrial heat exchangers

Prithiraj, Alicia January 2018 (has links)
M.Tech. (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology), Vaal University of Technology / Corrosion responses of some carbon steels, stainless steel and copper alloys in the presence of a culture of bacteria (referred to as SRB-Sulphate-reducing bacteria) found in industrial heat exchangers, was studied to recommend best alloys under this service condition, with techno-economic consideration. Water from cooling towers in three plants in a petrochemical processing complex were analysed for SRB presence. Two of the water samples showed positive indication of SRB presence. The mixed cultures obtained from plant one were grown in prepared media and incubated at 35 °C for 18 days. Potentiodynamic polarisation studies in anaerobic conditions were done on the selected alloys in aqueous media with and without the grown SRB. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were then used to study the corrosion morphology and corrosion products formation. The voltamograms show higher icorr for alloys under the SRB compared to the control media, indicating the SRB indeed increased the corrosion rates. The surface analysis showed pitting on steel alloy ASTM A106-B. Localised attack to the grain boundaries on a selective area, was seen on ASTM A516-70 dislodging the grains, and intergranular corrosion was seen throughout the exposed area of ASTM A179. Copper alloys showed pitting on ASTM B111 grade C71500 (70-30), and denickelification on ASTM B111 grade C70600 (90-10), and is a good alternative material for use apart from carbon steel alloys, recording a low corrosion rate of 0.05 mm/year. The EDS analysis supported the findings showing higher weight percent of iron and sulphur on surface of the alloys after exposure to the SRB media. This implies that the presence of the sulphur ion indeed increased the corrosion rate. ASTM A516-70 carbon steel was chosen as a suitable alternative material to the stainless steel in this environment. The Tafel plot recorded a corrosion rate of 1.08 mm/year for ASTM A516-70 when exposed to SRB media.
35

Modélisation du rôle des produits de corrosion sur l'évolution de la vitesse de corrosion des aciers au carbone en milieu désaéré et carbonaté / Modelling of the role of corrosion products on the evolution of the corrosion rate of carbon steel in deaerated and carbonated media

Mohamed-Saïd, Maalek 06 March 2018 (has links)
Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le contexte de la durabilité des structures en acier au carbone envisagées pour le stockage des déchets radioactifs à haute activité et à vie longue. Ce travail porte plus particulièrement sur la simulation numérique de la corrosion généralisée (et de son évolution), principale forme de corrosion susceptible d’affecter ces aciers en phase aqueuse et en condition désaérée.Le processus de corrosion des aciers au carbone est grandement influencé par la formation de couches de produits de corrosion (CPC) dont le rôle sur l’évolution de la vitesse de corrosion a été mis en évidence dans de nombreuses études. Le caractère plus ou moins protecteur d’une CPC dépend de plusieurs paramètres physiques (porosité, épaisseur et propriétés électriques de CPC) et chimiques (pH, PCO2, formations de complexes,…). Le principal objectif de ce travail de thèse est l’étude du rôle d’une CPC de sidérite sur la vitesse de corrosion des aciers au carbone en condition désaérée. Le régime de corrosion est ainsi simulé sur la base de modèles mécanistes en faisant appel à une résolution par la méthode des éléments finis de l’équation de transport réactif en milieu poreux et en potentiel libre.Dans un premier temps, l’étude de la stabilité d’une CPC par expérience numérique est présentée et constitue une étape importante dans la mesure où elle permet de sélectionner les paramètres influençant cette stabilité et par conséquent le processus de corrosion. Cette expérience numérique confirme des résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur des coupons dans un environnement représentatif des conditions de stockage mais sur des durées beaucoup plus courtes (de l’ordre de quelques années). Ces calculs montrent qu’en fonction des conditions chimiques (pH, complexants,…), morphologiques (épaisseur, distribution de porosité dans la CPC, …) et des propriétés électriques de la couche, on obtient soit un dépôt stable pouvant potentiellement entraîner une diminution de la vitesse de corrosion, ou soit un dépôt instable mettant à nu la surface du métal et qui se traduit par une vitesse de corrosion élevée.De manière complémentaire, le transitoire de croissance d’une CPC est également étudié en prenant en compte numériquement le déplacement de l’interface métal – CPC correspondant à la création de vide par la dissolution du métal. Deux approches, la première dite « implicite » et la seconde dite « explicite », de mouvement de cette interface sont présentées. Tous ces modèles numériques sont comparés à différents retours d’expérience. A cet égard, une loi de précipitation de la sidérite, discutée et confrontée aux différentes lois de la littérature, est proposée. Les résultats de simulation d’un transitoire de croissance d’une CPC conductrice sont conformes à certains retours d’expériences, montrant d’abord une phase active de corrosion suivie d’une phase pseudo-passive où la vitesse de corrosion est ralentie par le recouvrement de la surface métallique par la CPC. / This thesis is related to the issue of the sustainability of carbon steel structures intended for the storage of high-level long-lived radioactive waste. This work focuses on the numerical simulation of the uniform corrosion (and on its evolution), representing the main form of corrosion likely to affect these steel components in aqueous and deaerated conditions.The corrosion process of carbon steels is greatly influenced by the formation of corrosion product layers (CPL) whose role on the evolution of the corrosion rate has been demonstrated in numerous studies. The more or less protective nature of a CPL depends on several physical (porosity, thickness and electrical properties of CPL) and chemical parameters (pH, PCO2, complex formations, ...). The main objective of this thesis is the study of the role of a siderite CPL on the corrosion rate of carbon steels in deaerated conditions. The corrosion regime is simulated on the basis of mechanistic models using a finite element method to resolve the reactive transport equation in porous media and in free potential conditions.Firstly, the stability of a CPL is studied by numerical experiment and constitutes an important step that permits to select the key parameters influencing this stability and consequently the corrosion process. This numerical experiment confirms experimental results obtained on coupons in an environment representative of the storage conditions but on much shorter durations (few years). These calculations show that depending on the chemical conditions (pH, complexing medium, ...), morphological (thickness, distribution of porosity in the CPC, ...) and the electrical properties of the layer, we obtain either a stable deposit that could potentially lead to a decrease of the corrosion rate, or an unstable deposit exposing the metal surface and resulting in a high corrosion rate.In a second time, the transient step i.e. the formation and growth process of a CPL, is also studied numerically considering the displacement of the metal-CPC interface corresponding to the creation of voids caused by the dissolution of the metal. Two approaches, the first one called "implicit" and the second "explicit", of the movement of this interface are presented. All these numerical models are compared with different experimental feedbacks. Thus, a kinetics law of precipitation of siderite, discussed and compared with different laws proposed in the literature, is implemented in these models. The results obtained by simulating the growth of a conductive CPL are consistent with some experimental feedbacks, showing firstly a period of active corrosion followed by a pseudo-passive period during which the corrosion rate is significantly decreased resulting from the coverage of the metal surface by the CPL.
36

Genèse de la ferrite aciculaire dans les aciers à moyen carbone microalliés au vanadium. Morphologie fractale en relation avec les propriétés mécaniques / Development of acidular ferrite microstructures on medium carbon vanadium microalloyed stells. Fractal morphology in relationship with the mechanical properties

Villegas, Randolfo 15 November 2007 (has links)
Des nuances d’aciers à moyen carbone, microalliés au vanadium, ont été élaborées avec l’objectif d’obtenir de nouvelles microstructures, majoritairement constituées de ferrite aciculaire (FA). Le contrôle de la composition chimique (0.1-0.3 % V) et la vitesse de refroidissement (2.0 °Cs-1) conduit à des fractions de FA atteignant 80 %. Un paramètre empirique, le pouvoir ferritisant, P, a été introduit pour évaluer l’effet combiné de la composition chimique et de la vitesse de refroidissement sur la fraction de FA. Les caractérisations par MEB et MET montrent que la FA se développe à partir de la ferrite proeutectoïde recouvrant les inclusions de MnS. Une précipitation interphase de carbonitrures de vanadium, V(C,N), serait à l’origine d’un appauvrissement local en carbone de la matrice austénitique autour des aiguilles de FA, favorisant une germination autocatalytique. Le caractère fractal de la FA a été mis en évidence par des caractérisations morphologiques. Les dimensions fractales, D, et les longueurs de coupure ont été déterminées par la méthode de comptage de boîtes à partir d’images MEB. Des essais mécaniques isothermes-quasistatiques révèlent des propriétés mécaniques équivalentes à celles des microstructures bainitiques. Les courbes contrainte-déformation montrent un comportement mécanique de type Hollomon. Les structures de ces aciers présentent des taux de consolidation qui augmentent avec l’accroissement de la fraction de FA. Une corrélation entre les propriétés mécaniques et la dimension fractale a été établie. Ce lien s’exprime par des relations de type exponentiel : [delta]M = c exp [[alpha](D -2)] où M représente? les propriétés mécaniques (Re, Rm, etc.) et c? et ?[alpha] des constantes / Medium carbon vanadium microalloyed steels have been developed to obtain new microstructures, mainly formed of acicular ferrite (AF). Controlling the chemical composition and (0.1-0.3 % V) and the cooling rates (2.0 °Cs-1) lead to AF fractions up to 80 %. An empirical parameter, the ferritisant power, P, has been introduced to evaluate the combined effect of chemical composition and cooling conditions. Scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy investigations indicate that AF develops from proeutectoid ferrite enveloping MnS inclusions. An interphase precipitation of vanadium carbo-nitrides, V(C,N) has been identified. It is suggested that this precipitation is at the origin of carbon depletion in the austenitic matrix surrounding the AF plates. The formation of the AF is then enhanced by an autocatalytic effect. The fractal nature of AF has been determined by SEM and TEM characterisations. Fractal dimensions, D, and cut off lengths have been derived by the counting box method applied to SEM images. Mechanical tests conducted in isothermal and quasistatic conditions reveal that mechanical properties of AF are of the same grade of that of bainitic microstructures. Experimental strain-stress curves are described by the Hollomon law. The work hardening of the studied microstructures increases with the AF fraction. The mechanical properties have been linked to the fractal dimension by the following exponential relation : [delta]M = c exp [[alpha] (D -2)], where M represents the mechanical property (Re, Rm, etc.) and c and [alpha] are constants parameters

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