This article examines the Swedish government's decoupling of feminism and gender equality. Drawing on scholarship on feminist backsliding and gender ideology, this article suggests that the Swedish government's decision to abandon the feminist agenda in its foreign policy reflects broader trends of anti-genderism as both an international and transnational phenomenon. I argue that the Swedish government separates feminism from gender equality in order to allow for a more conservative shaping of women's roles without rejecting gender equality, while respecting the social and cultural context. The study uses norm spoiling and critical frame analysis on the political manifestos of the governing parties to examine how the issue of feminism and gender equality are respectively framed and serve to drive a wedge between the two ideas. The article concludes by discussing similarities between the key frames identified in the analysis and those identified in the literature on transnational gender ideology discourse, finding that a common strategy to impede women's rights is evident.

Underachievement in postsecondary education has been a growing concern for educators and researchers. Higher education institutions have implemented early alert systems to identify students performing below standards. This early warning system has major limitations that confine it to an identification only approach. The current study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Student Attitude Assessment Survey-R (SAAS-R) in a postsecondary sample. First, a confirmatory factor analysis validated the SAAS-R in a postsecondary sample. Predictive validity was then investigated by identifying students as underachieving or achieving based on responses to the SAAS-R and via a regression-based discrepancy model (ability vs. achievement). Then, the SAAS-R was compared to the discrepancy model to see whether the SAAS-R is an accurate assessment for identification of achievement. Tests of convergent validity included comparison of the SAAS-R subscales to well established similar constructs. Discriminant validity was checked by comparing the SAAS-R to a Social Desirability Scale. Finally, measurement invariance was explored to see if the SAAS-R would measure across groups. The SAAS-R demonstrated strong evidence of structural, convergent, and discriminant validity, yet limited evidence of predictive validity. Assessment of measurement invariance across self-identified traditional and non-traditional students yielded no evidence of measurement invariance. Initial psychometric properties support extension of the structural model of the SAAS-R to postsecondary students and the convergent validity utility of the SAAS-R subscales. However, more research is needed before the SAAS-R can be applied as an assessment of underachievement in postsecondary education.

The use of auger cast-in-place (ACIP) pilings is very common in Florida; however, there is a significant degree of uncertainty in determining the actual capacity of the pilings, especially when the pilings are installed through layers of cohesive soils. Therefore, there is a need to improve upon the existing methods of predicting the behavior of ACIP piles in layered soils. As a result, the primary objective of this study is to determine if a significant difference exists between the accepted methods of pile load test analysis. Provided a significant difference is noted, the secondary objective would be to determine if an improvement could be made to enhance the existing empirical relationships used to predict pile behavior in layered soils. In order to accomplish these objectives, this study presents an evaluation of some of the most commonly used methods for predicting ACIP pile capacity based upon the results of actual field load tests. Data from twenty-five load tests were analyzed using popular methods and statistical analyses were preformed to determine and evaluate the data. These evaluations were utilized to explore correlations between predicted behavior and actual results. Based upon the results of this study, there is no statistically significant difference between the load test analyses methods examined. As a result, no improvement to the existing methods of predicting ACIP pile behavior in layered soils may be recommended at this time, and further research in this subject matter is recommended.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Diabetic embryopathy is a major complication of pregnant women with type I diabetes. Immune defects in the pathogenesis of diabetic embryopathy have been suggested. We hypothesized that activated immune system can counteract diabetic effect and result in prevention of diabetic embryopathy. Diabetes was induced in pregnant ICR mice by streptozocin injection. Three different techniques of maternal immune stimulation, complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or interferon-gamma (IFN-g), were used to stimulate the maternal immune system. Approximately 50% of fetuses from hyperglycemic (>27 mM/L) dams were malformed, with neural tube defects predominating. Maternal immune stimulation during the time of normoglycemia, i.e. prior to onset of hyperglycemia, was necessary for reducing teratogenic effects associated with hyperglycemia. The immune-stimulated diabetic mice then produced significantly lower numbers of malformed fetuses: CFA 20.9%, GM-CSF 23.3%, IFN-g 13.9%. A gene microarray was then used to examine a selected panel of placental and splenic genes. We hypothesized that a shared profile of placental or splenic gene expression changes may correlate to the reduced birth defect outcome induced by the different immune stimulation procedures. Diabetes did not cause significant changes in placenta or spleen gene expression profile. In placenta, CFA and GM-CSF changed placental gene expression relative to control or diabetes, but differentially affected such genes relative to each other; further, IFN-g did not affect gene expression relative to control or diabetes. Thus no common pattern of improved placental cytokine, cell-cycle, apoptotic, transcription factor, or other gene expression was identified in the immune-stimulated mice. In spleen, all 3 immune activators produced a common altered gene expression profile. The overall gene expression profile after all immune stimulation procedures suggested increased splenocyte activity and cytokine production. The cytokine GM-CSF, in particular, was up-regulated in splenic leukocytes. This cytokine has previously been associated with reduced cleft palate in urethane-exposed mice after immune stimulation, and with reduced limb malformations in cyclophosphamide-treated mice after intra-uterine administration. In contrast, the TGF-beta3 gene was down-regulated in immune-stimulated diabetic mice. This gene was up-regulated in urethane-exposed mice, an effect that may be associated with reduced cleft palate. Thus unlike urethane, TGF-beta3 gene expression did not show a relationship with reduced diabetes-induced birth defects. Taken together, these data prove our hypotheses and suggest that mechanistically diverse forms of immune activation result in protection against diabetes-related teratogenesis, but only if given prior to onset of hyperglycemia. Such immune stimulation in mice may act through systemic immune organs, i.e. spleen, over-riding adverse effects of diabetes on development. / Ph. D.

Au début des années 2000, les pays africains se sont engagés dans des projets d'unions monétaires régionales dans le but de créer une monnaie unique pour tout le continent à l'horizon 2028. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser le bien-fondé d'une telle stratégie, à partir notamment des enseignements qui peuvent être tirés de l'expérience des pays de la zone CFA. Plus précisément, nous analysons les conséquences du choix de ces pays consistant à ancrer leurs monnaies communes à une monnaie extérieure et nous cherchons à savoir s'il est souhaitable ou pas de transposer l'expérience de ces pays à d'autres régions en Afrique.Dans une première partie, nous revisitons les critères d'optimalité des zones CFA et ZMAO en nous intéressant à la dynamique des taux de change réels. Nous mettons en évidence des similarités intéressantes entre les pays de l'UEMOA, le Ghana, la Gambie et la Sierra Léone d'une part et entre le Nigéria et la CEMAC d'autre part, indiquant que ces deux groupes de pays pourraient chacun partager une monnaie commune. Nous suggérons également que les critères d'optimalité de la théorie des zones monétaires optimales ne sont pas forcément pertinents. Ainsi, nous montrons, qu'à défaut d'être optimale, la zone CFA, en facilitant les équilibres interne et externe comparativement à d'autres pays d'Afrique Sub-saharienne (ASS), est une zone monétaire soutenable.Dans une seconde partie, nous nous intéressons aux implications économiques du régime de change des pays de la zone CFA qui s'apparente à ce que nous avons appelé un « double ancrage » (c'est-à-dire appartenance à une union monétaire et ancrage de la monnaie commune). Nous montrons que l'appréciation réelle du franc CFA au cours de la dernière décennie s'explique par l'ancrage à un euro qui s'est continuellement apprécié depuis 2001. Elle a conduit à réduire les gains de compétitivité réalisés à la suite de la dévaluation de 1994 et à accroitre les effets négatifs de l'appréciation du taux de change sur la croissance de ces pays. Enfin, en analysant les différences de performances économiques entre les différents régimes de change en vigueur dans l'ASS, nous avançons l'idée selon laquelle un régime d'union monétaire sans ancrage à une monnaie externe pourrait être une meilleure option pour ces pays. / Since the early 2000s, African countries are engaged in regional monetary unions' projects in order to create a single currency for this continent in 2028. The aim of this PhD thesis is to analyze the relevance of such a strategy upon the lessons learned from the experience of the CFA zone countries. Specifically, we analyze the consequences of the choice of those countries to anchor their common currencies to a foreign currency and we look to see whether it is desirable or not to replicate the experience of the CFA zone in other African regions.In a first part, we revisit the arguments about optimum currency areas of the CFA and the WAMZ zones, by studying real exchange rate dynamics. We find interesting similarities between WAEMU and Ghana, Gambia and Sierra Leone as well as between Nigeria and CAEMC, indicating that each of these groups of countries could share its common currency. We also argue that the arguments about optimum currency areas have proved to be less than relevant. Thus we show that, if not optimal, the CFA zone, by facilitating internal and external balances compared to other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), is a sustainable monetary area.In a second part, we focus on the economic implications of the exchange rate regime of the CFA countries which consists in what we have called a "double anchoring" (i.e. a monetary union in which the common currency is anchored to a foreign one). We show that the real appreciation of the CFA franc, in the last decade, is due to its peg to the euro that has continuously appreciated since 2001. This appreciation has led to reduced competitiveness gains achieved with the 1994 devaluation and to increase the negative effects of exchange rate's appreciation on economic growth. Finally, analyzing the differences in economic performances between the exchange rate regimes adopted in SSA, we suggest that a monetary union without an external anchor currency could be a better regime for these countries.

Kognitive Diagnosemodelle (DCMs) sind konfirmatorische probabilistische Modelle mit kategorialen latenten Variablen, die Mehrfachladungsstrukturen erlauben. Sie ermöglichen die Abbildung der Kompetenzen in mehrdimensionalen Profilen, die zur Erstellung informativer Rückmeldungen dienen können. Diese Dissertation untersucht in zwei Anwendungsstudien und einer Simulationsstudie wichtige methodische Aspekte bei der Schätzung der DCMs. In der Arbeit wurde ein neuer Mathematiktest entwickelt basierend auf theoriegeleiteten vorab definierten Q-Matrizen. In den Anwendungsstudien (a) illustrierten wir die Anwendung der DCMs für empirische Daten für den neu entwickelten Mathematiktest, (b) verglichen die DCMs mit konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalysemodellen (CFAs), (c) untersuchten die inkrementelle Validität der mehrdimensionalen Profile und (d) schlugen eine Methode zum Vergleich konkurrierender DCMs vor. Ergebnisse der Anwendungsstudien zeigten, dass die geschätzten DCMs meist einen nicht akzeptablen Modellfit aufwiesen. Zudem fanden wir nur eine vernachlässigbare inkrementelle Validität der mehrdimensionalen Profile nach der Kontrolle der Personenparameter bei der Vorhersage der Mathematiknote. Zusammengenommen sprechen diese Ergebnisse dafür, dass DCMs per se keine zusätzliche Information über die mehrdimensionalen CFA-Modelle hinaus bereitstellen. DCMs erlauben jedoch eine andere Aufbereitung der Information. In der Simulationsstudie wurde die Präzision der Parameterschätzungen in log-linearen DCMs sowie die Sensitivität ausgewählter Indizes der Modellpassung auf verschiedene Formen der Fehlspezifikation der Interaktionsterme oder der Q-Matrix untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Simulationsstudie zeigen, dass die Parameterwerte für große Stichproben korrekt geschätzt werden, während die Akkuratheit der Parameterschätzungen bei kleineren Stichproben z. T. beeinträchtigt ist. Ein großer Teil der Personen wird in Modellen mit fehlspezifizierten Q-Matrizen falsch klassifiziert. / Cognitive diagnostic classification models (DCMs) have been developed to assess the cognitive processes underlying assessment responses. Current dissertation aims to provide theoretical and practical considerations for estimation of DCMs for educational applications by investigating several important underexplored issues. To avoid problems related to retrofitting of DCMs to an already existing data, test construction of the newly mathematics assessment for primary school DMA was based on a-priori defined Q-matrices. In this dissertation we compared DCMs with established psychometric models and investigated the incremental validity of DCMs profiles over traditional IRT scores. Furthermore, we addressed the issue of the verification of the Q-matrix definition. Moreover, we examined the impact of invalid Q-matrix specification on item, respondent parameter recovery, and sensitivity of selected fit measures. In order to address these issues one simulation study and two empirical studies illustrating applications of several DCMs were conducted. In the first study we have applied DCMs in general diagnostic modelling framework and compared those models to factor analysis models. In the second study we implemented a complex simulation study and investigated the implications of Q-matrix misspecification on parameter recovery and classification accuracy for DCMs in log-linear framework. In the third study we applied results of the simulation study to a practical application based on the data for 2032 students for the DMA. Presenting arguments for additional gain of DCMs over traditional psychometric models remains challenging. Furthermore, we found only a negligible incremental validity of multivariate proficiency profiles compared to the one-dimensional IRT ability estimate. Findings from the simulation study revealed that invalid Q-matrix specifications led to decreased classification accuracy. Information-based fit indices were sensitive to strong model misspecifications.

Les pays africains de la zone CFA ont connu ces dernières années de multiples transformations économiques d'une part à travers les mesures initiées par les bailleurs de fonds bilatéraux et multilatéraux et d'autre part à travers les politiques d'intégration économique et monétaire. Ainsi, en partant de l'hypothèse selon laquelle du fait de ces nombreuses interventions, ces systèmes économiques incorporent divers phénomènes tels que les changements structurels et les dépendances inter-économies, nous avons étudié leurs principales implications sur la croissance, la convergence et la prévisibilité du taux de croissance. L'accent est d'abord mis sur les traits majeurs des politiques d'intégration dans le cadre d'une union monétaire tout en soulignant les éventuelles incidences de telles politiques sur la dynamique économique des pays membres principalement en termes de modélisation économétrique de la croissance et de la convergence. Les différentes études réalisées sur la base d'outils économétriques adaptés ont permis d'aboutir à des résultats nouveaux relatifs au processus de croissance et de convergence de ces économies comparativement à ceux basés sur les outils classiques de modélisation économétrique. Il ressort également de cette étude que la présence de facteurs communs et de ruptures structurelles est fortement liée aux politiques d'intégration mises en oeuvre au sein de la zone CFA. Ces résultats révèlent aussi que les chocs produisent des effets hétérogènes et ont généralement des dates d'occurrence différentes selon les pays et qu'il est nécessaire de faire varier les réponses de politique économique d'un pays à l'autre pour une croissance durable et mieux partagée. / During the recent years, african countries in the CFA zone have experienced many economic changes on the one hand through the measures initiated by bilateral and multilateral donors and on the other hand through the economic and monetary integration policies. Thus, relying on the assumption that because of these interventions, the economic systems incorporate various phenomena such as structural change and economic interdependencies, we studied their major implications on growth, convergence and growth predictability. Emphasis is first placed on the major features of integration policies in a monetary union, while stressing the possible implications of such policies on the economic dynamics of member countries mainly in terms of econometric modelling of growth and convergence. The different studies conducted on the basis of appropriate econometric tools led to new results concerning the process of growth and convergence of these economies compared to those based on standard tools of econometric modelling. It is also clear from this study that the presence of common factors and structural breaks is strongly linked to integration policies implemented in the CFA zone. These results also indicate that shocks produce heterogeneous effects on economies with various dates of occurrence and that it is necessary to vary the policy responses from one country to another for sustainable and shared growth.