The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between organizational variables (procedural justice, transformational leadership, job satisfaction, identification with leader, organizational commitment) and prosocial behaviors (Organizational Citizenship Behaviors) as well as harmful behaviors (Counterproductive Work Behaviors). Previous research treats OCB and CWB as two ends of a spectrum, with the assumption that individuals that engage in one kind of behavior refrain from the other. However, the present study aimed to examine intricate relationships between organizational variables to show that individuals can engage in both types of behavior, even in the same day. This is due to the intentionality and direction of targeted behaviors. Specifically, OCBs and CWBs can be targeted at individuals or at the organization as a whole. A structural equation model was used to explain the complex relationships between these variables. Specifically, it was hypothesized that procedural justice is positively related to job satisfaction and organizational commitment, which in turn influence both OCB and CWB. Additionally, transformational leadership was hypothesized to be positively associated with job satisfaction, identification with leader, and organizational commitment. Approximately 300 participants were recruited from two sources (one public health and one online panel) to participate in the online web survey. Findings from the present study indicate that both identification with leader and organizational commitment mediate the relationship between transformational leadership and OCB. Organizational commitment also mediated the relationship between procedural justice and OCB. Finally, similar to the OCB outcomes, identification with leader mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and CWB; however, unlike the outcomes with OCB, organizational commitment did not predict CWB. Results from this study identify key factors such as transformational leadership, identification with the leader and organizational commitment on which organizations could focus in predicting the behaviors they desire and discouraging behaviors that are harmful.

No description available.

L'utilisation de composites et nano composites est une tendance croissante dans des industries telles que l'aérospatiale, l'automobile et l'énergie. Pour de nombreuses applications, l'adhésion entre des structures pour bien transférer les efforts est un problème difficile à résoudre. Dans l’industrie pétrolière, par exemple, une technique utilisée pour ancrer les armures de traction d’une conduite flexible est à travers un époxy intégré car elle fournit une bonne résistance mécanique et chimique. Cependant, des fissures et des défauts peuvent apparaître dans le bloc époxy pendant les opérations ou le montage lors de l'étape de cuisson de l'époxy, et ces fissures pourraient affecter les performances d'ancrage, en particulier pour les armures composites en fibre de carbone (CFAs). Dans ce contexte, ce travail propose le renforcement de l'époxy pour l'ancrage du CFA, focalisé sur les propriétés mécaniques et d'adhérence. Un modèle analytique est développé pour le mécanisme d'ancrage du CFA et vérifié par analyse numérique pour évaluer la sensibilité du système aux caractéristiques de l’époxy. Ainsi, l'augmentation de ces propriétés est proposée par l'ajout de nanotubes de carbone multi-feuilles (MWCNTs) et des essaies sont réalisées avec le époxy pur et renforcés pour caractériser l’augmentation des propriétés mécaniques et adhésives. Ensuite, la morphologie des nanotubes et l'homogénéité de la matrice sont investiguées pour corréler avec des résultats mécaniques. La recherche a confirmé une amélioration de la résistance à l'ancrage en renforçant la matrice époxy avec des MWCNTs. / The use of composite and nanocomposites is a growing trend in many industries such as aerospace, automotive and energy. For many applications, the adhesion between structures for efficiently transferring loads is a difficult problem to solve. In oil and gas segment, for instance, a common technique used for anchoring the tensile armors of flexible riser within the end fitting is through an embedded epoxy since it provides good mechanical and chemical resistance. Even though, cracks and defects can arise in the epoxy block during operations or mounting at epoxy curing step, and such cracks could affect the anchoring performance, in particular for carbon fiber composite armors (CFA). In this context, this work proposes the improvement of the epoxy for anchoring the CFA, with a focus on the mechanical and adhesion properties. An analytical model is developed for CFA anchoring mechanism and verified by numerical analysis to evaluate the sensitivity of the system to the epoxy characteristics. Thus, the increase of these properties is proposed by adding multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) and some experiments are carried out with neat and toughened epoxies to characterize the gain of mechanical and adhesive properties. Then, nanotubes morphology and the matrix homogeneity are expertized to correlate with mechanical results. The research confirmed an improvement of anchoring resistance by toughening the epoxy matrix with MWCNTs. / O uso de compósitos e nano compósitos é uma tendência crescente em muitas indústrias, como aeroespacial, automotivo e energia. Para muitas aplicações, a adesão entre estruturas para transferência eficiente dos esforços é um problema de difícil solução. No segmento de óleo e gás, por exemplo, uma técnica comum utilizada para ancorar as armaduras de tração do tubo flexível dentro do conector é através de um epóxi embebido, pois proporciona boa resistência mecânica e química. No entanto, trincas e defeitos podem surgir no bloco de epóxi durante as operações ou montagem, na etapa de cura do epóxi, e tais defeitos podem afetar a performance de ancoragem, em particular para armaduras de compósito de fibra de carbono (CFA). Neste contexto, este trabalho propõe a melhoria do epóxi para ancorar o CFA, com foco nas propriedades mecânicas e adesivas. Um modelo analítico é desenvolvido para o mecanismo de ancoragem do CFA e verificado por análise numérica para avaliar a sensibilidade do sistema às características do epóxi. Assim, o aumento dessas propriedades é proposto pela adição de nano-tubos de carbono de múltiplas paredes (MWCNTs) e alguns experimentos são realizados com os epóxis puro e modificado para caracterizar o ganho de propriedades mecânicas e adesivas. Em seguida, a morfologia dos nano-tubos e a homogeneidade da matriz são investigadas para correlacionar com os resultados mecânicos. A pesquisa confirmou uma melhoria da resistência à ancoragem ao tenacificar a matriz de epóxi com MWCNTs.

Selon l'Association canadienne de la douleur chronique (ACDC), plus de 18 % de la population souffre de douleur chronique, produisant un fardeau financier qui excède les 10 milliards de dollars. En plus d'avoir un impact néfaste sur la qualité de vie générale de la population, la douleur contribue largement à l'élévation du taux d'absentéisme au travail, créant ainsi une perte d'efficacité considérable. Environ 55 % des patients souffrant de douleur chronique ont aussi des troubles d'anxiété, contribuant davantage à la diminution de la qualité de vie. Bien que la douleur et l'anxiété semblent co-occurrentes, un analgésique ou un composé anxiolytique (ou antidépresseur) utilisé seul s'avère souvent inefficace pour entraver l'ensemble des symptômes. En combinaison, une telle polythérapie induit des effets secondaires additifs sévères. Pour ces raisons, le développement de composés analgésiques (opioïdergiques ou non) ayant des propriétés anxiolytiques pourrait s'avérer très intéressant pour le traitement de la douleur chronique. Afin de bien connaître les propriétés spécifiques des composés ciblés, il est essentiel de mettre au point un modèle animal de comportements anxieux associés à la douleur chronique. Le but du projet était donc de mettre en place un modèle de douleur inflammatoire chronique chez les rats Sprague-Dawley pour ( i ) caractériser l'apparition temporelle des comportements anxieux, (ii ) caractériser l'influence et les effets de composés analgésiques et anxiolytiques et ( iii ) déterminer les niveaux plasmatiques de corticostérone chez les rats au cours du développement de la douleur chronique. Dans notre modèle, l'allodynie mécanique causée par la douleur inflammatoire (mesurée avec le test du filament de von Frey) est présente sur une période de 2 mois. À des moments précis pendant cette période, les niveaux d'anxiété ont été évalués à l'aide de tests comportementaux (labyrinthe en croix surélevé, boîte sombre/éclairée, champ ouvert et interaction sociale). L'efficacité analgésique et/ou anxiolytique de la morphine, du diazépam et du kétorolac a aussi été caractérisée. Le contenu plasmatique en corticostérone a été mesuré pendant toute la durée du protocole expérimental. Considérant les résultats de l'étude, le modèle animal développé mime partiellement ce qui peut être observé cliniquement chez les patients souffrant de troubles d'anxiété co-morbides à la douleur chronique.

La question de l'endettement extérieur est devenue un problème majeur pour les économistes lorsqu'un certain nombre de pays en développement ayant largement emprunté sur les marchés de capitaux au début des années 1980 ont vu leur situation financière s'aggraver. Ces pays, le Mexique, l'Argentine et d'autres pays asiatiques, étaient incapables de faire face à leurs obligations financières et ont dû suspendre les paiements de leur dette pendant cette période. Depuis cette époque, la question de l'endettement est devenue un enjeu important pour les décideurs politiques et les recherches ont été multipliées dans le domaine dans l'espoir de trouver les moyens pour diminuer la dette extérieure. Certains résultats ont évoqué que le niveau élevé des taux d'intérêt, la faiblesse des exportations, l'augmentation des dépenses publiques, le taux de change, la non-rentabilité des projets financés, le déficit public, l'indépendance de la banque centrale, etc. sont les causes de l'augmentation de la dette extérieure de ces pays. Dans notre étude, nous nous sommes intéressés aux effets du taux de change sur le service de la dette extérieure d'une petite économie ouverte comme le Mali. Les conséquences des fluctuations du taux de change ont été considérables, puisqu'ils ont provoqué presque 60 % de l'augmentation de la dette. Le Mali dont le portefeuille du service de la dette extérieure est constitué de devises autres que le FCFA et l'euro, a été porté à d'importants risques de fluctuations du taux de change. Cette étude nous a permis de déterminer les coûts liés aux fluctuations du taux de change sur le service de la dette extérieure du Mali. Nos résultats ont montré qu'il y a un coût lorsqu'un pays ne coordonne pas ces facteurs économiques ou n'oriente pas parfaitement son commerce extérieur. ______________________________________________________________________________

Dissertation--Dresden, 1997. / Bibliogr. p. 317-338.

This study was conducted in conjunction with the Saskatoon Regional Food Assessment with the intent of identifying structures that contribute value and promote engagement among participants. Currently, the assessment process lacks theoretical grounding, its implementation is dictated by a set of best practices. A constructivist grounded theory approach was employed in an effort to establish a theoretical basis to guide the food assessment process. Steering committee members were invited to participate in a two stage interview process examining their experience and perceptions of the process. Existing ideological deviation amongst committee members plays a significant role in perception of work in the food system. In the context of the SRFA two general ideological positions were prominent, with members harbouring either a business or community food security orientation. These ideological underpinnings played a significant role in value associated with the process and its potential role in future action. This ideological deviation also had noticeable implications on the perception of other members. While the structure employed by this assessment was not conducive to promotion of high levels of engagement amongst the membership, participants indicating higher levels of value with the assessment process and its potential to facilitate subsequent action were more inclined to advocate for increased engagement. The food assessment process is growing in popularity and working towards a strong theoretical base is an important step. Establishing a deeper understanding of how the assessment process operates will allow it to be tailored to fit the needs of any given situation. This understanding will also facilitate an understanding of aspects required to provide the greatest level of value for participants involved in such short term collaborative efforts.

Chronic pain is a significant healthcare problem. It is disabling and diminishes quality of life. Opioids, such as morphine, remain a primary pharmacologic management for chronic pain. Opioids act at mu opioid receptors (MOPr) in the rostroventral medial medulla (RVM) to produce their analgesic effect. The RVM is a critical relay in pain inhibitory and facilitatory pathways of pain modulation. Furthermore, chronic inflammatory pain, produced by CFA hindpaw injection, leads to adaptive changes in the RVM that change the balance of these pathways and increase the potency of opioids. MOPr are known to produce their effects via Gi/o proteins. Pretreatment of several pain modulatory regions with pertussis toxin (PTX) effectively attenuates the antinociceptive effects of MOPr agonists, such as DAMGO. In the RVM, PTX effectively reduced DAMGO stimulated GTPãS binding in uninjured rats. However, despite their effective inactivation of Gi/o proteins, PTX did not diminish the antinociceptive effects of DAMGO in the RVM of uninjured rats. In contrast, in rats with a chronic inflammatory injury, PTX completely abolished the antinociceptive effects of DAMGO. These results suggest a transition from Gi/o independent to Gi/o dependent mechanisms following CFA treatment. In addition, the anti-hyperalgesic effects of DAMGO were not inhibited by PTX, suggesting that DAMGO produces anti-hyperalgesia and antinociception by different mechanisms. In the RVM, MOPr are present both postsynaptically and presynaptically. Postsynaptic MOPr are thought to produce antinociception by activating GIRK channels, resulting in hyperpolarization and inhibition of pain facilitatory neurons. Indeed, inhibition of GIRK channels in the RVM, via microinjection of tertiapin-Q, attenuated the antinociceptive effects of DAMGO in uninjured rats, providing the first behavioral evidence that MOPr agonists produce analgesia via this proposed mechanism. Interestingly, however, tertiapin-Q did not block the anti-hyperalgesic effects of DAMGO, nor did it diminish the antinociceptive effects of DAMGO in the contralateral hindpaw of CFA treated rats. Furthermore, these differential effects of tertiapin-Q in the uninjured and injured rats are not the result of transcriptional down regulation of GIRK channels in the RVM. Finally, tertiapin-Q alone in the RVM produced a modest antinociception in uninjured rats, providing the first evidence of constitutive GIRK channel activity in the RVM and demonstrating a role for these in pain modulation. Presynaptic MOPr are thought to produce antinociception by decreasing GABA release onto pain inhibitory neurons. Indeed, microdialysis studies demonstrated that levels of GABA release were decreased in response to DAMGO perfused into the RVM, as well as to high potassium after perfusion of DAMGO. However, they were not decreased in rats after CFA treatment. This suggests that chronic inflammatory injury alters the presynaptic actions of MOPr agonists in the RVM. Interestingly, levels of GLU release where not altered by DAMGO in uninjured or injured rats. Moreover, basal levels of GLU and GABA were also unaltered by CFA treatment. In conclusion, although MOPr mediate their antinociceptive effects in other pain modulatory regions via Gi/o proteins, this is not the case in the RVM during an uninjured state. However, MOPr-induced antinociception transitions from Gi/o independent to Gi/o dependent mechanisms after CFA treatment. Additionally, these results support both the presynaptic and the postsynaptic postulates by which MOPr agonists are thought to produce their analgesic effects. However, although CFA treatment alters the activity of neurons in the RVM and promotes changes that result in an enhanced anti-hyperalgesic and antinociceptive response to DAMGO in the RVM, neither the postsynaptic nor the presynaptic mechanism, in isolation, seem to account for this enhancement.

Målet med rapporten är att redovisa erforderliga maskiner, personal och erfarenhetsdata för sekantpålning. Detta kan utnyttjas vid jämförelse med andra pålningsmetoder av företag.   Sekantpålning används som en stödkonstruktion, vars uppgift är att stötta jordmassor vid schakt. De positiva egenskaperna med denna är en bidragande faktor till ett ökat utnyttjande av metoden. Genom att uppnå lägre vibrationsnivåer och minimera grundvattensänkning får metoden ett ökat mervärde. Sekantpålningsmetoden används i större utsträckning utomlands och det är först nu den börjar brukas i Sverige. Genom att Trafikverket har godkänt sekantpålning som en permanent konstruktion, kan metoden bryta ny mark i Sverige. Sekantpålningsmetoden i sig påverkas ej av det svenska mark- och klimatförhållandet. Det är den teknik som man utnyttjar vid sekantpålningen, som påverkas av de geologiska och hydrogeologiska förutsättningarna. Mark som består av rikligt med stenblock eller varierande sten storlekar bör man använda CSP-tekniken med foderrörsborrning. Tekniker som inte klarar av dessa markförhållanden är CFA och CAP, som istället utnyttjar en augerborr. Dessa tekniker utnyttjas när marken består av fastlera eller friktionsjord, vilket gör arbetet för augerborren betydligt lättare än om marken består av stenblock.   Slutsatsen i rapporten visar att sekantpålning är det dyrare alternativet och att metoden inte kan konkurrera med de mer konventionella stödkonstruktionerna ur kostnadssynpunkt. För att sekantpålningen ska vara fördelaktig måste metoden ses ur ett större perspektiv och hänsyn tas till omgivningspåverkan och markförhållanden. På så sätt kan ett mervärde skapas. Metoden lämpar sig väl i innerstadsmiljö med närliggande byggnader, då buller och vibrationer är en påverkande faktor. Projekt som har utnyttjat sekantpålningsmetoden har varierande kostnader, då de har använt olika sekantpålningstekniker. Vid Norra länken 12 och 22 tillämpades CSP-tekniken som hade en kapacitet till att göra 2,5 pålar per dag till en kostnad av 11.500 kr/m². Vid Bargers plats i Malmö tillämpades CFA-tekniken till en kostnad av 2.500 kr/m². Vid Folkungagatan i Stockholm användes CAP-tekniken till en kostnad av 4.500 kr/m². Metoden har både för och nackdelar. Fördelarna är att metoden är flexibel vilket innebär att den kan anpassas efter önskad geometri. Metoden bidrar till mindre vibrationer som i sin tur minimerar risken för sättningar. Nackdelarna är att sekantpålning är dyrare än konventionella stödkonstruktioner p.g.a. att metoden är tidskrävande. Vid sekantpålning som permanent stödkonstruktion görs efterspänning av ankarstag som är tidskrävande. I rapporten presenteras byggprojekt där sekantpålning använts. Projekt som redovisas i rapporten är Odenplan station, Spjutmo kraftstation, Norra länken 12 och 22, Bagers plats och Folkungagatan. / The goal of the report is to present machines, staff and requisite experience data within secant piling. The information may be utilized in comparison with other piling methods by corporations. Secant piling is used as a support structure whose task is to keep the soil from sliding in to the pit during excavation. Its positive aspects of the environment are a contributing factor to increased use of the method. By achieving lower vibration levels and minimize the reduction in the groundwater level, the method adds value. The secant pile method is extensively used abroad and nowadays it begins to be operated in Sweden. Now when Trafikverket has approved secant piling as a permanent structure, the method can lead to more usage in Sweden. The secant pile method in itself is not affected by the Swedish soil and climatic condition. It is the technique you are utilizing when using secant piling that’s affected by the geological and hydrogeological conditions. Soil that is consisting of boulders or variable stone sizes should use CSP technology with casing drilling. Techniques that don’t work in these soil conditions is CFA and CAP, which instead uses an auger drill. These techniques are utilized when the soil consists of solid clay or friction soil, which makes the work of the auger drill much easier than if the land consists of stone blocks. The conclusion of the report indicate that secant piles are the more expensive option, and that the method cannot compete with the more conventional support structures in that regard. To understand that secant piles will be beneficial the method must be seen from a broader perspective and you have to look at the impact of the surroundings and the soil conditions. In this way, added value is created. The method is suitable in urban setting with nearby buildings, where noise and vibration is an influencing factor. Projects that have embraced the secant pile method have varying costs, since they have used different secant pile techniques. At Norra länken 12 and 22 they used the CSP technology that had a capacity to make 2.5 piles per day at a cost of 11,500 SEK/m². In Bagers Plats in Malmö they used the CFA technology at a cost of 2,500 SEK/m². At Folkungagatan in Stockholm they used the CAP technology at a cost of 4,500 SEK/m². The method has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are that the method is flexible which means that it can be adapted to the desired geometry. This method helps to reduce vibration, which in turn minimizes the risk of subsidence. The disadvantages are that secant piling is more expensive than conventional supporting structures because of the method is time consuming. When secant piles that are used as a permanent support structure the anchor rods have to be tightened often and that is time consuming. The report presents the construction projects where secant piling is used. Projects presented in the report are Odenplan station, Spjutmo kraftstation, Norra länken 12 and 22, Bagers plats and Folkungagatan.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Vitex megapotamica (Spreng) Moldenke is a native tree of South America, popularly known as Tarumã, has been used in folk medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. Although the effects of V megapotamica in animal models of inflammatory pain and depression have not been evaluated to date, a preliminary phytochemical analysis of leaves of V. megapotamica revealed the presence of flavonoid, compounds that exhibit anti-inflammatory and antidepressant-like effects described in literature, in addition to evidence that other plants of the same genus Vitex have analgesic effect dependent on the opioid system and mood modulation. This study investigated whether the crude leaf extract of V. megapotamica exhibit antinociceptive and antidepressant-like effects in models of chronic inflammation and depression induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Chronic inflammation and like-depressive behavior were induced by intraplantar injection of CFA (100 ul/paw) in rats. The effect of oral crude extract of V. megapotamica (VmE; 3 30 mg/kg, p.o.) on nociception (thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia and arthritis score), inflammation (edema, myeloperoxidase activity), antidepressant-like (forced swimming test), locomotor activity (open field), gastrointestinal transit, hyperalgesia and naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal syndrome was evaluated. Naloxone (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to investigate the involvement of opioid system in the currently described effects of VmE. Crude extract caused antinociceptive/antidepressant-like effects in the CFA-induced chronic inflammation model, which was prevented by naloxone. The VmE extract (10 mg/kg, p.o.) did not alter locomotor activity, gastrointestinal function and inflammatory parameters and besides did not cause hyperalgesia. V. megapotamica induces opioid-dependent antinociception and antidepressant-like effect, without anti-inflammatory activity. The results support the use of VmE as a new analgesic and antidepressant. / Vitex megapotamica (Spreng) Moldenke é uma árvore nativa da América do Sul, conhecida popularmente como Tarumã, que tem sido utilizada na medicina popular para o tratamento de doenças inflamatórias. Embora os efeitos de V. megapotamica em modelos animais de dor inflamatória e depressão sejam desconhecidos até o momento, uma análise fitoquímica preliminar das folhas de V. megapotamica revelou a presença de flavonoides, compostos que apresentam atividade anti-inflamatória e tipo-antidepressiva já descritas na literatura, além de evidências de que outras plantas do mesmo gênero Vitex apresentam efeito antinociceptivo dependente do sistema opioide e de modulação do humor. Neste estudo investigamos se o extrato bruto das folhas de V. megapotamica causa efeitos antinociceptivo e tipo-antidepressivo em modelos de inflamação crônica e depressão induzida por adjuvante completo de Freund (CFA). A inflamação crônica e o comportamento tipo-depressivo foram induzidos pela injeção intraplantar de CFA (100 μl/pata) em ratos. O efeito do extrato bruto de V. megapotamica (VmE; 3 30 mg/kg, v.o.) sobre parâmetros nociceptivos (hiperalgesia térmica, alodínia mecânica e escore de artrite), inflamatórios (edema de pata e atividade da mieloperoxidase), tipo-antidepressivo (teste do nado forçado), atividade locomotora (teste do campo aberto), trânsito gastrointestinal, hiperalgesia e síndrome de retirada de morfina desencadeada por naloxona foram avaliados. Naloxona (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.) foi usada para investigar o envolvimento do sistema opioide sobre os efeitos de VmE. O extrato bruto causou efeitos antinociceptivo e tipo-antidepressivo em um modelo de inflamação crônica induzida por CFA, que foram bloqueados pela naloxona. VmE (10 mg/kg, v.o.) não alterou a atividade locomotora, função gastrointestinal e parâmetros inflamatórios, além de não causar hiperalgesia. V. megapotamica induziu seu efeito antinociceptivo e tipo-antidepressivo de maneira dependente do sistema opioide, sem apresentar atividade anti-inflamatória. Esses resultados suportam o uso de VmE como um novo analgésico e antidepressivo.