Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, zum einen systematische Untersuchungen der Hydrodynamik und des Stofftransports in T-, Y- und MS-förmigen Mikroreaktoren durchzuführen, und zum anderen den Einfluss der Vermischung auf chemische Reaktionen zweiter Ordnung zu erforschen. Dafür kommen Methoden der numerischen Strömungsmechanik zum Einsatz, die es ermöglichen, die Transportprozesse in den Mikroreaktoren detailliert zu beschreiben. Mittels der berechneten Geschwindigkeits- und Konzentrationsfelder sowie einigen zusätzlich eingeführten lokalen und integralen Größen werden die Hydrodynamik, der Mischvorgang und die chemische Leistung tiefgehend analysiert. Insgesamt konnten die in den untersuchten T-, Y- und MS-förmigen Mikroreaktoren ablaufenden Prozesse in der reaktiven Strömung sowohl auf dem lokalen als auch auf dem integralen Niveau detailliert erforscht werden. Der Effekt der Mikrovermischung und ihr komplexer Einfluss auf die chemische Leistung einer Reaktion zweiter Ordnung bei der chaotischen Advektion wurden sowohl reaktionstechnisch experimentell als auch mittels der numerischen Strömungsmechanik nachgewiesen und qualitativ sowie quantitativ umfassend charakterisiert.

Defrosting in the refrigeration industry is used to remove the frost layer accumulated on the evaporators after a period of running time. It is one way to improve the energy efficiency of refrigeration systems. There are many studies about the defrosting process but none of them use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The purpose of this thesis is (1) to develop a defrost model using the commercial CFD solver FLUENT to simulate numerically the melting of frost coupled with the heat and mass transfer taking place during defrosting, and (2) to investigate the thermal response of the evaporator and the defrost time for different hot gas temperatures and frost densities. A 3D geometry of a finned tube evaporator is developed and meshed using Gambit 2.4.6, while numerical computations were conducted using FLUENT 12.1. The solidification and melting model is used to simulate the melting of frost and the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model is used to render the surface between the frost and melted frost during defrosting. A user-defined-function in C programming language was written to model the frost evaporation and sublimation taking place on the free surface between frost and air. The model was run under different hot gas temperatures and frost densities and the results were analyzed to show the effects of these parameters on defrosting time, input energy and stored energy in the metal mass of the evaporator. The analyses demonstrate that an optimal hot gas temperature can be identified so that the defrosting process takes place at the shortest possible melting time and with the lowest possible input energy.

Axial flux induction machines are attractive solutions for electric vehicle applications nowadays. Thanks to their high torque density and no need for rare-earth material for permanent magnets, axial flux induction machines are the most used electric machine type with good performance and low prices. Research on the thermal characteristics of induction machines can benefit the design development of products. Generally, the finite element analysis (FEA) method is used to conduct a fast thermal simulation of machines. However, a significant disadvantage of the FEA method is that the forced convection heat transfer and the fluid motion are challenging to consider. To solve this problem, the thesis work focuses on conducting a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to predict the temperature distribution of the AuraGen induction machine and the velocity distribution of the airflow by accurately considering the forced convection heat transfer and the fluid motion in different operation conditions. The thesis work covers the improvement of 3D cad models of the AuraGen induction machines and airflow fields, evaluation of simulation parameters of the CFD simulation models, and the comparison of results between the CFD simulation, FEA simulation, and physically experimental measurements. Finally, the best CFD simulation model can accurately predict the temperature distribution of all components of the induction machine and the airflow in the 3000, 2000, and 1000 rpm conditions. The accuracy satisfies the desired goal which is within 4℃ of the average error and 8℃ of the maximum error. Velocity distributions of the airflow can also show characteristics of the fluid motion from inlets to the outlet. Compared with simulation results of the FEA method, the CFD simulation model has significantly more accurate results when applied for a wide range of operating speeds to predict the temperature distribution in the forced convection heat transfer condition. The good CFD simulation results can help quickly discover design problems in the early stage of the product development process without making repeated prototype constructions and physical tests. The good CFD simulation results are beneficial to reducing the number of necessary prototypes and therefore reducing development costs and time consumed. / Axial Flux Induktionsmaskiner är attraktiva lösningar för elektriska fordonsansökningar nuförtiden. Tack vare sin höga vridmomentäthet och inget behov av sällsynt jordmaterial för permanenta magneter är Axial Flux-induktionsmaskiner den mest använda elektriska maskintypen med bra prestanda och låga priser. Forskning om induktionsmaskinernas värmekarakteristik kan gynna designutvecklingen av produkter. I allmänhet används metoden Finite Element Analysis (FEA) för att genomföra en snabb termisk simulering av maskiner. Emellertid är en signifikant nackdel med FEA-metoden att den tvungen konvektionsvärmeöverföringen och fluidrörelsen är svåra att ta hänsyn till. För att lösa detta problem fokuserar avhandlingsarbetet att genomföra en CFD-modell för att förutsäga temperaturfördelningen av Auragen-induktionsmaskinerna och luftflödeshastighetsfördelningen genom att noggrant överväga den tvungen konvektionsvärmeöverföring och fluidrörelse i olika driftsförhållanden. Avhandlingsarbetet täcker förbättringen av 3D CAD-modeller av Auragen-induktionsmaskiner och luftflödesfält, utvärdering av simuleringsparametrar för CFD-simuleringsmodellerna och jämförelsen av resultaten av CFD-simuleringen, FEA-simulering och fysiskt experimentella mätningar. Slutligen kan den bästa CFD-simuleringsmodellen noggrant förutsäga temperaturfördelningen av alla komponenter i induktionsmaskinen och luftflödet i 3000, 2000 och 1000 rpm-förhållandena. Noggrannheten uppfyller det önskade målet som är inom 4 ℃ från medelfelet och 8 ℃ från det maximala felet. Velocitetsfördelningar av luftflödet kan också visa egenskaper hos fluidrörelsen från inlopp till utloppet. Jämfört med simuleringsresultat av FEA-metoden har CFD-simuleringsmodellen betydligt mer exakta resultat när det appliceras för ett brett spektrum av driftshastigheter för att förutsäga temperaturfördelningen i det tvångsöverföringstillstånd. De goda CFD-simuleringsresultaten kan hjälpa till att snabbt upptäcka designproblem i ett tidigt skede av produktutvecklingsprocessen utan att göra upprepade prototypkonstruktioner och fysiska tester. De goda CFD-simuleringsresultaten är fördelaktiga för att minska antalet nödvändiga prototyper och därför minska utvecklingskostnaderna och tidsåtgången.

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Ce sujet de thèse s'intéresse à l'étude des effets des charges aérodynamiques sur le comportement dynamique non linéaire d'une éolienne à axe vertical de type Darrieus. Cette dernière présente, comparativement aux autres éoliennes, des profits très importants à exploiter, notamment dans les milieux urbains. Il s'agit d'une technologie fiable caractérisée surtout par son fonctionnement omnidirectionnel ainsi que son adaptation à tout type de vent. Généralement, ces éoliennes, ayant des phénomènes aérodynamiques complexes, sont affectées par des vibrations au niveau de leur système de transmission de puissance. En fait, ces vibrations commencent à se manifester à partir des pales du rotor jusqu'au génératrice. L'écoulement autour de ses pales présente également un fort caractère instationnaire. Cette caractéristique augmente d'avantage les vibrations aérodynamiques, qui sont automatiquement transmise au système d'engrenage d'éolienne. À ce niveau, nous avons développé un code de calcul numérique permettant de simuler la complexité des aspects aérodynamiques instationnaires tout en gardant un compromis entre la fiabilité des prédictions et la rapidité de calcul. Les simulations sont réalisées suivant une méthode de mécanique des fluides numérique (CFD) instationnaire bidimensionnel. Les résultats de simulation comparés avec ceux disponibles dans la littérature sont en bonne concordance, le rendement aérodynamique étant optimisé, qui présente un apport scientifique notable. Cette étude numérique a été l'objectif de l'analyse de l'impact des charges aérodynamiques vis-à-vis le comportement dynamique du système d'engrenage de l'éolienne en régime non-stationnaire. Dans ce contexte, une étude paramétrique a été développée afin d'établir le fonctionnement optimal de l'éolienne, caractérisé par un couple aérodynamique plus performant associé à des niveaux de vibrations dynamiques acceptables. En général, il est difficile d'identifier précisément la réponse dynamique des éoliennes à cause du caractère turbulent et stochastique des charges aérodynamiques. Par conséquent, il est indispensable de tenir en compte la variabilité des paramètres d'entrée pour assurer la robustesse du système étudié. Adoptons l'objectif de dimensionnement robuste. Une méthode d'évaluation basée sur des approches stochastiques, particulièrement la méthode du Chaos Polynomial, est utilisée pour simuler le comportement dynamique non-linéaire du système d'engrenage d'éolienne, en tenant compte des incertitudes. Ces dernières sont au niveau des charges aérodynamiques, inhérentes au calcul des niveaux vibratoires du système d'engrenage. Ce qui implique un apport scientifique important. Les résultats obtenus par l'approximation par Chaos Polynomial démontrent une forte dispersion des charges aérodynamiques aléatoires dans la réponse dynamique du système d'engrenage, contrairement aux études déterministes. Ce qui prouve l'insuffisance de telles études pour une analyse de robustesse. Les résultats mettent également en évidence la forte corrélation entre les phénomènes aérodynamiques complexes et les vibrations dynamiques. Le couplage établi constitue l'originalité de notre travail. / This thesis focuses on the study of the aerodynamic loads effects on the nonlinear dynamic behavior of Darrieus--type vertical axis wind turbine. The latter has received more attention due to its efficiency in urban regions compared to other wind turbines. In fact, the wind flow speed in urban regions continuously changes direction and is extremely turbulent. The inherent characteristics of its omni-directionality make it more suitable to harnessing this kind of flow. It is known that Darrieus wind turbine is characterized by an inherently unsteady aerodynamic behavior and a complex flow around rotor blades. The non-stationary behavior of the mentioned turbine increases vibration. These aerodynamic vibrations are transmitted to the gearing mechanism. We have, firstly, developed a numerical simulation, allowing to simulate the complexity of the unsteady aerodynamic phenomena keeping a compromise between the reliability of prediction and the rapidity of calculation. This numerical simulation has been carried out using a two-dimensional unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. Simulation results compared to those available in the literature are in good agreement. The Darrieus turbine efficiency is also optimized; thus introducing a significant scientific contribution. The latter is the objective of analyzing the aerodynamic load impact in the dynamic behavior of the Darrieus turbine in non-stationary regime. In this context, a parametric study has been developed in order to find optimal functioning of the studied turbine, which is characterized by the most performing aerodynamic torque associated with acceptable levels of dynamic vibration. In general, it is difficult to predict the dynamic response of the wind turbine with a good level of accuracy due to the aerodynamic loads turbulence and uncertain characteristics. It becomes necessary to take into account the uncertainty in the input parameters to ensure the robustness of the Darrieus turbine geared system. In a robustness study objective, the Polynomial Chaos method is adopted to predict the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the gearing system taking into account uncertainties which are associated to the performance coefficient of the input aerodynamic torque. This leads to an important scientific research contribution. The results have shown a large dispersion of the random parameter in the dynamic response of the gearing system compared to the deterministic study. That proves the insufficiency of that study for a robustness analyses. They have also proved that the Polynomial Chaos method is an efficient probabilistic tool for uncertainty propagation. Finally, the new proposed robust mechanical analysis indicates a good capacity to investigate the dynamic behavior of the Darrieus turbine thanks to its superior predictive capabilities in coupling complex aerodynamic phenomena with a mechanical gearing system vibration. Where the originality of such correlation in our work.

Foram feitas simulações de um jato plano livre e incompressível usando o modelo de uma equação Spalart-Allmaras padrão e um modelo Spalart-Allmaras modificado através da alteração da escala de comprimento turbulenta. Sabe-se da literatura que no caso de jatos livres o modelo Spalart-Allmaras não consegue predizer adequadamente os resultados observados experimentalmente. Os resultados das simulações foram comparados com experimentos da literatura através de perfis de velocidade e da taxa de expansão do jato. Como esperado, os resultados obtidos das simulações utilizando o modelo Spalart-Allmaras padrão foram considerados insatisfatórios, porém o modelo Spalart-Allmaras modificado teve uma melhor concordância com os resultados experimentais. Além disso, o modelo Spalart-Allmaras modificado foi usado para simular os casos do escoamento sobre uma placa plana sem gradiente de pressão e o escoamento em um degrau com separação e gradiente adverso de pressão. Quando comparados com resultados experimentais da literatura e com resultados obtidos usando o modelo padrão, os resultados do modelo modificado obtidos para ambos os casos foram muito satisfatórios, concluindo-se que a modificação da escala de comprimento permite obter uma maior generalidade para o modelo Spalart-Allmaras. / Simulations of a plane and incompressible free jet using the standard Spalart-Allmaras model and a Spalart-Allmaras model modified by changing the turbulent length scale were carried out. It is known from literature that, in the case of the free jet, the Spalart-Allmaras model fails to adequately predict the experimentally observed results. The results of our simulations were compared with published experiments using the velocity profiles and the jet spreading rate. As expected, the results of simulations using the standard Spalart-Allmaras model were considered unsatisfactory while the modified Spalart-Allmaras model had a better agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, the modified Spalart-Allmaras model was used to simulate the cases of flow over a flat plate with no pressure gradient and flow through a backward facing step with separation and adverse pressure gradient. When compared with experimental results from the literature and with results obtained using the standard model, the results of the modified model for both cases were very satisfactory, allowing the conclusion that the change in the length scale provided a greater generality for the Spalart-Allmaras model.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the flue gas fan in Mälarenergi’s Unit 6 and try to find what is causing the vibrations increase. The Fast Fourier transform (FFT) method was used for this degree project. A comparison was made with previous studies using FFT in order to pinpoint the source of the problem with vibrations. After a possible source had been identified, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was performed using ANSYS to visualize the problem. Two cases were simulated using two different turbulence models: the K-epsilon model and the Large-eddy simulation (LES) model. The result from the CFD simulations was compared with previous studies that used similar turbulence models. The flue gas fan’s high vibrations are most likely flow-induced. The simulation result indicates that LES model performed better than the Kepsilon model. The lack of validation in this degree work means that it is hard to know the accuracy of the model. Based on the simulation results the most promising solution seems to be inlet straighteners. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka rökgasfläkten i Mälarenergis Unit 6 och att försöka hitta vad som orsakar vibrationsökningarna. Fast Fourier transform metoden har används i detta examensarbete. En jämförelse har gjorts med tidigare studier som använt FFT metoden för att kunna urskilja källan till vibrationsproblemet. Efter en rimlig källa hittades så utfördes en CFD-simulering i ANSYS för att visualisera problemet. Två fall simulerades med två olika turbulensmodeller: K-epsilon modellen och Largeeddy simulation modellen. Resultatet från CFD-simuleringarna jämfördes med tidigare studier som använt liknande metoder.  Rökgasfläktens höga vibrationer är med störst sannolikhet flödesinducerad. Simuleringsresultatet indikerar att LES modellen utfördes bättre än Kepsilon modellen. Då det saknas en validering i form av flödesmätningar så är det svårt att säga hur lik modellen är med verkligheten. Baserat på resultatet från simuleringarna så verkar inloppsgaller vara den mest lovande lösningen.

Foram feitas simulações de um jato plano livre e incompressível usando o modelo de uma equação Spalart-Allmaras padrão e um modelo Spalart-Allmaras modificado através da alteração da escala de comprimento turbulenta. Sabe-se da literatura que no caso de jatos livres o modelo Spalart-Allmaras não consegue predizer adequadamente os resultados observados experimentalmente. Os resultados das simulações foram comparados com experimentos da literatura através de perfis de velocidade e da taxa de expansão do jato. Como esperado, os resultados obtidos das simulações utilizando o modelo Spalart-Allmaras padrão foram considerados insatisfatórios, porém o modelo Spalart-Allmaras modificado teve uma melhor concordância com os resultados experimentais. Além disso, o modelo Spalart-Allmaras modificado foi usado para simular os casos do escoamento sobre uma placa plana sem gradiente de pressão e o escoamento em um degrau com separação e gradiente adverso de pressão. Quando comparados com resultados experimentais da literatura e com resultados obtidos usando o modelo padrão, os resultados do modelo modificado obtidos para ambos os casos foram muito satisfatórios, concluindo-se que a modificação da escala de comprimento permite obter uma maior generalidade para o modelo Spalart-Allmaras. / Simulations of a plane and incompressible free jet using the standard Spalart-Allmaras model and a Spalart-Allmaras model modified by changing the turbulent length scale were carried out. It is known from literature that, in the case of the free jet, the Spalart-Allmaras model fails to adequately predict the experimentally observed results. The results of our simulations were compared with published experiments using the velocity profiles and the jet spreading rate. As expected, the results of simulations using the standard Spalart-Allmaras model were considered unsatisfactory while the modified Spalart-Allmaras model had a better agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, the modified Spalart-Allmaras model was used to simulate the cases of flow over a flat plate with no pressure gradient and flow through a backward facing step with separation and adverse pressure gradient. When compared with experimental results from the literature and with results obtained using the standard model, the results of the modified model for both cases were very satisfactory, allowing the conclusion that the change in the length scale provided a greater generality for the Spalart-Allmaras model.

都市更新是為改善都市環境之重要方法之一，因此，本研究係透過都市更新住宅案例在更新前後與相關環境因子進行分析，藉由CFD(Computational fluid dynamics)模擬方式來釐清都市更新完成後周邊風環境與熱環境之影響狀況。研究結果顯示，住宅都市更新案對於周邊風環境與熱環境之影響，就風環境係屬顯著，而熱環境得視個案而定，同時主要影響區域約略在100~150公尺之範圍內。而模擬結果亦顯示，建築物低樓層的退縮、棟距調整、鋪面材質更改將會影響更新後之風環境與熱環境。 建議未來可將模擬範圍、建築物退縮及棟距距離及地面材質納入都市更新風環境與熱環境之評估準則，以規範明確之環境審議機制，並使規劃評估者有可遵循之依據，亦可確保模擬的可靠度。 / Urban renewal is one of the most important ways to improve the urban environment. Therefore,this study conducted an analysis of environmental factors in residential cases before and after urban renewal and clarified the impact of urban renewal on the wind environment and the thermal environment of the ambient areas using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The results of the study showed that the residential cases had a consistently significant impact on the wind environment, while the impact on the thermal environment varied from case to case. The main impacted area fell within a radius of 100~150 m. According to the results of the simulation, the shrink of buildings’ low floors, adjustments to building distance, and changes in paving will impacted the wind environment and the thermal environment following urban renewal. In the future, we recommend that researchers include evaluations of the wind environment and thermal environment of urban renewal in the scope of simulation, shrink of buildings, building distance, and paving in order to clearly determine the mechanisms for environmental review for evaluators’ reference and ensure the reliability of the simulation.

Cette thèse évalue d'abord le potentiel thermodynamique du cycle au CO2 supercritique (sc-CO2) pour une large gamme de température de source chaude et étudie son couplage aux applications nucléaires, 45.7% d’efficacité thermique étant obtenu pour un réacteur à neutrons rapides refroidi au sodium. Des simulations CFD sont réalisées sur un compresseur à échelle réduite et confrontées à une expérience, apportant des éléments de qualification. Des simulations sur un compresseur à échelle 1:1 révèlent des particularités liées à la compression du sc-CO2 au comportement gaz réel, offrant un retour d’expérience pour la conception. Dans ce cadre, une approche de cartes de performance est proposée et validée à l'aide de simulations. Enfin, une étude de la collapse d’une bulle dans le CO2 liquide au voisinage du point critique est réalisée et indique l'absence d’effet destructif de cavitation, ouvrant la voie au fonctionnement du compresseur en phase liquide, lieu optimum de l'efficacité du cycle. / This study first evaluates the thermodynamic performance of the supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) cycle in a large range of heat source temperature, with a focus on the nuclear applications; a thermal efficiency of 45.7% is reported for a Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor. Second, CFD simulations have been performed on a small scale sc-CO2 compressor and results have been confronted positively with the experimental data. Simulation results on a real scale compressor have then revealed some particularities during the compression of a real fluid, providing feedbacks for the component design. In addition, a reliable performance maps approach has been proposed for the sc-CO2 compressor and validated using the CFD results. Finally, an investigation of bubble collapse in the liquid CO2 near the critical point has disclosed the likely absence of detrimental effects. As such, risks of cavitation damage should be low, favoring the compressor operation in the liquid region for cycle efficiency improvement.