Nesta Tese apresenta-se a proposta de utilização de métodos de visualização cartográfica aplicados a um Atlas Eletrônico Interativo. Este Atlas é destinado a suprir a necessidades da área de Assistência Social no contexto da implantação e avaliação da LOAS (Lei Orgânica de Assistência Social) no Estado do Paraná. O desenvolvimento do trabalho foi baseado em conceitos de Atlas Eletrônicos, projeto cartográfico temático aplicado aos mapas digitais, interfaces e interatividade em cartografia e testes qualitativos de software com os usuários. O produto deste desenvolvimento foi um protótipo denominado Atlas Eletrônico Interativo. A modelagem conceitual deste protótipo foi baseada na análise das necessidades de atuação da área de Assistência Social no contexto da LOAS. Assim, nesta modelagem foram definidas as funções e operações presentes no protótipo, classificadas em: análise e comparação de padrões espaciais, análise espacial e de tendência, métodos de representação e combinação de diferentes tipos informações. Para a implementação do protótipo foi usada a linguagem de programação Visual Basic e o conjunto de classes MapObjects 2.0a (ESRI). As interfaces e o estilo de interatividade adequado a cada uma delas, de modo a proporcionar um Atlas em um ambiente exploratório, foram estabelecidos em um processo implementação e avaliação interativa de modo a valorizar tanto a estética quanto a funcionalidade. O protótipo foi submetido a testes com dois diferentes grupos de usuários, buscando avaliar a facilidade de uso das interfaces e determinar se o ambiente de utilização pode ser considerado como exploratório. Foi elaborado um roteiro de utilização do protótipo com atividades a serem desenvolvidas e questões específicas sobre cada atividade. A partir das respostas obtidas junto aos usuários após a realização dos testes, concluiu-se que o protótipo atendeu ao objetivo de servir de auxílio para compreensão e análise de diversas situações. O protótipo possibilitou aos usuários inferir adequadamente sobre a realidade do Estado quanto ao processo de implantação da Política Pública, conhecer as relações espaciais entre as diferentes situações dos municípios e analisar diferentes mapas, juntamente com gráficos, textos e tabelas. A proposta do Atlas Eletrônico como suporte à tomada de decisões na área da Assistência Social mostrou-se, no parecer dos usuários, como o instrumento adequado para o conhecimento detalhado de fenômenos espaciais, em particular sobre as informações relativas às Políticas Públicas no Estado. / This thesis presents a proposal of use of applied methods of cartographic visualization to an Interactive Electronic Atlas. The Electronic Atlas concepts and its characteristics had been applied as wel as applied thematic cartographic project to the digital maps, interfaces and interactivity in cartography and qualitative tests of software with the users. The considered general objective was the use of methods for visualization of spatial information in an Interactive Electronic Atlas to support the evaluation of the implantation of the LOAS (Organic Law of Social Assistance) in the State of the Paraná. From the types (kinds) of necessary analysis on the relative information to the Social Assistance the conceptual modeling of the Interactive Electronic Atlas’s prototype was carried through. In this modeling had been defined the functions and operations that would have to be presents in the prototype. The functions and operations had been classified in: analysis and comparison of spatial pattern analysis and comparison, spatial analysis and trends, methods of representation and combination of different types of information. For the implementation of the prototype it was used the programming language Visual Basic and the set of classes MapObjects 2.0 (ESRI). During the implementation the interfaces and the style of interatividade to each one of them had been defined, in order to provide an Atlas in a exploratory environment. The prototype was submitted to tests with two different groups of users, having searched to evaluate the usability of the interfaces and to determine if the environment can be considered exploratory. A script of use of the prototype was elaborated with activities and specific questions on each activity. From the answers after the the users accomplishment of the tests, concluded that the prototype took care of to the objective to serve of aid for understanding and analysis of diverse situations. The prototype made possible to infer adequately on the reality of the State how much to the process of implantation of the Public Politics, to know the spatial relations between the different situations of the cities and to analyze different maps, together with graphs, texts and tables. The proposal of Atlas Electronic as supported to the taking of decisions in the area of the Social Assistance revealed, in seeming of the users, as the instrument adjusted for the knowledge detailed of spatial phenomena, in particular on the relative information to the Public Politics in the State.

The diploma thesis is focused on possibilities of application of cartographic methods to display and analyze migration. In the introduction part is defined the term of migration and methods of its description and analyzing, there are introduced also the basis of cartographic methods. The main part is devoted to concrete usage of cartographic methods. Three attitudes to description of migration are distinguished - using aggregate (one-dimensional) data, delimitation of regions of migration and migration flows. For all of these are suggested possible display methods, including their advantages and disadvantages. Some of the suggested methods were applied in maps, and final applications were evaluated. The results are resumed in conclusion. Evaluation of partial maps is included in appendix.

Les utilisateurs experts de SIG (Systèmes d'Information Géographique) doivent souvent mettre en relation et comparer des représentations hétérogènes d'une même région géographique. Par exemple, la mise à jour des bases des données géographiques, comme OpenStreetMap, nécessite une comparaison entre des cartes existantes et des images satellite récentes. Les moyens de combiner les cartes sont pourtant souvent limités à des techniques qui ne prennent pas en compte les données contenues dans les cartes, comme des techniques de superposition qui permettent de varier l'opacité de la couche supérieure. Ces techniques n'appuient pas efficacement les utilisateurs dans des tâches dans les domaines de l'analyse de crime ou la planification urbaine. Cette thèse vise à proposer des nouvelles transitions interactives pour combiner différentes représentations en une, soit de façon spatiale (multiplexage spatial) ou temporelle (multiplexage temporel). Afin de mieux comprendre les limites des techniques existantes, la première contribution de cette thèse est une évaluation de cinq techniques de comparaison de cartes interactives. On caractérise ces techniques par rapport à leur niveau de perturbation visuelle, de division de l'attention et leur stratégie de recherche. Pour les évaluer, on demande aux participants de trouver des différences entre des images aériennes et des cartes topographiques (modifiées à la main en ajoutant six types de différences). Les résultats suggèrent que les techniques qui superposent les couches sont plus efficaces que les techniques que les juxtaposent et qu'une stratégie de recherche motrice peut apporter des bénéfices pour certaines tâches. D'après les résultats de l'évaluation et des entretiens avec des utilisateurs experts en GIS, on introduit MapMosaic, la deuxième contribution de cette thèse. MapMosaic est une technique nouvelle de multiplexage spatial pour combiner des cartes. Ce modèle de composition dynamique permet aux utilisateurs de créer et manipuler des régions de composition locale de façon interactive, en considérant l'information sémantique et les attributs des objets et des champs. On a évalué MapMosaic en utilisant deux approches: premièrement, on compare son modèle d'interaction au modèle de QGIS (un logiciel SIG très utilisé) et MAPublisher (un outil cartographique professionnel) en utilisant les “Dimensions Cognitives” et avec une comparaison analytique, les résultats suggèrent que le modèle de MapMosaic est plus flexible et peut mieux appuyer les utilisateurs dans leur tâches. Ensuite, on rapporte des retours utilisateurs des experts qui confirment le potentiel de MapMosaic, grâce à des cas d'utilisation précis. Le multiplexage spatial peut être très utile pour comparer différentes couches géographiques. Cependant, le multiplexage temporal pourrait être plus approprié pour la représentation des dynamiques, puisque les changements peuvent être animes. Ceci pourrait être utile de façon particulière pour présenter des changements entre des images satellites, par exemple, pour montrer les effets du réchauffement climatique. Ainsi, la troisième contribution de la thèse est Baia: un cadre pour créer des transitions animées avancées, appelles plans d'animation, entre des couples d'images avant après. Baia est basé sur un modèle de transition par pixel qui permet de créer des animations très variées. Il reste simple d'utilisation grâce à des primitives d'animations prédéfinies permettant de représenter des changements géographiques communs facilement. On décrit le modèle et l'outil d'édition d'animation associé et deux études avec utilisateurs. Le premier suggère que les animations crées avec Baia sont perçues comme plus réalistes et focalisent mieux l'attention des spectateurs et le deuxième rassemble des retours sur l'outil d'édition d'animations. / GIS experts often need to relate and compare heterogeneous geographical representations of the same region. For example, existing maps are compared to recent satellite imagery to update geographic databases, like OpenStreetMap. The means to do so, are, however often limited to data agnostic techniques such as overlaying the representations with some degree of translucency or swiping between layers. These techniques do not support users effectively in their tasks in domains such as crime analysis or urban planning. This thesis aims at proposing new interactive transitions to combine those multiple representations into one, either spatially (spatial multiplexing) or temporally (temporal multiplexing).To better understand the limits of existing approaches, this thesis first contribution is an evaluation of five interactive map comparison techniques. We characterise these techniques in terms of visual interference, user attention and scanning strategy. We evaluate them by asking participants to find differences between real satellite imagery and topographic maps, that we purposefully modified introducing six kinds of differences. Results suggest that techniques that superimpose the layers are more efficient than techniques that juxtapose them and that having a more motor driven scanning strategy can be beneficial for some tasks. Drawing from the evaluation results and interviews with GIS experts, the second contribution of this thesis is MapMosaic: a novel spatial multiplexing technique to combine geographical layers. This dynamic compositing model enables users to interactively create and manipulate local composites of multiple vector and raster map layers, taking into account the semantics and attribute values of objects and fields. We evaluate MapMosaic using two approaches: first we compare MapMosaic’s interaction model to QGIS’ (a widely used desktop GIS) and MAPublisher’ (a professional cartography tool) using the ‘Cognitive Dimensions’ framework and through an analytical comparison, suggesting that MapMosaic’s model is more flexible and can support users more effectively in their tasks. Secondly, we report on feedback obtained from experts, which further confirms the potential of MapMosaic, by describing precise scenarios where it could be useful. Spatial multiplexing can be very useful when comparing different geographical layers. However, time multiplexing might be more suitable to represent dynamics, as changes can be animated. This can be particularly useful when presenting evolution across satellite images, to illustrate effects of climate change or a natural disaster’s impact. Thus, the third contribution of this thesis is Baia: a framework to create advanced animated transitions, called animation plans, between pairs of before-and-after images. Baia relies on a pixel-based transition model that gives authors much expressive power, while keeping animations for common types of changes easy to create thanks to predefined animation primitives. We describe the model and the associated animation editor. We also report on two user studies: the first one suggests that advanced animations are perceived as more realistic and better at focusing viewer’s attention than monolithic blending, and the second one gathers feedback about the usability of Baia’s animation editor prototype.

This thesis concerns object oriented modelling and automatic generalisation of geographic information. The focus however is not on traditional paper maps, but on screen maps that are automatically generated from a geographical database. Object oriented modelling is used to design screen maps that are equipped with methods that automatically extracts information from a geographical database, generalises the information and displays it on a screen. The thesis consists of three parts: a theoretical background, an object oriented model that incorporates automatic generalisation of geographic information and a case study where parts of the model have been implemented. An object oriented model is an abstraction of reality for a certain purpose. The theoretical background describes different aspects that have impact on how an object oriented model shall be designed for automatic generalisation. The following topics are described: category theory, the human ability to recognise visual patterns, previous work in automatic cartographic generalisation, and object oriented modelling. A view is here defined to consist of several static levels, or maps, defined at different resolutions. As the user zooms the level that is appropriate for the particular resolution is shown. An object class belongs to one and only one level and has a certain symbolisation. The automatic creation of new objects in a level is discussed as well as the relation between objects in different levels. To preserve topological relations between objects in a level a network structure is formed between all linear objects in a level and objects that might cause conflicts are modelled using dependencies. The model is designed for a set of typical geographical object classes such as road, railroad, lake, river, stream, building, built-up area etc. The model is designed to handle information in a scale-range from 1:10 000 to 1:100 000. The model has been implemented for a subset of these classes and tested for an area covering approximatley 60 km2. / <p>NR 20140805</p>

Evolutionary relationships are key to modern understanding of biological systems. Phylogenetic search is the means by which these relationships are inferred. Phylogenetic search is NP-Hard. As such it is necessary to employ heuristic methods. This work proposes new methods based on viewing the relationships between species as sets of partitions. These methods produce more parsimonious phylogenies than current methods.

Es wird heute weltweit versucht, Konzepte für vielfältige taktile kartographische Medien zu entwickeln, die vorrangig der allgemeinen Orientierung und Mobilität, aber auch verstärkt dem Wissenserwerb, z.B. im Geographieunterricht an Schulen für Blinde und Sehbehinderte, dienen sollen. Diese Konzepte müssen von denen der &amp;quot;visuellen Kartographie&amp;quot;1 zwangsläufig mehr oder weniger abweichen und auf weitgehend anderen Methoden, Regeln und Techniken beruhen. Wesentliche und durch die Praxis verifizierte Erkenntnisse der visuellen Kartographie sind der taktilen Kartographie zugänglich zu machen bzw. in/an diese zu adaptieren. Trotzdem dürfen grundlegende Theorien und Erfahrungen der Kartengestaltung und Kartennutzung für Sehende nicht völlig negiert werden.

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The aim of this work is to design automatic detection of spot heights from airborne laser scanning data and its generalization. The first part is about the idea of spot height: the importance of spot heights for altimetry representation on maps and suggestions concerning the scatter of spot heights on maps. In the following part, different approaches for terrain critical points extraction (peaks, depressions, passes) from digital terrain models are described as suitable places for spot heights location. Further, we introduce a description of geomorphological characteristics of these points by which is possible to identify its significance and generalize them. In accordance to analysis of Základní mapa ČR and recommendation for spot heights location described in literature we designed own method of automatic generation and generalization spot heights from digital terrain models. This method were implemented and there is a description of the test data and results on the real data DMR 5G of the algorithm in the end of the work. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Um dos problemas que vêm sendo discutidos pela comunidade cartográfica brasileira é a atualização de documentos cartográficos, gerando estudos que procuram alternativas confiáveis, rápidas e econômicas para esta atividade. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta metodológica rápida e econômica de atualização cartográfica, onde a premissa básica será a utilização de um estereopar híbrido, composto por uma fotografia aérea 23 x 23 cm (que foi utilizada no mapeamento existente) digitalizada matricialmente, e por uma imagem aérea digital recente obtida com uma câmara digital. Além disso, este trabalho apresenta discussões e resultados sobre a visualização estereoscópica do estereopar híbrido, quando utilizada para a detecção das alterações, e a extração das feições identificadas, completando assim o processo de atualização cartográfica. Esta estratégia de combinação de fontes diferentes de dados, para a formação de modelos estereoscópicos, pode acelerar o processo de revisão e atualização cartográfica reduzindo os custos e obtendo resultados satisfatórios. / Updating of cartographic documents have been discussed by the Brazilian cartographic community, generating studies that look for reliable, fast and economical alternatives for this activity. This work presents a fast and economical methodological proposal for cartographic updating, in which the basic approach is the use of a hybrid stereo-pair, composed by a 23 x 23 cm scanned aerial photography (that was used in the existing mapping), and by a recent digital aerial image, acquired by a digital camera. Besides that, discussions and results on the stereoscopic visualization of the hybrid stereo-pair are presented, focusing on change detection and extraction of the identified features, aiming cartographic updating. This strategy of combinating different sources of data, for stereoscopic models reconstruction can speed up the revision process and cartographic updating, reducing the costs and obtaining reliable results.

Esta tese apresenta um estudo sobre a espacialização da economia colonial nas minas do Cuiabá e do Mato Grosso, no centro da América do Sul, na primeira metade do século XVIII. No primeiro capítulo procuramos demonstrar como algumas interpretações e imagens recorrentes a respeito da economia colonial reproduzida nos territórios que formariam a capitania de Mato Grosso, impõem-se aos indícios documentais e são reproduzidas sem o questionamento sobre os pressupostos que as sustentam. No segundo capítulo, definimos nosso posicionamento teórico e metodológico em relação aos documentos cartográficos. No terceiro capítulo analisamos mapas classificados como sertanistas. Demonstramos que uma análise dos rústicos mapas do sertanismo revela uma lógica da expansão das conquistas territoriais portuguesas distante das interpretações consagradas sobre estes mapas. No quarto capítulo reconstruímos o processo de formação de ambientes rurais na primeira década de colonização portuguesa nas minas do Cuiabá, revelando a estruturação de uma estrutura fundiária diversificada voltada para o comércio e o mercado interno. No quinto capítulo analisamos a relação entre as práticas administrativas e a espacialização da economia colonial. No sexto capítulo, procuramos relacionar a espacialização da economia no centro da América do Sul às transformações da economia na primeira metade do século XVIII, em diversas escalas. / This thesis present a study about the spatialization of the colonial economy in the mines of Cuiabá and of Mato Grosso, in the center of South America in the first half of the eighteenth century. In the first chapter we demonstrate how some recurring images and interpretations about the economy reproduced in the colonial territories that would form the captaincy of Mato Grosso, are imposed regarding the documental evidences and are reproduced without questioning the assumptions that underpin them. In the second chapter, we defined our theoretical and methodological positioning in relation to cartographic documents. In the third chapter we analyze maps classified as sertanistas. We demonstrate that an analysis of rustic maps of sertanismo reveals a logical of the Portuguese expansion distant of the interpretations consecrated about these maps. In the fourth chapter we reconstruct the process of formation of rural environments in the first decade of colonization in the mines of Cuiabá, revealing the structuring a diversified land structure facing the trade and the internal market. In the fifth chapter we analyze the relationship between and administrative practices and the colonial economy spacialization. In the sixth chapter, we relate the economy spacialization at the center of South America with the transformations of the economy in the first half of the eighteenth century, in various scales.