Biodiversity considerations form an essential component of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), especially in areas with both a high biodiversity value and development pressure such as the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) in South Africa. Limited research has been conducted within the South African context on the quality of biodiversity inputs to EIA. The aim of this research was to evaluate the quality of biodiversity input to EIA in the CFR. To address this aim, a customised review package was generated to evaluate the quality of 26 Biodiversity Impact Assessment (BIA) reports in the CFR. The results were then compared with international trends of biodiversity input to EIA in order to show how prevalent such trends are within an area with high biodiversity value. This comparison showed that the quality of biodiversity input to EIA in the CFR generally concur with inadequacies identified in international EIA literature. Typically, significant weaknesses identified during the review were the lack of public participation and an insufficient evaluation of alternatives. Specialists also failed to develop adequate monitoring programmes. Furthermore, a very pertinent limitation was that, in general, assessments are conducted during inappropriate seasons and over insufficient time periods. However, some variations to the international trends are also present within the Region. For example, a particular strength was that a precautionary approach was adopted by most of the specialists to avoid negative impacts on biodiversity. In addition, specialists did not merely focus on lower levels (species and habitats) of biodiversity, but incorporated ecological processes in assessment techniques. The inadequacies identified in this dissertation pose particular challenges for biodiversity management and conservation practices. The development and implementation of mechanisms such as Best Practice Guidelines and improved biodiversity related legislation is proposed to improve biodiversity input to EIA. / M Environmental Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Golgi apparatus protein 1 (GLG1) est une protéine transmembranaire de 160 kDa qui interagit avec l’apolipoprotéine B100 (apoB100), le récepteur des lipoprotéines de basse densité (LDLR) et la proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Cependant, son mécanisme d’action et sa régulation post-traductionnelle sont inconnus. Des études ont montré que GLG1 subit deux clivages résultant en fragments solubles secrétés de 150 kDa et 55 kDa. Dans cette étude, notre premier objectif est d’identifier les enzymes responsables de la protéolyse de GLG1 ainsi que l’effet du clivage sur sa fonction dans le métabolisme des lipides. De plus, les résultats de nos collaborateurs montrent que les souris adultes déficientes en GLG1 ont un plus grand nombre d’adipocytes mais de taille plus petite que les souris de type sauvage. Notre deuxième objectif est de mesurer la variation de l’expression ainsi qu’identifier l’effet de GLG1 lors de la différentiation des fibroblastes en adipocytes. Pour le premier objectif, les cellules HEK293T surexprimant GLG1 ont été soit transfectées avec des convertases de proprotéines (PCSK) soit incubées avec différents inhibiteurs d’enzymes. Les milieux et les lysats cellulaires ont été analysés par immunobuvardage à la Western. Il n’y a pas eu de nouveaux fragments générés en présence des PCSK. Cependant, en présence d’inhibiteurs des sérines protéases apparentées à la trypsine soit AEBSF et Gabexate mesylate, il y a eu une réduction de la formation du fragment de 55 kDa. Pour identifier la métalloprotéase responsable du clivage de l’ectodomaine générant le fragment de 150 kDa, GLG1 a été transfectée avec les Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase (TIMP 1-4). Nos résultats ont montré que TIMP3 empêche la relâche de l’ectodomaine de GLG1 dans le milieu de culture. Finalement, nos analyses de plasma de souris par immunobuvardage à la Western ont montré la présence des fragments de 150 kDa et 55 kDa de GLG1 in vivo. Pour le deuxième objectif de l’étude, les fibroblastes préadipocytaires de souris 3T3-L1 ont été différenciés en adipocytes. Des lysats cellulaires et l’isolation d’ARN ont été effectués aux jours 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 et 10 de la différenciation. Des immunobuvardages à la Western ainsi que des RT-qPCR ont été réalisés pour analyser l’expression de GLG1 au cours de la différenciation. Nos résultats ont montré que l’expression de GLG1 augmente durant la différenciation. Bref, nos résultats démontrent que des enzymes trypsin-like clivent GLG1 et génèrent le fragment de 55 kDa. L’inhibition du clivage de l’ectodomaine de GLG1 par TIMP3 suggère que les ADAMs sont impliquées dans la relâche du fragment de 150 kDa. De plus, nous avons montré que l’expression de GLG1 augmente au cours de la différenciation adipocytaire. / Golgi apparatus protein 1 (GLG1) is a 160 kDa transmembrane protein interacting with apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). However, the protein’s posttranslational regulation and mechanism of action are poorly understood. Previous studies showed that GLG1 is cleaved resulting in two fragments of 150 kDa and 55 kDa secreted at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. The first objective of this study is to identify enzymes responsible for GLG1 proteolysis and the effect of cleavage on its function in lipid metabolism. Furthermore, our collaborators showed that mice with GLG1 knockout have a higher number of adipocytes, but those cells are smaller in size compared to those in wild type mice. Therefore, the second objective of the study is to measure the variation of GLG1 expression during adipocytes differentiation and to identify the effects of GLG1 knockout on adipocytes differentiation. For the first objective, HEK293T cells overexpressing GLG1 were either transfected with basic amino acid-specific proprotein convertases (PCSK) or treated with enzyme inhibitors. Media and cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot. No new fragments were detected in media of PCSK-transfected cells. Cell treatment with trypsin-like serine proteases inhibitors, AEBSF and Gabexate mesylate, reduced the secretion of the 55 kDa fragment. To identify the metalloproteinase responsible for GLG1 shedding, GLG1 was co-transfected with Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinase (TIMP1-4). Our results showed that TIMP3 inhibits shedding of the 150 kDa fragment. Finally, wild-type mouse plasma was analyzed by Western blot and showed the presence of both fragments in vivo. For the second objective of the study, fibroblasts 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated into adipocytes and GLG1 mRNA and protein expression were measured at day 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 by qPCR and Western Blot. Our results showed that GLG1 expression increased during differentiation and a peak was observed at day 4. To conclude, in the first objective of our study, our results showed that trypsin-like enzymes cleave GLG1 and produce a 55 kDa fragment. Shedding of GLG1 is inhibited by TIMP3, which suggests that ADAM10 or ADAM17 are involved in the release of the 150 kDa fragment. In addition, both 55 kDa and 150 kDa fragments were found in normal mouse plasma supporting the relevance of our findings in vivo. In the second objective of our study, GLG1 expression increased during adipocyte differentiation suggesting a role in adipose tissue development and/or morphology. In conclusion, our study will help elucidate how proteolysis of GLG1 impacts its role in the regulation of apoB and PCSK9 secretion and lipid metabolism and how can GLG1 expression affect adipocytes differentiation.

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