Thesis--Giessen, 1936. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 68).

This PhD thesis tracks the history of the Italian unemployment welfare during the second half of the twentieth century, offering an account of why the Italian system of social security never established a universal safety net against unemployment, choosing instead a social policy system targeted on the core industrial workforce. During the post-war period, Italian unemployment insurance remained severely lacking compared to other European countries. To compensate, the country relied on the Cassa Integrazione Guadagni (CIG), a short time work scheme providing a wage replacement allowance to compensate employees in the industrial sector for a temporary reduction of their working time. Starting from the late 1960s, the scope and duration of the CIG were progressively expanded to tackle manpower redundancies, catering for the weakness of other forms of support. During the 1970s and the 1980s, short time emerged as the chief instrument to cushion the economic and social consequences of the industrial crisis of the country. This thesis explains the peculiar characteristics of the Italian unemployment welfare model as a consequence of the country's pattern of labour conflict, showing how industrial relations and social policy influenced one another. In the early postwar decades, while the unions were organisationally weak, the CIG emerged as a less expensive alternative to general unemployment insurance. This engendered a path dependent effect. Following the rise of industrial unrest and the strengthening of organised labour in the early 1970s, unions and employers favoured the increasing use of the CIG so as to protect their respective interests for job security and manpower flexibility, at the expense of the weaker strata of the labour market. Far from being a simple instrument of income maintenance, the CIG played a key role in shaping social relations of production at the work-place level and was used to diffuse industrial conflict on the shop floor. With the onset of deindustrialisation, during the 1980s, the CIG became a powerful tool for the demobilisation of organised labour.

In this thesis, a continuum sensitivity analysis method is presented for calculation of shape sensitivities of an elastic bar. The governing differential equations and boundary conditions for the elastic bar are differentiated with respect to the shape design parameter to derive the continuum sensitivity equations. The continuum sensitivity equations are linear ordinary differential equations in terms of local or material shape design derivatives, otherwise known as shape sensitivities. One of the novelties of this work is the derivation of three variational formulations for obtaining shape sensitivities, one in terms of the local sensitivity and two in terms of the material sensitivity. These derivations involve evaluating (a) the variational form of the continuum sensitivity equations, or (b) the sensitivity of the variational form of the analysis equations. We demonstrate their implementation for various combinations of design velocity and global basis functions. These variational formulations are further solved using finite element analysis. The order of convergence of each variational formulation is determined by comparing the sensitivity solutions with the exact solutions for analytical test cases. This research focusses on 1-D structural equations. In future work, the three variational formulations can be derived for 2-D and 3-D structural and fluid domains. / Master of Science / When solving an optimization problem, the extreme value of the performance metric of interest is calculated by tuning the values of the design variables. Some optimization problems involve shape change as one of the design variables. Change in shape leads to change in the boundary locations. This leads to a change in the domain definition and the boundary conditions. We consider a 1-D structural element, an elastic bar, for this study. Subsequently, we demonstrate a method for calculating the sensitivity of solution (e.g. displacement at a point) to change in the shape (length for 1-D case) of the elastic bar. These sensitivities, known as shape sensitivities, are critical for design optimization problems. We make use of continuum analytical shape sensitivity analysis to derive three variational formulations to compute these shape sensitivities. The accuracy and convergence of solutions is verified using a finite element analysis code. In future, the approach can be extended to multi-dimensional structural and fluid domain problems.

Depuis les années 1990 en Europe, les mesures et les dispositifs publics adoptés au nom de l’emploi trouvent notamment leur expression dans les principes guidant le débat sur la flexisécurité. Ainsi, au niveau national émergent des politiques visant à encadrer les transitions professionnelles dans un contexte de flexibilité et de précarisation accrue du marché du travail. Si au niveau européen nous pouvons observer une tendance assez transversale, les orientations sous-jacentes aux dispositifs de la politique de l’emploi encadrant les transitions professionnelles demeurent spécifiques aux contextes sociétaux. La situation italienne, où le maintien du contrat de travail dans le chômage partiel par la Cassa Integrazione Guadagni a été longtemps préféré à l’indemnisation du chômage sur le marché du travail, fait l’objet de cette thèse. La thèse s’attache à révéler les enjeux d’une régulation de l’emploi, du salaire et du travail fruit de l’action revendicative syndicale d’opposition à la logique des mobilités sur le marché du travail. Elle repose sur l’analyse diachronique et synchronique de l’action revendicative des principaux acteurs syndicaux structurée autour du maintien du contrat de travail. Si l’analyse diachronique (1941-2013) a permis de retracer un projet syndical de revendication de régulation des mobilités professionnelles dans l’emploi, l’analyse synchronique a montré à partir des registres de justifications véhiculés par les acteurs, l’appropriation d’un dispositif de garantie dans l’emploi. / Since the 90s in Europe, the measures and public schemes on behalf of employment have been largely covered by the debate on flexicurity. Thus, at the national level, some policies aiming at framing the career transitions, in a context of labour market flexibility and ever-increasing precarity, have emerged. If, at the European level we can observe a rather transverse trend, the underlying orientations for employment policy schemes relative to career transitions, specifically depend on societal contexts. This thesis will highlight the Italian situation, for which the work contract maintained by the Cassa Integrazione Guadagni into the short-time working has been for a long time preferred to the unemployment compensation. The work will be particularly focused on the stakes of the employment, wage and labour regulation, supported by the industrial action which is opposed to mobility on the labour market. It will be based on the diachronic and synchronic analysis of the industrial action led by the main union actors in order to maintain the work contract. On the one hand the diachronic analysis (1941-2013) allowed us to consider a project of union action concerning the regulation of work-related mobility, and on the other hand the synchronic analysis showed, from the actors’ justifications, the appropriation of an employment security scheme.

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-08-10T19:04:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ThiagoLemosdeAndradeDissertacao2016.pdf: 1232017 bytes, checksum: 57a45d4968fd437f4a5d4ecc50b9713d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-08-10T19:04:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ThiagoLemosdeAndradeDissertacao2016.pdf: 1232017 bytes, checksum: 57a45d4968fd437f4a5d4ecc50b9713d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-10T19:04:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThiagoLemosdeAndradeDissertacao2016.pdf: 1232017 bytes, checksum: 57a45d4968fd437f4a5d4ecc50b9713d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-23 / This work investigates, from an economic perspective, the liability for collective nonpecuniary damages of rulers whose elective mandates are revoked by virtue of committing electoral offense. Underlying the constitutional and legal rules that commands repetition of elections in the event of vacancy in the elected office, there can be seen a trade-off between collective wealth and political representation. Based in these parameters, it is possible to build up a function to assess the deficit of social welfare caused by illegitimately elected candidates taking office and exercising the mandates. This deficit, which corresponds to the economic definition of damages, despite sometimes having a pecuniary component - given the expenses necessary to repeat the elections -, always has a non-pecuniary element, consisting precisely in the partial or total frustration of the political preference for direct democratic representation. As civil liability only fulfills its internalization function in that it promotes perfect compensation, damages payable by the illegitimate officials must encompass a portion to compensate society for that non-pecuniary damages. Moreover, as the collective nonpecuniary damages in discussion, unlike the material damages, has not a fixed amount, but escalates during the time in which the illegitimate officials hold the power - or prevent legitimate ones to hold it -, the compensation also increases due to time. This makes the liability for non-pecuniary damages to have a deterrent effect over purely procrastinatory behavior by defendants in mandate revocation lawsuits. Procrastinatory behavior that, under a regime of civil liability limited to pecuniary damages, is a strongly dominant strategy. / Este trabalho investiga, sob uma perspectiva econ??mica, a possibilidade de responsabilizarem-se por dano moral coletivo os governantes cujos mandatos sejam cassados por cometimento de infra????o eleitoral. Subjacente ??s normas constitucionais e legais que disciplinam a repeti????o de elei????es em caso de vac??ncia nos cargos eletivos majorit??rios, vislumbra-se um trade-off entre riqueza coletiva e representa????o pol??tica. A partir de tais par??metros, constr??i-se uma fun????o capaz de captar o d??ficit de bem-estar social provocado pelo exerc??cio de mandatos por governantes ilegitimamente eleitos. Esse d??ficit, o equivalente econ??mico do dano, malgrado possa eventualmente ter um componente patrimonial ??? dados os vultosos gastos em que o Estado incorre para repetir o pleito ???, sempre tem um elemento n??o pecuni??rio, consistente justamente na frustra????o parcial ou total da prefer??ncia pol??tica por representa????o democr??tica direta. Como a responsabilidade civil, enquanto instrumento jur??dico de internaliza????o dos custos externos de atividades consideradas nocivas, s?? cumpre sua fun????o na medida em que promove perfect compensation, a indeniza????o devida pelo governante infrator precisa compreender uma parcela destinada a compensar a sociedade pelo dano extrapatrimonial (ou moral) por ela experimentado. De resto, como o dano moral coletivo em quest??o, diferentemente do dano material, n??o ?? fixo, agravando-se proporcionalmente ao tempo em que o governante ocupa ilegitimamente o poder ??? ou impede que um governante leg??timo o ocupe ???, a indeniza????o tamb??m aumenta em fun????o desse tempo. Isso faz com que a responsabiliza????o investigada tenha potencial dissuas??rio relativamente a comportamentos processuais puramente procrastinat??rios por parte de governantes infratores sujeitos a a????es judiciais de cassa????o de mandato. Comportamentos procrastinat??rios que, sob um regime de responsabilidade civil limitada ao dano material, configura estrat??gia fortemente dominante.

This text outlines recent developments in my artistic practice. The two underlying themes of this work are my intonation practice, with and emphasis on just intonation, as well as the Japanese mouth-organ shō, which I am currently learning to play. The text discusses these topics, along with four of my recent works: Hypothermia for bass drum (2020) for gran cassa and electronics; Stycke för cembalo och elektronik (2021) for harpsichord and electronics; Breathing, bowing (2022) for viola da gamba and electronics; and Solo #1 (2022) for shō and unfiltered sawtooth waves. In these four pieces, I have explored different ways for the electronics to relate to and interact with the respective acoustic instruments with regards to intonation, spectromorphology and timbre. Both the pieces and the two underlying themes have not only been ventures into new aesthetic and technological areas, but they have also shaped my outlook on composition and the relationship between composer and musician. / <p>The presentation refers to my graduation concert, where two of the pieces discussed in this text were presented: <em>Breathing, bowing</em> and <em>Solo #1</em>. Along with these pieces, during the concert a newly composed ensemble piece was presented with me playing the shō alongside Johan Arrias (soprano saxophone), Gard Nergaard (hardingfela) and Vilhelm Bromander (contrabass).</p>