Thesis (Honors)--College of William and Mary, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-64). Also available via the World Wide Web.

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A green palisade fence is not all that separates the urban, kinetic Braamfontein from it’s dormant cemetery. It’s a long-standing perception that the two spaces are not related despite their proximity. And for this reason, you too have likely driven past it’s sixty metre long edge without having given it too much acknowledgement. Granted, it’s easier to overlook a space supposedly devoid of rational markers from their neighbours because of rhythmic disturbance in function and social experience or even their inability to mirror their adjacent counterparts: a derelict building, a desolate parking lot in the evening, a twenty one hectare cemetery in a city. However, what makes the green, park-like Braamfontein Cemetery different from any other in Johannesburg is that it was the first cemetery in the city. As a result, is the final resting place of significant contributors of the country’s history. It is then, currently a commemorative landscape in which events, social and burial practices of Johannesburg and South Africa are recorded. For this reason, one could say that this cemetery is very much a part of urban Braamfontein in 2014. How then to negotiate the de-alienation of this remarkable space while preserving its beauty.

Este trabalho avaliou a ocorrência e o transporte de microrganismos no aqüífero freático do cemitério de Vila Nova Cachoeirinha, localizado em terrenos pré-cambrianos, zona norte do município de São Paulo. A metodologia aplicada foi dividida em etapas de laboratório e de campo. No laboratório, foram montadas colunas de solo do cemitério. Traçadores químico e biológico foram injetados nas colunas e o seu fluxo monitorado no efluente. Um modelo numérico foi usado para simular o transporte dos traçadores nas colunas. Em campo, foram realizadas investigações a fim de caracterizar o aqüífero freático. A monitoração da qualidade das águas foi realizada para estudar a ocorrência e o transporte de elementos químicos, bactérias e vírus nas águas subterrâneas. No cemitério, o embasamento está a cerca de 9,0 m de profundidade na cota mais baixa e 20,5 m no topo. O nível freático encontra-se entre 4 e mais de 16 m. O solo do cemitério é formado pelo material de alteração das rochas graníticas, de caráter predominantemente argiloso (~43% de argila), pH =5,0, matéria orgânica entre 0,7 e 4,2% e capacidade de troca de cátions entre 10,2 e 109,0 mmolc/kg. A condutividade hidráulica do aqüífero varia de 2,90 x 10-8 a 8,41 x 10-5 m/s. O gradiente hidráulico na porção oeste do cemitério é de aproximadamente 0,07 m/m; considerando o meio homogêneo e isotrópico e uma porosidade efetiva de 2%, a velocidade linear média foi estimada em 8 cm/dia. As amostras de água do aqüífero freático do cemitério de Vila Nova Cachoeirinha apresentaram, principalmente, bactérias heterotróficas (53 x 103 UFC/mL), bactérias proteolíticas (31 NMP/100 mL) e clostrídios sulfito-redutores (45 NMP/100 mL). Também foram encontrados enterovírus e adenovírus nas amostras. As principais fontes de contaminação das águas subterrâneas no cemitério são as sepulturas com menos de um ano, localizadas nas cotas mais baixas, próximas ao nível freático. Nestes locais, é maior a ocorrência de bactérias em geral. Há um grande consumo do oxigênio existente nas águas. As sepulturas ainda provocam um acréscimo na quantidade de sais minerais, aumentando a condutividade elétrica destas águas. Parece haver um aumento na concentração dos íons maiores bicarbonato, cloreto, sódio e cálcio, e dos metais ferro, alumínio, chumbo e zinco nas águas próximas de sepulturas. As bactérias são transportadas poucos metros, diminuindo em concentração com o aumento da distância à fonte de contaminação. Os vírus parecem ter uma mobilidade maior que as bactérias, podendo atingir algumas dezenas de metros no aqüífero freático do cemitério de Vila Nova Cachoeirinha. Os vírus foram transportados, no mínimo, 3,2 m na zona não saturada até alcançar o aqüífero. / This work assessed occurrence and transport of microorganisms in the unconfined aquifer of Vila Nova Cachoeirinha cemetery, located on pre-cambrian terrains at the northern zone of the city of São Paulo The applied methodology was divided in laboratory and field stages. In the lab, cemetery soil columns were designed; chemical and biological tracers were injected in the columns and the effluent was monitored. A numerical model was used to simulate the tracers’ transport through the columns. In the field, several investigations were done to characterize the unconfined aquifer; water quality was monitored to study occurrence and transport of chemicals, bacteria and viruses in groundwater. In Vila Nova Cachoeirinha cemetery, the depth to the bedrock is about 9.0 m at small elevation areas and 20.5 m at the top of the hill. The depth to the water table varies from 4 to over 16 m. The soil is formed by the weathered material of the granite rocks, clay content of 43%, pH = 5,0, cation exchange capacity between 10.2 and 109.0 mmolc/kg. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer varies from 2.90 x 10-8 to 8.41 x 10-5 m/s. The hydraulic gradient at the western part of the study area is about 0.07 m/m; considering a homogeneous and isotropic medium and an effective porosity of 2%, the average linear velocity was estimated in 8 cm/day. The water samples of the unconfined aquifer of Vila Nova Cachoeirinha cemetery presented, mainly, heterotrophic bacteria (53 x 103 UFC/mL), proteolitic bacteria (31 NMP/100 mL) and clostridium perfringes (45 NMP/100 mL). We have also found enterovirus and adenovirus in groundwater. The main sources of contamination are the within-a-year-graves located at the low elevation areas, close to the water table. At these sites, the occurrence of bacteria is greater and there is a greater consumption of oxygen in the water due to oxidation of organic matter. Moreover, the graves cause an increase in salts and electrical conductivity of the groundwater. There seems to be an increase in major ions: hydrogen carbonate, chloride, sodium, calcium; and metals: iron, aluminium, lead and zinc, next to the graves. The bacteria traveled a distance of a few meters, decreasing in concentration with increasing distance to the graves. The viruses seem to be more mobile than bacteria, they traveled distances of tens of meters at the Vila Nova Cachoeirinha cemetery. The viruses were transported at least 3.2 m through the unsaturated zone before reaching the unconfined aquifer.

There has been a substantial change in cemetery administration over the last century. Where once cemeteries were predominantly run by religious organizations, now they are mostly run by local municipalities. This thesis examines the change in cemetery administration, using the cemeteries in the city of Hamilton, Ontario as a case study, drawing on material taken from an inventory of Hamilton cemeteries. The Ontario Cemetery Act of 1913 is examined to see how it helped to consolidate municipal power over cemeteries. <br /><br /> In addition to secularization theory, relevant concepts are also applied from the works of Talcott Parsons, Max Weber and Michel Foucault. The analysis suggests that the laicization of cemeteries is part of ongoing rationalizing trends in the larger society. The connection between cemeteries and changes in how we think about human bodies and death is also investigated. Rationalization is linked to a marginalization of the meaning of death as death itself moves from a religious understanding to the control of professionals and bureaucracies like hospitals and funeral homes.

There has been a substantial change in cemetery administration over the last century. Where once cemeteries were predominantly run by religious organizations, now they are mostly run by local municipalities. This thesis examines the change in cemetery administration, using the cemeteries in the city of Hamilton, Ontario as a case study, drawing on material taken from an inventory of Hamilton cemeteries. The Ontario Cemetery Act of 1913 is examined to see how it helped to consolidate municipal power over cemeteries. <br /><br /> In addition to secularization theory, relevant concepts are also applied from the works of Talcott Parsons, Max Weber and Michel Foucault. The analysis suggests that the laicization of cemeteries is part of ongoing rationalizing trends in the larger society. The connection between cemeteries and changes in how we think about human bodies and death is also investigated. Rationalization is linked to a marginalization of the meaning of death as death itself moves from a religious understanding to the control of professionals and bureaucracies like hospitals and funeral homes.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

After experiencing changes and adapting to them, Macau establishes a unique identity of harmonious coexistence of different cultures, religions, people and life styles. And this unique identity became one of the major characters that fulfill the criteria for inscribing into UNESCO’s World Heritage List. World heritage site: The Historic Centre of Macau is a brand name in Macau’s tourism now. But not every building is lucky to have adequate respect. Cemetery of St. Michael the Archangel, located inside the historic centre of Macau and closed to St. Paul’s ruins, as well as many other heritage sites, is an example. The values of historic cemeteries are underestimated. In order to protect the container of history – cemeteries, conservation must be done. There is no doubt about that. However, interpretation of the cemeteries is equally important. With better interpretations of the cemeteries and people buried inside, we can reconstruct the society in 19th century, and even more. The routes suggested in Chapter 4 only served as examples. Visitor can imagine a society which all these historic figures were living. They interacted with each other. They influenced each other. And they changed the society. If there was no cemeteries, or if we did not have good conservation of the cemeteries, how can we provide this interpretation of society in a particular period of time? Proposing a historic walk is one of the best ways to have better interpretations to the cemeteries. Through the historic cemetery walk, the values of each cemetery can be appreciated by visitor and it can also bring the cemeteries life. The rich contents of the cemeteries are always waiting for us to find out. / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation

This dissertation explores burial practices and funeral rituals in Mexico City during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. I argue that international shifts in ideas about public health, class, and nationalism were reflected in new spaces and practices for dead bodies. Furthermore, I examine how mass death challenged traditional burial practices. The daily practices involved in managing the disposal and veneration of dead bodies illuminate the social and cultural challenges in building modern cities and the ways in which these projects are adopted or rejected by the citizenry. The first three chapters focus on the modernization of burial practices in the nineteenth century. Burial reform laws in the 1850s led to the foundation of the capital's first large, modern cemetery, the Panteón de Dolores, by the Liberal government in 1879. The cemetery became a microcosm for the clean, modern city, mapping the new social class configuration through the distribution of its graves. Quickly the administrators of the Dolores Cemetery failed to meet ideal due to the realities of daily operation. The cemetery had been imagined as a space that reflected elite ideas of modernity, but it served a capital that was mostly indigent. In response to overcrowding, the technology of cremation, which targeted the poor, created a class division between those who could be buried and those who had to be cremated. Government officials successfully constructed a modern, sterile approach to death and began to wrest away control of the symbolic power of death from the Catholic Church. The last two chapters focus on the temporary breakdown of these practices and the reinterpretation of funeral rituals in the early twentieth century. Instability and high mortality rates during the Revolution of 1910-1920 led to overcrowding in cemeteries and spread the dead beyond the cemetery, including impromptu battlefield cremations. A comparison of three funerals in 1928-1929 shows new ways in which the funeral was used to perform ideas about the nation, family, and masculinity. The Revolution's unmanageable casualty levels and the advent modern, secular funerary practices in the period before the Revolution influenced how the government, military, and civilians handled and memorialized death.