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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Disease, Dysfunction and the Brain

Fagerberg, Harriet 03 June 2024 (has links)
Kapitel 1, What We Argue About When We Argue About Disease untersucht die Methodologie der gegenwärtigen Debatte über den Krankheitsbegriff. Kapitel 2, A Domino Theory of Disease, skizziert eine Theorie pathologischer Zustände als Dysfunktionen, die ein Versagen anderer Funktionen verursachen. Kapitel 3, Against the Generalised Theory of Function, verteidigt eine auf Dysfunktionen fußende Theorie gegen einen aktuellen Einwand Justin Garsons. Kapitel 4, Why Mental Disorders are not Like Software Bugs, widerlegt ein Argument Papineaus, das psychische Erkrankung und Hirnerkrankung durch eine Analogie mit Computerhardware und Software unterscheidet. Kapitel 5, Reactive Natural Kinds and Varieties of Dependence, unterscheidet verschiedene Arten der Abhängigkeit zwischen natürlichen Arten und deren Klassifikation. / Ch. 1 What We Argue About When We Argue About Disease, considers some methodological oddities evident in the disease-debate – participants claim to be in the business of conceptual analysis, but fail to argue as if this were the case. I argue these strange features are best explained by the hypothesis that pathology is a real kind. On this basis, I formulate my own research question: what is the causal structure underpinning the real kind pathology in the world? This project, I contend, is distinct from, but not in conflict with, attempts at traditional conceptual analysis. In Ch. 2 A Domino Theory of Disease, I outline a theory of pathological conditions as ‘domino dysfunctions’: dysfunctions which cause failures of function in other traits. Domino dysfunctions can be distinguished on principled grounds from non-pathological, ‘trivial’ dysfunctions. In Ch. 3 Against the Generalised Theory of Function, I defend a dysfunction-based account against a recent objection mounted by Justin Garson. I show that Garson’s Generalised Selected Effects Theory implies that neurally selected disorders are both functional and dysfunctional. I argue, on this basis, that we should reject Garson’s theory outright. In Ch. 4 Why Mental Disorders are not Like Software Bugs, I refute the argument, advanced by Papineau and others, that mental disorders are metaphysically distinct from brain disorders just as software malfunctions are distinct from hardware malfunctions in a classical computer. Finally, In Ch. 5 Reactive Natural Kinds and Varieties of Dependence, I distinguish ‘simple dependence’, ‘secondary dependence’ and ‘essential dependence’ between a natural kind and its classification. On this basis, I offer a principled hypothesis as to why psychiatric kinds may be more metaphysically unstable than paradigm biomedical kinds – even if they are bona fide natural kinds constituted by brain dysfunction.
2

Self-directedness and resoluteness / the two dimensions of autonomy

Prause-Stamm, Jan 19 April 2013 (has links)
Diese Arbeit untersucht und expliziert ein Verständnis von Autonomie, das seine Wurzeln (1) in der antiken politischen Autonomiekonzeption, (2) in Kants Theorie von Autonomie als Eigenschaft von Personen und (3) in Frankfurts individualistischem Verständnis von Autonomie hat. Autonomie wird systematisch aufgefasst als eine natürliche und graduelle Eigenschaft von Personen, die nicht an spezifische Normen gebunden ist und sich vom freien Willen abgrenzen lässt. Für Autonomie ist es wesentlich, dass die Person ihren eigenen, authentischen Standpunkt ausdrückt und dazu fähig und disponiert ist, Hindernisse zu überwinden und sich in Konflikten zu behaupten. Die zeitgenössische Autonomiedebatte hat diesem Aspekt von Autonomie zu wenig Beachtung geschenkt und sich nahezu ausschließlich auf Selbstgerichtetheit konzentriert. Ich argumentiere, dass Selbstgerichtetheit eine wesentliche, aber nicht hinreichende Dimension von Autonomie ist. Eine vollständige Konzeption von Autonomie muss die zweite Dimension von Autonomie, nämlich Entschlossenheit, mitberücksichtigen. Die persönliche Stärke, die Entschlossenheit auszeichnet, ist ein wesentliches Merkmal autonomer Akteure. / I explore and explicate a notion of personal autonomy which has its sources (1) in the political concept of autonomy as it was developed in ancient Greece, (2) in Kant’s theory of autonomy as a property of person, and (3) in Frankfurt’s individualistic approach towards autonomy. From a systematic point of view I conceptualize autonomy as a natural and gradual property of persons, which is not tied to norms, and which differs from free will. Autonomy deals with an agent’s authentic expression of her standpoint and her aptitude in prevailing in conflicts or difficult situations. The central insight of this study is that resolute agency is an essential aspect of autonomy. Dispositional autonomy is constituted by an agent’s dispositions and abilities to overcome obstacles. The autonomy debate underemphasized this aspect of autonomy by solely focusing on self-directed agency. But as important as self-directedness is for autonomous agency, without resoluteness, an agent falls short of being autonomous. The personal strength that resoluteness consists in is a hallmark of autonomous agents.

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