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Progression through the cell cycle is regulated by dynamic chloride dependent changes in cell volumesHabela, Christa Whelan. January 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed on June 24, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.
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XAFS study of the pressure induced B1->B2 phase transition /Kelly, Shelly D. January 1999 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. [151]-156).
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Isotopic exchange reactions related to Friedel-Crafts reactions I. Stannic chloride and hydrogen chloride. II. Stannic chloride and organic chlorides. III. Hydrogen chloride and aromatic hydrocarbons /Howald, Reed Anderson, January 1955 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1955. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 171-180).
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Controlled chloride cracking of austenitic stainless steelRaseroka, Mantsaye S. January 2009 (has links)
Thesis (M.Sc. in Applied Science(Metallurgical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Abstract in English. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-69).
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Performance of concrete bridge deck surface treatments /Nelsen, Tyler, January 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-61).
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Reguladores vegetais para o manejo do porte da mamoneira IAC 2028Souza-Schlick, Genivaldo David de [UNESP] 06 December 2013 (has links) (PDF)
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000755181.pdf: 1836127 bytes, checksum: 876a313ba39d9cdee151c6ebdb0e152f (MD5) / Para a colheita mecanizada, é desejável que as plantas de mamona tenham porte reduzido. Uma alternativa para reduzir o porte da mamoneira é o uso de reguladores de crescimento vegetal, porém, praticamente são inexistentes as informações sobre os efeitos do uso de reguladores vegetais na cultura da mamona. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar os efeitos dos reguladores vegetais cloreto de mepiquat (Pix HC®), cloreto de chlormequat (Tuval®) e trinexapac-etil (Moddus®), aplicados em diferentes épocas, doses, modos e com adição de adjuvante, no crescimento e na produtividade da mamoneira cv. IAC 2028. Foram realizados nove experimentos, sendo quatro em casa de vegetação (experimento I, II, III e IV) e cinco em campo (experimento V, VI, VII, VIII e IX). Todos os experimentos foram conduzidos em blocos ao acaso e quatro repetições. Os experimentos I, II e III, um com cada regulador de crescimento, foram constituídos por um esquema fatorial 4x2, sendo quatro doses e duas épocas de aplicação. No experimento IV, utilizou-se um esquema fatorial 3x2+1, sendo os três reguladores de crescimento, combinados com adição ou não de adjuvante (espalhante adesivo) à calda, e uma testemunha (sem aplicação de regulador ou adjuvante). Nos experimentos V, VI e VII, um com cada regulador de crescimento, utilizou-se o esquema fatorial 5x3, sendo cinco doses e duas épocas de aplicação. Nos experimentos VIII e IX, utilizou-se o esquema fatorial 2x3+1, sendo duas doses, três modos de aplicação e uma testemunha (sem aplicação). A aplicação de cloreto de mepiquat reduziu o número de folhas, a área foliar e o acúmulo de matéria seca e aumentou a relação parte aérea/raiz nas plantas de mamona, especialmente quando aplicado na fase vegetativa (33 dias após emergência (DAE)). Porém, o efeito desse produto na redução da altura das plantas foi 2 mais pronunciado quando o... / For mechanized harvesting, it is desirable that the castor plants have reduced size. An alternative which may be to have the application to reduce the size of the castor plant is the use of plant growth regulators, however, are virtually non-existent information about the effects of plant growth regulators in the castor crop. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of plant growth regulators mepiquat chloride (Pix HC®), chlormequat chloride (Tuval®), and trinexapac-ethyl (Moddus®), applied at different times, rates, forms, and with adjuvant addition on growth and yield of castor cultivar IAC 2028. Nine experiments were performed, including four in a greenhouse (I, II, III, and IV) and five on the field condition (experiment V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX). All experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. The experiments I, II, and III, one with each plant growth regulator, consisted of a 4x2 factorial scheme, represented by four rates and two application times. In the experiment IV, a 3x2+1 factorial scheme, represented by three plant growth regulators, with and without adjuvant (spreader-sticker) to spray solution, and a control (without plant growth regulator or adjuvant application) was used. In the experiments V, VI, and VII, a 5x3 factorial scheme, consisted of four rates and two application times was used. The experiments VIII and IX were consisted by a 2x3+1 factorial scheme, represented by two rates, three forms of application, and a control (without application). Mepiquat chloride application reduced the number of leaves, leaf area and dry matter accumulation and increased the root/shoot ratio in castor plants, especially when applied in the vegetative phase (33 days after emergence (DAE)). However, the effect of this product in reducing plant height was more pronounced when it was applied from the beginning of the reproductive ...
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Análise comparativa de inibidores de corrosão na água poro e no concreto armado para aço carbono CA-50 / Comparative analysis of corrosion inhibitors in the pore water and in reinforced concrete for carbon steel Ca-50Ossorio Dominguez, Anile January 2016 (has links)
No presente trabalho analisa-se o comportamento do aço de reforço ante à corrosão, com o uso dos inibidores: nitrito de sódio, fosfato de sódio e etalonamina, na água de poros contaminada com cloreto, e no concreto com a finalidade de analisar seus resultados e seus mecanismos diferenciados. Para cumprir este objetivo o presente trabalho divide-se em duas etapas: uma primeira etapa baseada em simular sinteticamente a água de poro de um concreto, cuja solução é KOH 28g/l+NaOH 4g/l. Essa água de poro é simulada em ambiente marinho, cuja solução é KOH 28g/l + NaOH 4g/l+NaCl 35g/l, e a esta solução referência incorporamse os inibidores (20g/l da cada um). Realizaram-se ensaios de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE) (após 3 e 72 horas de imersão) e curvas de polarização (após 72 horas de imersão) com vistas a obter respostas da cinética da corrosão ante a cada solução. Obteve-se o melhor comportamento para a água de poros. No caso da água de poro contaminada por cloretos, o melhor comportamento se obteve para o inibidor nitrito de sódio. Na segunda etapa adotou-se apenas o inibidor nitrito de sódio, pois estatisticamente as eficiências dos três inibidores foram muito similares. Analisou-se o nitrito de sódio em amostras reais de concreto armado contaminado com cloreto de sódio. Para isso se elegeram dois tipos de cimentos (CP IV e CP V) e três relações água-cimento (a/c-0.4, a/c-0.5, a/c- 0.65). Para simular o ambiente marinho, realizaram-se ensaios acelerados de cloretos. Comparam-se métodos de análises simuladas sinteticamente e reais, concluindo-se em ambos meios, embora fossem um solido e outro líquido o inibidor Nitrito de Sódio aumento a sua eficiência com os ciclos de exposição. / In this paper it is analyzed the behavior of reinforcing steel against corrosion using inhibitors: sodium nitrate, sodium phosphate and ethanolamine in water contaminated with chlorides pore and concrete, in order to analyzing the results and different mechanisms. To meet the objective of this work, it was divided into two stages, a first stage based on synthetically simulate the pore water of a concrete, through the following solution KOH 28g/l+NaOH 4g/l, this same solution simulated pore water to a marine environment it would be KOH 28g/l + NaOH 4g/l+NaCl 35g/l, it is then incorporated into both reference solutions inhibitors in a proportion, (20g/l de cada um). Assays were performed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIE) (last 3 hours and 72 hours of immersion) and polarization curves (last 72 hours of immersion) in order to obtain responses corrosion kinetics in each solution. the best performance was obtained in the pore water. In the case of water contaminated with chlorides pore, the best performance was obtained in the presence of sodium nitrite inhibitor. In the second step was performed only with the inhibitor sodium nitrate, as statistically efficiencies of the three inhibitors were similar. Sodium nitrate was analyzed in real samples of reinforced concrete contaminated with chlorides of sodium. So they were chosen two types of cement CP- IV and CP-V, cement water three relationships 0.4, a/c-0.5, a/c- 0.65. In this case to simulate the marine environment, accelerated tests were performed chloride. They were compared the methods of analysis, simulated synthetically and simulated in real concrete.
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Corrosão por cloretos em estruturas de concreto armado : uma meta-análise / Corrosion by chlorides in reinforced concrete structures: a meta-analysisTorres, Ariela da Silva January 2011 (has links)
O concreto é o segundo material mais consumido no mundo, perdendo somente para água, justificando a importância de estudos que envolvam seu comportamento frente à durabilidade, e que objetivam a obtenção de estruturas com longas vidas úteis. Dentre as diversas manifestações patológicas que ocorrem nas estruturas de concreto armado, a corrosão das armaduras tem uma grande incidência, como já comprovado por diversos autores. A corrosão das armaduras ocorre pela ação de agentes agressivos sendo que os dois principais são a carbonatação e a penetração de cloretos. Em função da grande costa marítima do Brasil, a ação de íons cloretos é a mais significativa, deteriorando estruturas e levando a necessidade de manutenções periódicas. Porém, sabe-se do alto custo para realização destas manutenções. Em função da preocupação com a manutenção e gastos das estruturas de concreto armado, este estudo objetivou realizar uma validação dos ensaios de corrosão por cloretos em estruturas de concreto armado a partir de meta-análise dos dados de técnicas eletroquímicas utilizadas nos trabalhos de teses e dissertações desenvolvidos no Brasil. Pretende-se desta maneira realizar um mapeamento das pesquisas na área de corrosão em armaduras de concreto armado realizadas no Brasil e direcionar os futuros estudos. Pretende-se também realizar uma análise conjunta de todos estes trabalhos para verificar a quantidade e qualidade dos mesmos sob uma visão do conjunto nacional. Registrou-se a falta de pesquisas na região Norte do país e a centralização das mesmas nas regiões Sudeste e Sul. Com o uso de técnicas estatísticas conclui-se a falta de diversas combinações de variáveis (relação água/cimento, tipo de cimento, método de indução de cloretos, adição de materiais, entre outros) para criação de um modelo brasileiro confiável. / Concrete is the second most consumed material in the world, second only to water, explaining the importance of studies involving behavior concerning durability, and aimed to obtain structures with long lifetimes. Among the various pathologics that occur in reinforced concrete structures, corrosion of the reinforcement has a major impact, as proven by several authors. The reinforcement corrosion occurs by the action of aggressive agents and the two main ones are carbonation and chloride penetration. Due to the great sea coast of Brazil, the action of chloride ions is the most significant and deteriorating structures leading to the need for periodic maintenance, but it is known the high cost of implementing these maintenances. Because of concerns with the maintenance and expense of concrete structures, this study aimed to perform a validation of the corrosion by chlorides in reinforced concrete structures from the meta-analysis of data from electrochemical techniques used in the work of theses and dissertations developed in Brazil. The aim is thus to map the research on corrosion in reinforced concrete made in Brazil and direct future studies. Also perform a joint analysis of all these works to verify the quantity and quality of these in a vision of the National Assembly. We observed the lack of research in the northern region of the country and centralizing them in the Southeast and South By using statistical techniques concludes the lack of various combinations of variables (water / cement ratio, cement type, method induction of chloride, addition of materials, among others) to create a Brazilian model reliable.
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Contribution à l'évaluation de l'état de dégradation de divers types de barres d'acier utilisées comme armatures dans des bétons carbonatés ou pollués par des chlorures / Assessment of the state of degradation of various types of steel bars used as reinforcement in concrete carbonated or contaminated by chloridesRivera-Corral, Jesus Octavio 29 September 2016 (has links)
Le béton armé est sans conteste le matériau le plus utilisé dans la construction, et permet de réaliser la plupart des infrastructures dans tous les pays du monde. Cependant, sa durabilité peut être compromise de façon prématurée par la corrosion des aciers, qui est la pathologie considérée comme la plus dangereuse vis-à-vis du maintien de l'intégrité des ouvrages de Génie Civil. Afin d'obtenir une meilleure résistance face au risque de corrosion, l'acier conventionnel (AC) peut être soumis à divers traitements, dont les plus connus sont le recouvrement superficiel par d'autres matériaux métalliques à base de zinc (AG), ou par des revêtements doubles métal-polymères (AD). Cependant, il existe aussi des barres d'acier thermiquement traitées (ATT) qui ne sont actuellement quasiment pas utilisées en tant qu'armatures. De ce fait, leur comportement face aux mécanismes de détérioration comme la corrosion en milieu cimentaire causée par les chlorures ou la carbonatation est encore très peu connu. Dans ce travail, le comportement des différentes barres d'acier mentionnées ci-dessus a été étudié. Des éprouvettes prismatiques de béton, incluant ces types d'armatures, ont été fabriquées avec deux rapports E/C : 0,45 et 0,65. Avant leur utilisation, les barres ont été caractérisées mécaniquement et métallographiquement. Ensuite, les éprouvettes ont été placées dans différentes conditions d'exposition : un environnement urbain/industriel ou côtier, et un environnement contrôlé en laboratoire. Des mesures du potentiel de corrosion, de résistance de polarisation linéaire, et de spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique ont été mises en œuvre durant la période d'exposition. Pour chaque série, la teneur critique en chlorures a été déterminée, et la progression de la profondeur de carbonatation a été suivie. En outre, en induisant un couple galvanique par effet de la carbonatation, des mesures originales du comportement électrochimique de ces barres ont été effectuées puis une analyse, en s'appuyant sur une modélisation en éléments finis, en a été faite. Dans l'environnement contrôlé en laboratoire, l'ordre de dépassivation des différentes barres exposées a été observé de façon similaire pour les deux rapports E/C, à savoir : ATT, AC, AG et enfin AD. Une teneur critique en chlorures plus élevée a été obtenue pour les barres AG et AD. Cependant, lors de l'inspection visuelle, les dommages causés sur les armatures AG étaient plus élevés que sur les autres types de barres. Enfin, durant l'étape de propagation, la densité de courant de corrosion des barres ATT et des barres AG s'est révélée inférieure. / Corrosion of reinforcing bars in concrete is considered as the most important problem that affects the integrity of the civil structures. In order to obtain a better resistance to corrosion, various superficial processes as coatings with zinc (AG) or such as the dual covering metallic-polymeric (AD) are applicate to ordinary steel bars (AC). On the other hand, steel bars with thermal treatments (ATT), principally developed as an alternative to improve the mechanical properties without the use of ferroalloys, are not used in concrete. The behavior of these kinds of bars in front of mechanisms of deterioration as the corrosion induced by chlorides or carbonation has not yet been studied. In this work, all these various steel bars (AG, AD, AC and ATT) were embedded in prismatic specimens of concrete made with two ratio water/cement: 0.45 and 0.65. Previously, steels bars were characterized by mechanical tests and metallographic identifications. Then, specimens were placed in several sites of exposition: urban/industrial environment, or coastal environment, or controlled atmosphere in laboratory. During these expositions, measurements of corrosion potential, linear polarization resistance, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were regularly carried out. For each type of steel bar, chloride threshold level and progress of the carbonation depth were determined. Furthermore, by means of the induction of a galvanic couple during design of new samples, the electrochemical behavior of the steels bars AC, ATT and AG was followed up experimentally and then analyzed with finite element model. It was founded that the different steels bars exposed in controlled atmosphere of laboratory followed a same sequence in depassivation for both ratios water/cement: ATT, AC, AG and AD. The chloride thresholds were higher for steels bars AG and AD. However, visual inspection showed that the morphology of damages caused on AG bars was most important compared with the other steel bars. In the propagation phase, the corrosion current density of the ATT bars was lower, even to that obtained by the AG bars.
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Análise comparativa de inibidores de corrosão na água poro e no concreto armado para aço carbono CA-50 / Comparative analysis of corrosion inhibitors in the pore water and in reinforced concrete for carbon steel Ca-50Ossorio Dominguez, Anile January 2016 (has links)
No presente trabalho analisa-se o comportamento do aço de reforço ante à corrosão, com o uso dos inibidores: nitrito de sódio, fosfato de sódio e etalonamina, na água de poros contaminada com cloreto, e no concreto com a finalidade de analisar seus resultados e seus mecanismos diferenciados. Para cumprir este objetivo o presente trabalho divide-se em duas etapas: uma primeira etapa baseada em simular sinteticamente a água de poro de um concreto, cuja solução é KOH 28g/l+NaOH 4g/l. Essa água de poro é simulada em ambiente marinho, cuja solução é KOH 28g/l + NaOH 4g/l+NaCl 35g/l, e a esta solução referência incorporamse os inibidores (20g/l da cada um). Realizaram-se ensaios de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE) (após 3 e 72 horas de imersão) e curvas de polarização (após 72 horas de imersão) com vistas a obter respostas da cinética da corrosão ante a cada solução. Obteve-se o melhor comportamento para a água de poros. No caso da água de poro contaminada por cloretos, o melhor comportamento se obteve para o inibidor nitrito de sódio. Na segunda etapa adotou-se apenas o inibidor nitrito de sódio, pois estatisticamente as eficiências dos três inibidores foram muito similares. Analisou-se o nitrito de sódio em amostras reais de concreto armado contaminado com cloreto de sódio. Para isso se elegeram dois tipos de cimentos (CP IV e CP V) e três relações água-cimento (a/c-0.4, a/c-0.5, a/c- 0.65). Para simular o ambiente marinho, realizaram-se ensaios acelerados de cloretos. Comparam-se métodos de análises simuladas sinteticamente e reais, concluindo-se em ambos meios, embora fossem um solido e outro líquido o inibidor Nitrito de Sódio aumento a sua eficiência com os ciclos de exposição. / In this paper it is analyzed the behavior of reinforcing steel against corrosion using inhibitors: sodium nitrate, sodium phosphate and ethanolamine in water contaminated with chlorides pore and concrete, in order to analyzing the results and different mechanisms. To meet the objective of this work, it was divided into two stages, a first stage based on synthetically simulate the pore water of a concrete, through the following solution KOH 28g/l+NaOH 4g/l, this same solution simulated pore water to a marine environment it would be KOH 28g/l + NaOH 4g/l+NaCl 35g/l, it is then incorporated into both reference solutions inhibitors in a proportion, (20g/l de cada um). Assays were performed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIE) (last 3 hours and 72 hours of immersion) and polarization curves (last 72 hours of immersion) in order to obtain responses corrosion kinetics in each solution. the best performance was obtained in the pore water. In the case of water contaminated with chlorides pore, the best performance was obtained in the presence of sodium nitrite inhibitor. In the second step was performed only with the inhibitor sodium nitrate, as statistically efficiencies of the three inhibitors were similar. Sodium nitrate was analyzed in real samples of reinforced concrete contaminated with chlorides of sodium. So they were chosen two types of cement CP- IV and CP-V, cement water three relationships 0.4, a/c-0.5, a/c- 0.65. In this case to simulate the marine environment, accelerated tests were performed chloride. They were compared the methods of analysis, simulated synthetically and simulated in real concrete.
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