Les cytokines jouent un rôle fondamental dans la régulation des processus biologiques via la cascade de signalisation JAK-STAT. Les « Suppressors of Cytokine Signalling » (SOCS), protéines intracellulaires, inhibent la voie JAK-STAT. Plusieurs études supportent leur implication dans des maladies immunitaires, mais peu d’informations sont disponibles sur leur expression par les lymphocytes T humains. Nous postulons que les cytokines Interféron-β(IFN-β) et Interleukine-27 (IL-27), dotées d’un potentiel immuno-régulateur, ont des rôles bénéfiques via l’induction des SOCS. L’impact de l’IFN-β et l’IL-27 sur l’expression des SOCS-1 et SOCS-3 par des cellules T CD8 et CD4 humaines a été étudié en utilisant des cellules sanguines de donneurs sains. L’expression de ces régulateurs a été évaluée aux niveaux de l’ARNm par qRT-PCR et protéique par immunocytochimie. Les SOCS-1 et SOCS-3 ont été rapidement induits en ARNm dans les deux types cellulaires en réponse à l’IFN-β ou l’IL-27 et une augmentation de l’expression a été confirmée au niveau protéique. Afin de mimer les thérapies à base d’IFN-β, les cellules T ont été exposées chroniquement à l’IFN-β. Après chaque ajout de cytokine les cellules T ont augmenté l’expression du SOCS-1, sans moduler le SOCS-3. L’IL-27 a induit les SOCS-1 et SOCS-3 préférentiellement dans les cellules T CD8 ; ceci corrèle avec des résultats du laboratoire démontrant une plus petite expression des récepteurs à l’IL-27 par les lymphocytes T CD4 que les CD8. Notre projet a permis d’élucider l’expression des SOCS dans deux populations de cellules T et de clarifier les mécanismes d’actions de l’IFN-β et l’IL-27. / Cytokines regulate fundamental biological processes via the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling proteins (SOCS), intracellular proteins, inhibit the JAK-STAT pathway. Emerging evidence supports the involvement of SOCS in diseases of the immune system but no data is available regarding their expression in human T cells. We postulate that the cytokines Interferon-β (IFN-β) and Interleukin-27 (IL-27), both potential immuno-regulators, have beneficial roles through the induction of SOCS proteins. The impact of IFN-β and IL-27 on the SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 expression by human CD4 and CD8 T cells was assessed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors. We evaluated the expression of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 at the mRNA level by qRTPCR and at the protein level by immunocytochemistry. A rapid increase of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 mRNA levels was observed upon cytokine addition, and such upregulation was confirmed at the protein level. To mimic patients under IFN-β treatment, both T cell subsets were chronically exposed to IFN-β. We observed an increase of SOCS-1 after each stimulation but not for SOCS-3. IL-27 stimulation increased SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 mRNA levels in CD8 T cells but only slightly in CD4 T cells; these observations correlate with previous observations in our laboratory showing less IL-27 receptors on CD4 T cells than CD8 counterparts. Our project determined the distinct expression of SOCS proteins in different human T cells subsets. This study could highlight the mechanism of action of cytokines such as IFN-β and IL-27.

La toxine de pertussis (PTX) est une A-B protéine considérée comme l’un des principaux facteurs de virulence de Bordetella pertussis, l’agent bactérien responsable de la coqueluche. Aujourd’hui, cette maladie représente encore un réel danger pour les nouveaux-nés et les<p>nourrissons non ou partiellement immunisés. Actuellement, la coqueluche provoque encore la<p>mort d’environ 350.000 individus par an. La toxicité de la PTX est liée à l’activité<p>enzymatique de sa sous-unité A capable d’inhiber les voies de signalisation associées aux<p>protéines Gi. La partie B, quant à elle, permet l’entrée de cette sous-unité A dans le<p>cytoplasme des cellules cibles en se liant spécifiquement à son ou ses récepteurs<p>membranaires toujours inconnus de nos jours.<p><p>Des études réalisées chez la souris et chez l’homme ont montré que les vaccins anticoquelucheux combinés à différents antigènes vaccinaux étaient capables de moduler<p>leurs réponses humorales spécifiques. Par ailleurs, la PTX est couramment qualifiée d’agent<p>immunostimulant. En effet, des modèles murins de vaccination permirent d’identifier des<p>propriétés adjuvantes de la PTX coadministrée avec des antigènes non relevants.<p><p>Le travail développé dans ce manuscrit étudie les effets de la PTX sur 2 types cellulaires<p>primordiaux sollicités lors d’une vaccination :la cellule dendritique (DC) et le lymphocyte T<p>CD4+ naïf.<p><p>Les DC sont les seules cellules présentatrices d’antigènes aptes à initier une réponse immune<p>primaire. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que la PTX était capable d’activer des<p>DC générées in vitro à partir de monocytes. En effet, elles acquièrent un phénotype mature<p>caractérisé par une augmentation de l’expression membranaire des molécules costimulatrices<p>et du CMH de classe II, démontrant un effet direct et spécifique de la PTX sur les DC<p>myéloïdes. Parallèlement, ces DC produisent du TNF-a, de l’IL-12p40 et de l’IL-12p70 et<p>activent NF-kappaB, un facteur de transcription essentiel au processus de maturation. Nous<p>avons obtenu des résultats similaires avec une toxine génétiquement modifiée qui est<p>enzymatiquement inactive. A partir de sang total incubé avec la PTX, nous avons par ailleurs<p>observé que les DC circulantes du nouveau-né étaient déficientes dans leur maturation et leur<p>sécrétion d’IL-12p70 comparées aux DC de l’adulte.<p><p>D’autre part, il a été décrit précédemment que la PTX exerçait des effets mitogènes sur les<p>lymphocytes T humains et murins. Cependant, le rôle qu’elle joue sur la population des<p>lymphocytes T CD4 naïfs reste peu connu. A l’issue de notre second travail, nous pouvons<p>dès lors affirmer que la PTX est également capable d’activer des lymphocytes T<p>CD4+CD45RA+ naïfs isolés à partir des cellules mononuclées du sang périphérique, et ce<p>indépendamment de son activité enzymatique. En effet, ces lymphocytes T CD4+ naïfs stimulés par la PTX prolifèrent, synthétisent des quantités non négligeables d'ARN messagers<p>codant pour l’IL-2 et le TNF-a, augmentent l’expression membranaire des molécules CD40L,<p>CD69 et CD25 et expriment la protéine Foxp3. Cette activation s’accompagne de la translocation nucléaire de NF-kappaB et NFAT. Parallèlement à l’adulte, la PTX active les lymphocytes T CD4 néonataux. Néanmoins, ceux-ci prolifèrent moins bien et expriment plus faiblement le CD40L à leur surface.<p><p>Enfin, la PTX induit la sécrétion de taux importants d’IFN-g par des T CD4+CD45RA+ naïfs<p>adultes mis en présence de DC autologues.<p><p>Nous terminerons en proposant l’hypothèse suivante :La PTX pourrait exercer ses propriétés<p>adjuvantes par l’intermédiaire de différents mécanismes comprenant notamment la maturation<p>des DC d’origine myéloïde et l’activation des lymphocytes T CD4+CD45RA+ naïfs. Ces 2 populations cellulaires sont en effet les principaux protagonistes impliqués dans la réponse<p>immune primaire. / Doctorat en sciences pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Embora o vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas do tipo 1 (HTLV-1) seja reconhecido como o agente etiológico da leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (ATL) e da paraparesia espástica tropical/mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP), cerca de 90% dos indivíduos infectados permanecem assintomáticos por toda a vida. Até o presente momento, os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de doença relacionada ao HTLV-1 não foram totalmente elucidados. Sabe-se que o aumento da carga proviral e a expressão de genes virais estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento/progressão de doenças associadas ao HTLV-1. Assim, por exemplo, a proteína Tax modula genes envolvidos na patogênese da HAM/TSP e genes regulados por HBZ estimulam a proliferação de linfócitos T, induzindo a ATL. Desde a última década, diversos estudos têm demonstrado que células transformadas pelo HTLV-1 apresentam microRNAs do hospedeiro desregulados, o que poderia promover alteração na expressão de genes virais (tax e HBZ), com possível contribuição para o desenvolvimento de HAM/TSP e ATL. Diante desses indícios, o presente estudo teve como objetivos: i) quantificar a expressão de miRNAs humanos conhecidos em células T CD4+ e T CD8+ do sangue periférico de indivíduos assintomáticos infectados por HTLV-1 e de pacientes com HAM/TSP; ii) identificar padrões diferenciais de expressão de miRNAs desregulados que pudessem caracterizar os grupos de pacientes de acordo com sua condição clínica; iii) investigar associações dos padrões diferenciais de expressão de miRNAs com a carga proviral e com a expressão dos genes tax e HBZ de HTLV-1. Analisou-se o perfil de expressão de 754 miRNAs em células T CD4+ e TCD8+ infectadas por HTLV-1 em 19 indivíduos assintomáticos, 17 pacientes com HAM/TSP e 14 controles não infectados. Foram detectados 10 miRNAs diferencialmente expressos no grupo HAM, quando comparados ao grupo ASS (super-expressos: hsa-miR-133a, -148a, -211, -330, -369-5p, -486 e -889 e sub-expressos: hsa-miR-520b, -520e e -566). A expressão alterada dos hsa-miR-133a, -148a, -211, e -889 (super-expressos) e do hsa-miR-520b (sub-expresso) foi correlacionada à carga proviral e a do hsa-miR-211 (super-expresso) à expressão de tax. Além disso, ao analisar as vias canônicas geradas no estudo, identificaram-se as moléculas IL6ST, PTPN11, MAP2K5, ELK4, AKT1, BAD, FOSL1, IRAK 3, CDC42, STAT3 e CREB A como potencialmente afetadas pela expressão alterada de miRNAs no grupo HAM, quando comparado com o grupo ASS. Tais achados mostram-se úteis para o delineamento futuro de estudos longitudinais com indivíduos infectados por HTLV-1, com vistas à identificação de biomarcadores prognósticos de risco para o desenvolvimento de HAM/TSP. / Even though human lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is etiologically linked to adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and to HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), about 90% of infected individuals remain asymptomatic lifelong. So far, factors that are associated with development of HTLV-1-related disease have not been totally clarified. Increase in proviral load and expression of viral genes are recognized as involved in disease development and progression. For instance, the Tax protein is known to modulate genes that are involved in HAM/TSP pathogenesis and HBZ-regulated genes account for T lymphocyte proliferation that leads to ATL. In the last decade, several studies have shown that HTLV-1-transformed cells exhibit dysregulated human microRNA expression, which could result in altered viral gene expression (tax and HBZ), contributing to the development of HAM/TSP and ATL. Based on this evidence, our study aimed at: i) quantifying known human miRNA expression in CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral blood T-cells from HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers and patients with HAM/TSP; ii) identifying distinctive dysregulated miRNA expression profiles that could distinguish patients according to their clinical status; iii) investigating associations between differential miRNA expression profiles with proviral load and with HTLV-1 tax and HBZ gene expression. We analysed the expression profile of 754 miRNAs in CD4+ e CD8+ peripheral blood T cells from 19 HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (AC), 17 patients with HAM/TSP (HAM) and in 14 non-infected controls. Ten differentially expressed miRNAs were found in HAM, as compared with AC (overexpressed: hsa-miR-133a, -148a, -211, -330, -369-5p, -486 and -889; and underexpressed: hsa-miR-520b, -520e and -566). Altered expression of hsa-miR-133a, -148a, -211, and -889 (overexpressed) and of hsa-miR-520b (underexpressed) was shown to be correlated with proviral load and that of hsa-miR-211 (overexpressed) with tax expression. Moreover, analysing the miRNA canonical pathways generated in this study, we identified IL6ST, PTPN11, MAP2K5, ELK4, AKT1, BAD, FOSL1, IRAK 3, CDC42, STAT3 and CREB A as molecules that are potentially affected by altered miRNA expression in HAM, as compared to AC. Our findings are useful for the future design of longitudinal studies of HTLV-1 infected cohorts, aiming at the recognition of prognostic biomarkers of risk for the development of HAM/TSP

Embora o vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas do tipo 1 (HTLV-1) seja reconhecido como o agente etiológico da leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (ATL) e da paraparesia espástica tropical/mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP), cerca de 90% dos indivíduos infectados permanecem assintomáticos por toda a vida. Até o presente momento, os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de doença relacionada ao HTLV-1 não foram totalmente elucidados. Sabe-se que o aumento da carga proviral e a expressão de genes virais estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento/progressão de doenças associadas ao HTLV-1. Assim, por exemplo, a proteína Tax modula genes envolvidos na patogênese da HAM/TSP e genes regulados por HBZ estimulam a proliferação de linfócitos T, induzindo a ATL. Desde a última década, diversos estudos têm demonstrado que células transformadas pelo HTLV-1 apresentam microRNAs do hospedeiro desregulados, o que poderia promover alteração na expressão de genes virais (tax e HBZ), com possível contribuição para o desenvolvimento de HAM/TSP e ATL. Diante desses indícios, o presente estudo teve como objetivos: i) quantificar a expressão de miRNAs humanos conhecidos em células T CD4+ e T CD8+ do sangue periférico de indivíduos assintomáticos infectados por HTLV-1 e de pacientes com HAM/TSP; ii) identificar padrões diferenciais de expressão de miRNAs desregulados que pudessem caracterizar os grupos de pacientes de acordo com sua condição clínica; iii) investigar associações dos padrões diferenciais de expressão de miRNAs com a carga proviral e com a expressão dos genes tax e HBZ de HTLV-1. Analisou-se o perfil de expressão de 754 miRNAs em células T CD4+ e TCD8+ infectadas por HTLV-1 em 19 indivíduos assintomáticos, 17 pacientes com HAM/TSP e 14 controles não infectados. Foram detectados 10 miRNAs diferencialmente expressos no grupo HAM, quando comparados ao grupo ASS (super-expressos: hsa-miR-133a, -148a, -211, -330, -369-5p, -486 e -889 e sub-expressos: hsa-miR-520b, -520e e -566). A expressão alterada dos hsa-miR-133a, -148a, -211, e -889 (super-expressos) e do hsa-miR-520b (sub-expresso) foi correlacionada à carga proviral e a do hsa-miR-211 (super-expresso) à expressão de tax. Além disso, ao analisar as vias canônicas geradas no estudo, identificaram-se as moléculas IL6ST, PTPN11, MAP2K5, ELK4, AKT1, BAD, FOSL1, IRAK 3, CDC42, STAT3 e CREB A como potencialmente afetadas pela expressão alterada de miRNAs no grupo HAM, quando comparado com o grupo ASS. Tais achados mostram-se úteis para o delineamento futuro de estudos longitudinais com indivíduos infectados por HTLV-1, com vistas à identificação de biomarcadores prognósticos de risco para o desenvolvimento de HAM/TSP. / Even though human lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is etiologically linked to adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and to HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), about 90% of infected individuals remain asymptomatic lifelong. So far, factors that are associated with development of HTLV-1-related disease have not been totally clarified. Increase in proviral load and expression of viral genes are recognized as involved in disease development and progression. For instance, the Tax protein is known to modulate genes that are involved in HAM/TSP pathogenesis and HBZ-regulated genes account for T lymphocyte proliferation that leads to ATL. In the last decade, several studies have shown that HTLV-1-transformed cells exhibit dysregulated human microRNA expression, which could result in altered viral gene expression (tax and HBZ), contributing to the development of HAM/TSP and ATL. Based on this evidence, our study aimed at: i) quantifying known human miRNA expression in CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral blood T-cells from HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers and patients with HAM/TSP; ii) identifying distinctive dysregulated miRNA expression profiles that could distinguish patients according to their clinical status; iii) investigating associations between differential miRNA expression profiles with proviral load and with HTLV-1 tax and HBZ gene expression. We analysed the expression profile of 754 miRNAs in CD4+ e CD8+ peripheral blood T cells from 19 HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (AC), 17 patients with HAM/TSP (HAM) and in 14 non-infected controls. Ten differentially expressed miRNAs were found in HAM, as compared with AC (overexpressed: hsa-miR-133a, -148a, -211, -330, -369-5p, -486 and -889; and underexpressed: hsa-miR-520b, -520e and -566). Altered expression of hsa-miR-133a, -148a, -211, and -889 (overexpressed) and of hsa-miR-520b (underexpressed) was shown to be correlated with proviral load and that of hsa-miR-211 (overexpressed) with tax expression. Moreover, analysing the miRNA canonical pathways generated in this study, we identified IL6ST, PTPN11, MAP2K5, ELK4, AKT1, BAD, FOSL1, IRAK 3, CDC42, STAT3 and CREB A as molecules that are potentially affected by altered miRNA expression in HAM, as compared to AC. Our findings are useful for the future design of longitudinal studies of HTLV-1 infected cohorts, aiming at the recognition of prognostic biomarkers of risk for the development of HAM/TSP

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