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Chunks and Tasks is a programming model based on the C ++ programming language. This programming model is used for electronic structure calculations, among other things.The purpose of this project is to improve the CHT-MPI software library for Chunks and tasks, so that calculations of matrix-matrix multiplications are performed more efficiently than they do with the existing software library. The software library is based on the work stealing method, which is a method the software library for Chunks and Tasks uses for the distribution of the calculation work. The considered way to improve the software library is by modifying the work stealing method in a way that makes the distribution of calculation work happen in a more efficient way , which will lead to calculations performed faster than before.Two different modifications of the work stealing method were tested and it led to two new methods, Method 1 and Method 2, which distributed the calculation work differently. Method 1 did not give results that were compatible with the theory, since the calculation time with this method was much longer than the previous method.  The results for method 2 were compatible with the theory for the method. Method 2 distributed the calculation work more efficiently than before which decreased the amount of data sent during the calculations, which led to a shorter calculation time than with the previous method.  This method made an improvement of the software library for the programming model Chunks and Tasks. / Chunks and Tasks är en programmeringsmodell baserad på programspråket C++. Denna programmeringsmodell används vid bl.a. metoder för lösningar av Schrödingerekvationen för elektronerna i molekyler. Syftet med detta projekt är att förbättra mjukvarubiblioteket för Chunks and Tasks, så att beräkningar av matris-matris-multiplikationer utförs på ett effektivare sätt än vad de gör med det existerande mjukvarubiblioteket. Mjukvarubiblioteket använder sig av work stealing-metoden vid fördelning av beräkningsarbetet. Det är tänkt att mjukvarubiblioteket ska förbättras genom att just modifiera work stealing-metoden på ett sätt som får arbetsfördelningen att ske på ett smidigare sätt, vilket i sin tur ska leda till att beräkningarna utförs under en kortare tid än tidigare. Två olika ändringar av work stealing-metoden testades och man fick två nya metoder, metod 1 och metod 2, som fördelade beräkningsarbetet olika sätt. Det som söktes var en metod som kunde minska mängden data som skickades under beräkningarna av olika matris-matrismultiplikationer, då en minskad data-mängd innebar en förkortning av beräkningstiden. Med metod 1 fick man en försämring, då beräkningstiderna blev mycket längre än tidigare. Med metod 2 erhöll man ett bättre resultat, med denna metod fördelades arbetet på ett effektivare sätt som ledde till att mängden data som skickades minskade, vilket även betydde att beräkningstiderna kortades ner. Med denna metod fick man en förbättring av mjukvarubiblioteket för programmeringsmodellen Chunks and Tasks.

A diversidade microbiana é geralmente considerada por seu papel nos principais processos do ecossistema, tais como a decomposição da matéria orgânica e ciclos biogeoquímicos. No entanto, informações sobre o impacto da diversidade em funções menores, como degradação de xenobióticos são escassas. Nós estudamos a partir da abordagem da \'diluição para extinção\', o papel da diversidade sobre a capacidade da comunidade microbiana em degradar o fungicida clorotalonil (organoclorado). Também estudamos o comportamento da comunidade bacteriana após aplicação do pesticida no solo com e sem biochar. A diversidade microbiana do solo natural foi alterada artificialmente por diluição, constituindo um gradiente de diversidade (SN > 10-1 > 10-3 > 10-6), seguido pela inoculação em amostras de solo estéril e posterior reestruturação (15 dias). Após a reestruturação da comunidade, as amostras foram manejadas com biochar (1% m/m) e tratadas com a dose de campo do CHT. O comportamento da comunidade bacteriana foi estudo por PCR-DGGE e qPCR do gene 16S rDNA através de um experimento com molécula fria (não radiomarcada). Enquanto a capacidade de degradação do CHT foi estudada por radiorespirometria (14C-CHT). Inicialmente, a comunidade de bactérias foi influenciada pelo gradiente de diversidade obtido por diluição. A separação dos grupos bacterianos se mostrou bastante similar nos três primeiros períodos pré-aplicação do CHT (SN > 10-1 - 10-3 > 10-6), enquanto que no período de 15 dias, a dinâmica de grupos foi alterada (SN > 10-1 > 10-3 - 10-6). O fungicida e o biochar não exerceram efeitos na comunidade bacteriana no tempo zero (imediatamente após a aplicação), a modificação no perfil da comunidade foi atribuído à diluição. Nos períodos de 21 e 42 dias, o perfil comunidade bacteriana apresentou forte modificação. Os grupos bacterianos se mostraram mais dispersos quando considerado somente o CHT. Embora, a análise de ANOSIM indicou não haver diferença nas amostras com e sem biochar, sugerindo que o clorotalonil foi quem mais contribuiu na dispersão dos grupos bacterianos. No período de 42 d, a comunidade apresentou resposta positiva, sendo observado aumentos no número de bandas e no índice de Shannon em todos tratamentos. Isto possivelmente, devido a menor concentração do fungicida disponível na solução do solo, diminuindo assim, os efeitos deletérios sobre a comunidade. Os dados de qPCR não apresentaram alteração no número de copias do gene 16S rDNA em todos os tratamentos. A remoção da diversidade impactou fortemente a capacidade da comunidade bacteriana de degradar o clorotalonil. Apesar da capacidade de degradar não ter sido perdida, a mínima alteração na diversidade promoveu elevada redução na taxa de mineralização do CHT. A dissipação do CHT se mostrou rápida (D50 < 1 dia) em todos os tratamentos, além disso, a formação de 14C-resíduos não extraíveis foi constituiu um dos principais mecanismos de dissipação do CHT. A partir da degradação do fungicida, foram detectados três metabólitos. Conclui-se que a modificação por diluição da diversidade bacteriana promoveu impacto negativo na mineralização do clorotalonil. E que a formação de resíduos não extraíveis consistiu no principal mecanismo de dissipação do CHT em ambos solos. / Microbial diversity is generally considered for his role in key ecosystem processes, such as decomposition of organic matter and biogeochemical cycles. However, information about the impact of diversity on minor functions, such as degradation of xenobiotics is scant. We study from the approach of \'dilution to extinction\', the role of diversity on the capacity of microbial community to degrade the chlorothalonil (organochlorine). We also studied the behavior of bacterial community after applying the pesticide in the soil with and without biochar. Microbial diversity of the soil natural (control) was artificially altered by dilution, forming a gradient of diversity (SN > 10-1 > 10-3 > 10-6), followed by inoculation in sterile soil samples and subsequent restructuring (15 days). After of the community restructuring, the samples were handled with biochar (1% w/w) and treated with the chlorothalonil field dose. The behavior of the bacterial community was studied by PCR-DGGE and qPCR of the 16S rDNA gene through an experiment with cold molecule (no radiolabeled). While the CHT degradation capacity was studied by radiorespirometry (14C-CHT). Initially, the community of bacteria was influenced by the diversity gradient obtained by dilution. The separation of bacterial groups showed very similar in the first three pre-application periods of the CHT (SN > 10-1 - 10-3 > 10-6). While in the period of 15 days, the group dynamic has changed (SN > 10-1 > 10-3 e 10-6). During periods of 21 and 42 days, the profile bacterial community showed strong modification. The bacterial groups were more dispersed when only considered the CHT. Although, the ANOSIM analysis indicated no difference in samples with and without biochar, suggesting that chlorothalonil who has contributed the most in the dispersion of bacterial groups. In the period of 42 days, the community presented a positive response, being observed increases in the number of bands and Shannon-Weiner index in all treatments. This possibly due to less concentration of fungicide available in soil solution, thus reducing, the deleterious effects on the community. The qPCR dates showed no change in the number of copies of the 16S rDNA gene in all treatments. The removal of microbial strongly impacted the ability of the bacterial community to degrading chlorothalonil. Despite the ability to degrade not having been lost, the minimum change in diversity promoted high reduction in the rate of mineralization CHT. The dissipation of the CHT showed quick (D50 < 1 d) in all treatments, in addition, the formation of non-extractable 14C-residues was one of the main mechanisms of dissipation of the CHT. From the degradation of chlorothalonil, three metabolites were detected. We conclude that modification by dilution of the bacterial diversity had a negative impact on the mineralization of chlorothalonil. And the formation of non-extractable residues consisted in the main CHT dissipation mechanism in both soils.

Introduction: Central cholinergic system plays a key role in control of different brain functions such as learning, memory, attention, locomotion and rewards. Disrupted integrity, regulation or capacity of cholinergic signalling is closely connected with cognitive symptoms of several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, schizophrenia and increased distractibility. The major neurotransmitter of cholinergic neurons is acetylcholine (ACh) and regulation of ACh levels is main pharmacotherapeutic approach to the treatment of diseases associated with central cholinergic system. The aim of the thesis was to study the changes of central cholinergic neurotransmission with respect to various aspects of modulation of ACh levels in the brain by controlling its release through M4 muscarinic receptors (MR), its hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and after hydrolysis in the synapse, regulation of the uptake of metabolite choline by high affinity choline transporter (CHT). Methods: Here we used telemetry to measure locomotor activity and body temperature in mice with selective deletion of M4 MR (M4KO) and their wild type (M4WT) controls under the basal conditions...

A diversidade microbiana é geralmente considerada por seu papel nos principais processos do ecossistema, tais como a decomposição da matéria orgânica e ciclos biogeoquímicos. No entanto, informações sobre o impacto da diversidade em funções menores, como degradação de xenobióticos são escassas. Nós estudamos a partir da abordagem da \'diluição para extinção\', o papel da diversidade sobre a capacidade da comunidade microbiana em degradar o fungicida clorotalonil (organoclorado). Também estudamos o comportamento da comunidade bacteriana após aplicação do pesticida no solo com e sem biochar. A diversidade microbiana do solo natural foi alterada artificialmente por diluição, constituindo um gradiente de diversidade (SN > 10-1 > 10-3 > 10-6), seguido pela inoculação em amostras de solo estéril e posterior reestruturação (15 dias). Após a reestruturação da comunidade, as amostras foram manejadas com biochar (1% m/m) e tratadas com a dose de campo do CHT. O comportamento da comunidade bacteriana foi estudo por PCR-DGGE e qPCR do gene 16S rDNA através de um experimento com molécula fria (não radiomarcada). Enquanto a capacidade de degradação do CHT foi estudada por radiorespirometria (14C-CHT). Inicialmente, a comunidade de bactérias foi influenciada pelo gradiente de diversidade obtido por diluição. A separação dos grupos bacterianos se mostrou bastante similar nos três primeiros períodos pré-aplicação do CHT (SN > 10-1 - 10-3 > 10-6), enquanto que no período de 15 dias, a dinâmica de grupos foi alterada (SN > 10-1 > 10-3 - 10-6). O fungicida e o biochar não exerceram efeitos na comunidade bacteriana no tempo zero (imediatamente após a aplicação), a modificação no perfil da comunidade foi atribuído à diluição. Nos períodos de 21 e 42 dias, o perfil comunidade bacteriana apresentou forte modificação. Os grupos bacterianos se mostraram mais dispersos quando considerado somente o CHT. Embora, a análise de ANOSIM indicou não haver diferença nas amostras com e sem biochar, sugerindo que o clorotalonil foi quem mais contribuiu na dispersão dos grupos bacterianos. No período de 42 d, a comunidade apresentou resposta positiva, sendo observado aumentos no número de bandas e no índice de Shannon em todos tratamentos. Isto possivelmente, devido a menor concentração do fungicida disponível na solução do solo, diminuindo assim, os efeitos deletérios sobre a comunidade. Os dados de qPCR não apresentaram alteração no número de copias do gene 16S rDNA em todos os tratamentos. A remoção da diversidade impactou fortemente a capacidade da comunidade bacteriana de degradar o clorotalonil. Apesar da capacidade de degradar não ter sido perdida, a mínima alteração na diversidade promoveu elevada redução na taxa de mineralização do CHT. A dissipação do CHT se mostrou rápida (D50 < 1 dia) em todos os tratamentos, além disso, a formação de 14C-resíduos não extraíveis foi constituiu um dos principais mecanismos de dissipação do CHT. A partir da degradação do fungicida, foram detectados três metabólitos. Conclui-se que a modificação por diluição da diversidade bacteriana promoveu impacto negativo na mineralização do clorotalonil. E que a formação de resíduos não extraíveis consistiu no principal mecanismo de dissipação do CHT em ambos solos. / Microbial diversity is generally considered for his role in key ecosystem processes, such as decomposition of organic matter and biogeochemical cycles. However, information about the impact of diversity on minor functions, such as degradation of xenobiotics is scant. We study from the approach of \'dilution to extinction\', the role of diversity on the capacity of microbial community to degrade the chlorothalonil (organochlorine). We also studied the behavior of bacterial community after applying the pesticide in the soil with and without biochar. Microbial diversity of the soil natural (control) was artificially altered by dilution, forming a gradient of diversity (SN > 10-1 > 10-3 > 10-6), followed by inoculation in sterile soil samples and subsequent restructuring (15 days). After of the community restructuring, the samples were handled with biochar (1% w/w) and treated with the chlorothalonil field dose. The behavior of the bacterial community was studied by PCR-DGGE and qPCR of the 16S rDNA gene through an experiment with cold molecule (no radiolabeled). While the CHT degradation capacity was studied by radiorespirometry (14C-CHT). Initially, the community of bacteria was influenced by the diversity gradient obtained by dilution. The separation of bacterial groups showed very similar in the first three pre-application periods of the CHT (SN > 10-1 - 10-3 > 10-6). While in the period of 15 days, the group dynamic has changed (SN > 10-1 > 10-3 e 10-6). During periods of 21 and 42 days, the profile bacterial community showed strong modification. The bacterial groups were more dispersed when only considered the CHT. Although, the ANOSIM analysis indicated no difference in samples with and without biochar, suggesting that chlorothalonil who has contributed the most in the dispersion of bacterial groups. In the period of 42 days, the community presented a positive response, being observed increases in the number of bands and Shannon-Weiner index in all treatments. This possibly due to less concentration of fungicide available in soil solution, thus reducing, the deleterious effects on the community. The qPCR dates showed no change in the number of copies of the 16S rDNA gene in all treatments. The removal of microbial strongly impacted the ability of the bacterial community to degrading chlorothalonil. Despite the ability to degrade not having been lost, the minimum change in diversity promoted high reduction in the rate of mineralization CHT. The dissipation of the CHT showed quick (D50 < 1 d) in all treatments, in addition, the formation of non-extractable 14C-residues was one of the main mechanisms of dissipation of the CHT. From the degradation of chlorothalonil, three metabolites were detected. We conclude that modification by dilution of the bacterial diversity had a negative impact on the mineralization of chlorothalonil. And the formation of non-extractable residues consisted in the main CHT dissipation mechanism in both soils.

This master thesis project consisted of three parts that all were performed through CFD simulations with the purpose to develop Scania's methods in the subject of CFD. All parts included simulations on Scania's SC92T70 centrifugal compressor. Part one consisted of performing a mesh study for the purpose of reliability, to investigate the convergence of different parameters by refining the boundary layer. The method used is an inflation option called First layer thickness. Five different meshes were generated where the Richardson extrapolation method was used to examine the parameters between the mesh renements. From the result from the examined parameters, an approximate relative error could be calculated to be less than 0.52 %, and a numerical uncertainty of less than 0.35 %, between Mesh3 and Mesh4. In addition to that, Mesh3 had a simulation time of one hour less than for Mesh4. These results motivated the use of mesh3 to be refined enough for further work in this thesis project. This mesh ended at 37, 915, 257 number of elements. The second part consisted of performing steady state CFD simulations, to examine different parameters in order to find indications of the phenomena surge. Here, experimental data was used as reliance to perform CFD simulations on the compressor. Design points from experimental data was used, that ranged from low mass flow rates where surge arises, to high mass flow rates where another phenomena called choke occur. Except for the design points taken from experimental data, a few extra design points where included at low mass flow rates (in the region of surge). The goal was that the analysis of the different parameters would generate fluctuations on the result for the design points in surge region. Four different rotational speeds on the compressor were examined, 56k, 69k, 87k and 110k revolutions per minute. A total of 140 different parameters were examined, where 10 of these indicated on surge. All of these parameters that indicated on surge where found in regions of vicinity to the compressor wheel, which are the regions subjected to the phenomena.The parameters indicating on surge where mass flow, pressure coefficient, static pressure and temperature. Indications where found at the wheel inlet, ported shroud, and wheel outlet interfaces. The indications were only found for the two lower rotational speeds of the compressor wheel. To capture the behaviour on higher rotational speeds, more design points in the region of surge are needed, or transient simulations. Part three of the thesis project consisted of investigating the methodology of performing a Conjugate Heat Transfer model (CHT) with the CFD code CFX. This part has not been performed by Scania before, so a big part of the problem was to investigate if it actually was achievable. The goal was to use this model to calculate the heat transfer between fluid and solid parts, as well as between the solid parts and the ambient. One question Scania wanted to answer was if the CHT model could generate aerodynamic performance that corresponds to Scania's traditional adiabatic model, as well as to experimental data of the compressor. In this part, both solid and fluid domains were included in the geometryto calculate heat transport, in contrast to the traditional adiabatic model that only uses the fluid domains. Because of that, a big part of the work consisted of defining all interfaces connecting together surfaces between all domains. This is needed to model heat transport between the domains. In the set up part in CFX, the CHT model differed a lot from the traditional adiabatic model in that way that the outer walls was not set up as adiabatic anymore. In the CHT model, instead heat transfer is allowed between the outer walls of the fluids and the solids. From the result simulations, one could see that the CHT model was able to compute the heat transfer between fluids and solids. It also managed to export thermal data such as heat flux and wall heat transfer coefficient to be used for mechanical analysis, which is an important part in Scania's work. From the analysis of aerodynamic performance, a conclusion was drawn that the CHT model was able to compute efficiency and pressure ratio that followed the behaviour ofthe traditional adiabatic model as well as experimental data. However, for lowermass flows, the CHT model started to underpredict which could be explained by the geometrical differences between the CHT and adiabatic model. By analysis of temperature, one could see quantitative differences compared to the traditional adiabatic model. For other parameters (static and total pressure), there were no experimental data to be used for comparison. Because of that, an important part in future work of this CHT method development is to perform more experimental test for CFD data to be compared against. Another important part to compare the models is to have an identical geometry. Without an identical geometry, deviations in result will occur that depends on geometry.

An accurate measurement of total temperature in turbomachinery flows remains critical for component life models and cycle performance optimization. While many techniques exist to measure these flows, immersed thermocouple based probes remain highly desirable due to well established practices for probe design and implementation in typical industrial flow applications. However, as engine manufacturers continue to push towards higher maximum cycle temperatures and smaller flow passages, the continued use of these probes requires new probe designs considering both improved sensor durability and measurement accuracy. Increased maximum temperatures introduce many challenges for total temperature measurements using conventional immersed probes, including increased influences of conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer between the sensor, fluid and the surroundings due to large thermal gradients present in real turbomachinery systems. While these effects have been previously investigated, the available design models are very limited to specific geometries and flow conditions. In this Dissertation, a more fundamental understanding of the flow behavior around typical vented shield style total temperature probes as a function of probe geometry and operating condition is gained using results from high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations with Conjugate Heat Transfer. A parametric study was conducted considering three non-dimensional probe geometric ratios (vent location to shield length (0.029-0.806), sensor diameter to shield inner diameter (0.252-0.672), and shield outer diameter to strut/mount thickness (0.245-0.759)) and three operating conditions (total temperature (70, 850, 2500°F) and pressure (1, 1, 10 atm), respectively) at a moderate Mach number of 0.4. Results were further quantified in the form of new empirical correlations necessary for rapid thermal performance evaluations of current and future probe designs. Additionally, a new mixed-fidelity or Reduced Order Modeling technique was developed which allows the coupling of high fidelity surface heat transfer data from CFD with a generalized form of the 1-D conducting solid equations for evaluating radiation and transient influences on sensor performance. These new flow and heat transfer correlations together with the new Reduced Order Modeling technique developed here greatly enhance the capabilities of designers to evaluate performance of current and future probe designs, with higher accuracy and with significant reductions in computational resources. / Doctor of Philosophy / An accurate measurement of total temperature in turbomachinery flows remains critical for component life models and cycle performance optimization. While many techniques exist to measure these flows, immersed thermocouple based probes remain highly desirable due to well established practices for probe design and implementation in typical industrial flow applications. However, as engine manufacturers continue to push towards higher maximum cycle temperatures and smaller flow passages, the continued use of these probes requires new probe designs considering both improved sensor durability and measurement accuracy. Increased maximum temperatures introduce many challenges for total temperature measurements using conventional immersed probes, including increased influences of conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer between the sensor, fluid and the surroundings due to large thermal gradients present in real turbomachinery systems. While these effects have been thoroughly described and quantified in the past, the available design models are very limited to specific geometries and flow conditions. In this Dissertation, a more fundamental understanding of the flow behavior around typical vented shield style total temperature probes as a function of probe geometry and operating condition is gained using results from high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations with Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT) capabilities. Results were further quantified in the form of new empirical correlations necessary for rapid thermal performance evaluations of current and future probe designs. Additionally, a new mixed-fidelity or Reduced Order Modeling (ROM) technique was developed which allows the coupling of high fidelity surface heat transfer data from CFD with a generalized form of the 1-D conducting solid equations for readily predicting the impact of radiation environment and transient errors on sensor performance.

EDF exploite sur son parc de production de nombreuses machines électriques tournantes. Les contraintes thermiques subies par celles-ci engendrent des échauffements locaux qui nuisent à leur intégrité. Le présent travail contribue à fournir des méthodes de calcul adaptées à la détection et à la localisation des points chauds. Il participe à améliorer la compréhension des écoulements en rotation et leurs effets sur les transferts thermiques. Plusieurs dispositifs expérimentaux, de complexité ascendante, ont été utilisés pour comprendre et valider les simulations numériques. Une première étude sur une marche descendante (demi-pôle) parcourue par un jet de paroi non-confiné a mis en avant des différences par rapport à un jet confiné ; ces deux cas existent dans un alternateur. Une seconde étude menée sur une cavité tournante confinée a analysé l’impact d’un écoulement de Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille sur la température et la position des points chauds créés, en balayant l’ensemble des régimes d’écoulement. Ces études ont mis en exergue une première méthode de calcul fiable, fondée sur l’étude numérique CHT. Une autre méthode, basée sur la FEM couplée à une méthode inverse, a été testée sur une maquette d’alternateur hydraulique afin de pallier aux temps de calcul longs de la première. Cette méthodologie remonte aux coefficients d’échanges convectifs numériques à partir des mesures du champ thermique du rotor, mais n’est envisageable que lorsque l’on dispose de données expérimentales suffisantes. Ces travaux ont aussi mis en évidence de nouvelles techniques de mesures sans contact, comme l’utilisation d’un pyromètre à haute fréquence pour la mesure de température sur des machines tournantes. / EDF operates a large number of electrical rotating machines in its electricity generation capacity. Thermal stresses which affect them can cause local heating, sufficient to damage their integrity. The present work contributes to provide methodologies for detecting hot spots in these machines, better understanding the topology of rotating flows and identifying their effects on heat transfer. Several experimental scale model were used by increasing their complexity to understand and validate the numerical simulations. A first study on a turbulent wall jet over a non-confined backward-facing step (half-pole hydrogenerator) notes significant differences compared to results from confined case : both of them are present in an hydrogenerator. A second study was done on a small confined rotating scale model to determinate the effects of a Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille on temperature distribution and position of hot spots on the heated rotor, by studying the overall flow regimes flow. These studies have helped to obtain a reliable method based on conjugate heat transfer (CHT) simulations. Another method, based on FEM coupled with the use of an inverse method, has been studied on a large model of hydraulic generator so as to solve the computation time issue of the first methodology. It numerically calculates the convective heat transfer from temperature measurements, but depends on the availability of experimental data. This work has also developped new no-contact measurement techniques as the use of a high-frequency pyrometer which can be applied on rotating machines for monitoring temperature.

With the development of the broadband and the digital technology, different medium could integrate and converge together and the boundaries become dimmer and dimmer. For example, Chunghwa Telecom¡¦s (CHT) Multimedia On Demand service crossed the boundary and entered the digital visual industry in March, 2004. CHT¡¦s MOD is based on the television and through ADSL to offer the digital interactive TV service, making broadband from the study to the living room. Above the service platform, it could not only transmit the visual message, but also the voice and data messages. This kind of business model will be the operational target of the broadband suppliers in the future. However, there are some problems on the promotional pace of CHT¡¦s MOD mow. Based on the results of the earlier researches, the reason why the interactive visual service could not promote successfully is the government and companies put too much emphases on the technical infrastructure, but they all neglect the market situation and the customers¡¦ usages. But, in order to popularize one kind of new media technology, understanding the conditions of the target audiences accurately is the most important mission. Therefore, this research will take CHT¡¦s MOD as an example to understand the key factors which will influence the target audiences to accept the new media technology. And we will see the viewpoints of users. This research will take the Technology Acceptance Model as the main framework and combine the innovation characteristics, such as the compatibility, Trialability and observability. Moreover, we also take subject norm, network externality and new media technology self ¡Vefficacy into account. Through our survey and analysis, we could also prove the originate TAM again and our extended model is more explicative than the originated one. As TAM says, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use will influence the behavioral intention to use directly. And perceived usefulness is the most powerful variable in the model. Other variables will influence the perceived usefulness or perceived ease of use. For instance, subjective norm and network externality have the positive and remarkable effect on perceived usefulness. And new media technology self ¡Vefficacy has the direct effects on the perceived ease of use. On the other hand, among the innovation characteristics, the compatibility and observability have the direct effects on the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, but trialability doesn¡¦t. That says, the more compatibility and observability are, the stronger perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are. From the outcome of this research, we could understand the key factors of affecting the behavioral intention to accept CHT¡¦s MOD. And it could be the reference for the operators. Furthermore, all variables included in this research will affect the behavioral intention intensely. When we talk about such kind of information system with entertainments, the motivational variables could be considered.

This master thesis was provided by Scania AB. The objective of this thesis was to modify an application in the free Computational Fluid Dynamics software OpenFOAM to be able to handle spray and wall film modeling of a Urea Water Solution together with Conjugate Heat Transfer. The basic purpose is to widen the knowledge of the vaporization process of a Urea Water Solution in the exhaust gas after treatment system for a diesel engine by using OpenFOAM. First, urea has been modeled as a very viscous liquid at low temperature to mimic the solidication process of urea. Second, the development of the new application has been done. At last, test simulations of a simple test case are performed with the new application. The results are then compared with simplied hand calculations to verify a correct behavior of certain exposed source terms. The new application is working properly for the test case but to ensure the reliability, the results need to be compared with another Computational Fluid Dynamics software or more preferable, real experiments. For more advanced geometries, the continued development presented last in this thesis is highly recommended to follow.