Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the probability of Eimeria tenella as a carrier for the transmission of chicken infectious anemia virus¡]CIAV¡^. One-day-old specific pathogen free¡]SPF¡^chickens were inoculated with CIAV, and then infected 20 days later with E. tenella. CIAV proteins were detected by immunofluorescent test in schizont, gametocytes and zygotes of E. tenella. Oocysts were purified from infected chicken by NaNO3 gradient centrifugation. Oocyst DNA was extracted by the treatments of SDS, proteinase K, DNase and chloroform. PCR template preparated from oocyst was used for amplification of CIAV DNA which is a 420 bp DNA fragment. The sequence of the PCR product from oocyst is similar to that of CIAV DNA from blood of infected chicken. The oocysts of E. tenella containing CIAV could also be suggested by inducing cytopathic effect after inoculated into cultured MSB1 cells. Our results indicated aprobability that E. tenella oocysts contain CIAV proteins and nucleic acids and thus E. tenella might paly an important role in the epizootiology.

Les objectifs de ce travail portent sur le rôle de l'oxydation de biocarburants lignocellulosiques dans la cinétique de formation des oxydes d'azote. Le choix s’est porté sur le furane (F) et le tétrahydrofurane (THF). Cette thèse a permis d’acquérir une base de données expérimentales détaillée afin de tester des mécanismes cinétiques d'oxydation de ces biocarburants disponibles dans la littérature ainsi que d’évaluer leur aptitude à prévoir la formation de CH initiateur du NO précoce. Six flammes laminaires prémélangées à basse pression (5.3 kPa) ont été étudiées à deux richesses (1,0 et 1,2). Trois combustibles ont été considérés: (i) le méthane pur utilisé comme référence, (ii) un mélange F (50%)/méthane (50%), et (iii) un mélange THF (50%)/méthane (50%) pour évaluer l'impact de ces biocarburants sur la formation de NO. Les profils de fraction molaire des espèces sont été déterminés par chromatographie en phase gaz couplée à des détecteurs FID/TCD/MS. Les profils de fraction molaire du NO et du radical CH ont été mesurés par Fluorescence Induite par Laser (LIF). Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que la différence de structure moléculaire de ces éthers cycliques induit des différences significatives dans la formation des espèces intermédiaires issues de leur oxydation. Ainsi, l'oxydation de F favorise la formation de CH et donc la production de NO par rapport aux flammes de méthane et de THF. Les profils expérimentaux ont été comparés aux profils simulés par deux modèles cinétiques, indiquant que ces mécanismes nécessitent d’être optimisés sur la formation de CH avant d’envisager l’introduction d’un sous-mécanisme relatif à la chimie de l’azote. / The objective of this work is to investigate the role of oxidation of lignocellulosic biofuels in the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in flames. The biofuels chosen are furan (F) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). This thesis enabled to acquire a detailed experimental database in order to test the kinetic mechanisms available in literature of the oxidation of these biofuels as well as to evaluate their ability to predict the formation of CH, the key species on the prompt-NO mechanism. Six premixed low-pressure laminar flames (5.3 kPa) were studied under two equivalent ratio conditions (1,0 et 1,2). Three fuels are considered: (i) pure methane, which is used as a reference flame, (ii) a F (50%)/methane (50%) mixture, and (iii) THF (50%)/methane (50%) in order to evaluate the impact of these biofuels on NOx formation. The structure of these flames was characterized by establishing the mole fraction profiles of stable intermediates and products using gas chromatography coupled with FID/TCD/MS detectors. The mole fraction profiles of NO and CH radical were detected by Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF). The experimental results show that the different molecular structures of these cyclic ethers leads to significant differences in the formation of intermediate species and pollutants. Thus, F oxidation promotes the CH formation and then the NO with respect to methane and THF. The experimental profiles were compared with the simulated profiles using two detailed kinetic models. The preliminary modeling study indicates that the studied mechanisms require some improvements on the prediction of CH formation before to consider the introduction of a sub-mechanism on nitrogen Chemistry.

Cette étude concerne la formation d'hydrogène par le procédé de vaporeformage et la production de gaz de synthèse par le procédé de reformage à sec, au moyen de catalyseurs tout en augmentant la résistance à la formation de coke. Sept oxydes mixtes NiₓMg₆₋ₓAl₂ 800 (0 ≤ x ≤ 6) ont été obtenus, en passant par la voie hydrotalcite suivie d'une calcination à 800°C. L'espèce active dans les deux réactions étudiées est le nickel métallique. Une partie de ces oxydes a été imprégnée par 0,5 % en masse de ruthénium et recalcinée à 800°C, puisque le ruthénium améliore la réductibilité des espèces oxydes de nickel. Dans le procédé de vaporeformage et en abscence de ruthénium, le prétraitement réducteur est une étape nécessaire pour activer le catalyseur. L'ajout du ruthénium améliore l'activité catalytique, la sélectivité et la résistance à la formation de coke des oxydes étudiés et ceci en abscence de prétraitement réducteur avant test. Une interaction ruthénium-nickel serait à l'origine de ces bonnes performances catalytiques. Le catalyseur Ru/Ni₆Al₂ 800 800 présente les meilleures performances catalytiques, parmi les systèmes étudiés, puisqu'il assure une meilleure interaction Ru-Ni. / This study is related to the formation of hydrogen by the steam reforming process and the production of synthesis gas by the dry reforming process, using catalysts, leading to increased resistance to coke formation. Seven mixed oxides NiₓMg₆₋ₓAl₂ 800 (0 ≤ x ≤ 6) were obtained, by hydrotalcite route followed by calcination at 800°C. Metallic nickel is the active species in both studied reactions. Some of these oxides have been impregnated with 0.5 wt % of ruthenium and recalcined at 800°C. In steam reforming test and in absence of ruthenium, the reducing pretreatment step is necessary to activate the catalyst. Ruthenium addition improves the catalytic activity, selectivity and the resistance to coke formation, with no reducing step prior to the test. An interaction between nickel and ruthenium is in origin of these good catalytic performances since ruthenium improves the reductibility of nickel species. The catalyst Ru/Ni₆Al₂ 800 800 presents the best catalytic performances among the studied systems, because it presents a better Ru-Ni interaction.

A partir de los Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos, la siguiente investigación propone un abordaje que considera la migración de los bolivianos en São Paulo como un proceso social denso, complejo, donde varios aspectos económicos como subjetivos se contradicen pero a la vez se complementan, reinventando la estructura social del país de origen. La lógica de la contradicción complementación, que subyace como estrategia de interpretación en esta disertación, es la que definimos como lógica ch´ixi, siguiendo a la socióloga e historiadora aymara, Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, teórica crítica de la subalternidad latinoamericana. El análisis del proceso migratorio boliviano a partir de lo ch´ixi posibilitó una interpretación diferente a la racionalidad dicotómica occidental o a las representaciones mediáticas miserabilistas y estigmatizantes. Este concepto fue el hilo conductor que posibilitó comprender la reinvención de las estructuras organizativas de los inmigrantes bolivianos como su abigarramiento social. Para los objetivos trazados usamos recursos metodológicos cualitativos de la etnografía como de la sociología de la imagen y la historia de vida de miembros de una comunidad tipo de inmigrantes bolivianos / Based on Latin American Cultural Studies, the following research proposes an approach that considers the migration of Bolivians in Sao Paulo as a dense, complex social process, where several economic as well as subjective aspects contradict but at the same time complement each other, reinventing the social structure of the country of origin. The logic of contradiction - complementation, which underlies as a strategy of interpretation in this dissertation, is what we define as ch\'ixi logic, following the Aymara sociologist and historian, Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, a critical theoretician of Latin American subalternity. The analysis of the Bolivian migratory process throught the concept of ch\'ixi allowed an interpretation different from the western dichotomous rationality or the miserabilistic and stigmatizing media representations. This concept was the guiding thread that made it possible to understand the reinvention of the organizational structures of Bolivian immigrants as their social variegation. For the objectives outlined, we used qualitative methodological resources from ethnography as of the sociology of the image and the life history of members of a typical community of Bolivian immigrants

A partir de los Estudios Culturales Latinoamericanos, la siguiente investigación propone un abordaje que considera la migración de los bolivianos en São Paulo como un proceso social denso, complejo, donde varios aspectos económicos como subjetivos se contradicen pero a la vez se complementan, reinventando la estructura social del país de origen. La lógica de la contradicción complementación, que subyace como estrategia de interpretación en esta disertación, es la que definimos como lógica ch´ixi, siguiendo a la socióloga e historiadora aymara, Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, teórica crítica de la subalternidad latinoamericana. El análisis del proceso migratorio boliviano a partir de lo ch´ixi posibilitó una interpretación diferente a la racionalidad dicotómica occidental o a las representaciones mediáticas miserabilistas y estigmatizantes. Este concepto fue el hilo conductor que posibilitó comprender la reinvención de las estructuras organizativas de los inmigrantes bolivianos como su abigarramiento social. Para los objetivos trazados usamos recursos metodológicos cualitativos de la etnografía como de la sociología de la imagen y la historia de vida de miembros de una comunidad tipo de inmigrantes bolivianos / Based on Latin American Cultural Studies, the following research proposes an approach that considers the migration of Bolivians in Sao Paulo as a dense, complex social process, where several economic as well as subjective aspects contradict but at the same time complement each other, reinventing the social structure of the country of origin. The logic of contradiction - complementation, which underlies as a strategy of interpretation in this dissertation, is what we define as ch\'ixi logic, following the Aymara sociologist and historian, Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, a critical theoretician of Latin American subalternity. The analysis of the Bolivian migratory process throught the concept of ch\'ixi allowed an interpretation different from the western dichotomous rationality or the miserabilistic and stigmatizing media representations. This concept was the guiding thread that made it possible to understand the reinvention of the organizational structures of Bolivian immigrants as their social variegation. For the objectives outlined, we used qualitative methodological resources from ethnography as of the sociology of the image and the life history of members of a typical community of Bolivian immigrants

The development of a palladium-catalysed C–H carbonylation of hindered secondary amines is described. Central to this strategy is the temporary conversion of simple ketones into hindered secondary amines that facilitates a sterically promoted palladium-catalysed C–H activation. A range of functional groups are shown to be compatible with this catalytic process, and with exclusive regioselectivity for the terminal ethyl sp 3 C–H in most cases. This method allows an overall incorporation of a carboxyl group to the b-position of terminal ketones, generating 1,4- dicarbonyl moieties which are important synthetic building blocks. The sterically promoted C–H functionalisation strategy has been employed as the key step in the synthesis of a functionalised analogue of astemizole, a pharmaceutical agent which suffers from undesired hERG activity. The increased steric bulk around the tertiary amine, coupled with introduction of a polar hydroxyl group via the C–H acetoxylation reaction, is proposed to reduce binding to the hERG channel. The hERG profile of this analogue is not yet established.

Some interesting, biologically active natural products have been found to contain poly-azole fragments within their core. These fragments are linked through the 2- position of one azole and the 4-position of its neighbour. Decarboxylative cross-coupling methodology may provide a route to these desired linked azoles through cross-coupling of azole-4-carboxylic acids with azole-2- halides or with azoles containing no substitution at the 2-position. Investigations into the silver-mediated decarboxylation, and subsequent coupling potential, of thiazole and oxazole-4-carboxylic acids are reported. Methods towards the synthesis of novel chlorinated thiazole and oxazole acids and their precursors are also described. A method to successfully couple these acids to aryl iodides has been developed and the scope of this reaction extended to a variety of functionalised azole-4-carboxylic acids. Attempts to extend this methodology and combine the decarboxylative coupling with CH activation of a second azole are also described.

This dissertation delves into the catalytic activity of multiple metal-containing complexes with an emphasis on the activation of C–H bonds in small molecules and olefin oligomerization. The research contained in these works employs computational methodologies to better understand the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reactions. Computations can be used to quickly identify novel models and find ideal substitutions for improved catalyst design. Within this dissertation, multiple molecules of divalent and trivalent main group element-containing complexes as well as Group 13 dimetallene complexes were investigated with density functional theory (DFT) to identify their ability to activate C–H of hydrocarbons, including methane, by quantifying their thermodynamics and kinetics of reaction. With several substitutions to the base complex, improved catalysts were designed to decrease the energy barriers of the activations. Multiconfiguration self-consistent field methods were also employed to characterize the biradical character of these Group 13 compounds. Olefin oligomerization by zirconium boratabenzenes with various ancillary pendant groups was also investigated via DFT to identify the most ideal variations as well as the most likely reaction pathway.

The dissertation focuses on the recent discovery in supramolecular chemistry of novel macrocyclic compounds with NH and CH donor groups. Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of the anions under study, supramolecular chemistry, the relevant other anion receptors, as well as previous findings involving the use of CH donor groups as functional building blocks. Chapter 2, as the major focus of this dissertation, describes a pyrrolyl-based triazolophane, incorporating CH and NH donor groups, which acts as a receptor for the pyrophosphate anion in chloroform solution. It shows selectivity for this trianion, followed by HSO₄− > H₂PO₄− > Cl− > Br− (all as the corresponding tetrabutylammonium salts), with NH−anion interactions being more important than CH−anion interactions. In the solid state, the receptor binds the pyrophosphate anion in a clip-like slot via NH and CH hydrogen bonds. Chapter 3 describes a pyrrole–based triazolium–phane which has been prepared through “click” chemistry in moderate yield. It displays a high selectivity for tetrahedral oxyanions relative to various test monoanions and trigonal planar anions in mixed polar organic–aqueous solvent media. It was also found that the binding affinity and selectivity of the macrocycle to the anions are solvent dependent. Several crystal structures were solved. They confirm that the cationic macrocycle ring binds pyrophosphate and phosphate anions in the solid state. Finally, chapter 4 describes a novel 1,3,4-substituted 1,2,3-triazolium salt found to function as an effective precursor for the synthesis of structurally characterized cationic silver(I) and ruthenium(II) carbene complexes of overall 1:2 ligand-to-metal stoichiometry. The Ag(I) complex crystallized in the form of an eight silver atom containing cluster, whereas the Ru(II) complex proved to be a discrete species and was found to be capable of initiating the ring-opening metathesis polymerization of norbornene upon activation with (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane. / text

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Zürich. / "Quellenwerke des sozialen Interventionismus im behandelten Rahman"; p. 5. "Uebrige Literatur" : p. 5-9. d.