This diploma thesis deals with development and current legislation regulating time of payment in relation to commercial debts, and collection of creditor's claims both in Czech and European law. The aim of the thesis is to find out how the legislation may influence time of payment and what other factors affect general attitude towards paying commercial debts. The text is divided into eleven chapters. Introductory chapter defines basic terms which are used throughout the thesis, such as obligation and relation between entrepreneurs, time of payment and deferred payment. Second chapter contains overview of legislation related to time of payment and its possible regulation since ABGB until entry of the Czech Republic into the EU. Development of EU legislation is described in chapter three. Fourth chapter contains detailed analysis of current Czech legislation with accent on potentially problematic points. Fifth chapter deals with public-law regulation of time of payment by the means of protection of economic competition. Chapter six contains comparison of selected foreign legislations. Following part of the thesis analyses actual time of payment both in Czech Republic and other European states. Chapter eight identifies reasons for default in payment. Following chapter suggests methods through which the...

Claims reserving methods usually use data aggregated into development triangles, therefore a lot of information that insurance companies possess remains unused. This thesis shows a triangle-free approach using granular information from a claim by claim database. A statistical model for claims development which can further be used for estimation of reserves is built. The statistical model consists of a counting process that drives claims occurrence, distribution of reporting delay and distribution of claims severity. Several suitable distributions are presented, as well as methods for obtaining their parameters from data. Theoretical apparatus is used for real data. The thesis also pursues comparison of the IBNR reserve estimation using the triangle free approach and distribution free Chain ladder method for real data as well as for simulated data sets. For the data used in this thesis the complexity and data requirements of the triangle free approach are in favor of more preciseness and versatility. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Title: Large claims modeling Author: Barbora Zuzáková Department: Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics Supervisor: RNDr. Michal Pešta, Ph.D. Abstract: This thesis discusses a statistical modeling approach based on the extreme value theory to describe the behaviour of large claims of an insurance portfolio. We focus on threshold models which analyze exceedances of a high threshold. This approach has gained in popularity in recent years, as compared with the much older methods based directly on the extreme value distributions. The method is illustated using the group medical claims database recorded over the periods 1997, 1998 and 1999 maintained by the Society of Actuaries. We aim to demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms classical parametric distri- butions and thus enables to estimate high quantiles or the probable maximum loss more precisely. Keywords: threshold models, generalized Pareto distribution, large claims. 1

1 Abstract The thesis deals with the topic of damages claims arising from breach of competition law. In particular, it focuses on the cases in which is involved a relevant international element. The thesis reflect the thought that even after adoption of Directive on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union, there are still significant differences between the legal systems of the Member States, which to a large extent affect the compensation for damages. The thesis is divided into six chapters, the first and last of which are general introduction and conclusion. The second chapter deals with the definition of private enforcement of competition law and its relation to private international law. The third chapter can be divided into two relatively separate parts. The first one deals with the general construction of damages in the Czech Civil Code and performs a basic comparison with the Germany and England. The second part deals with selected specific areas of competition law. In particular, with the topics such as: who is eligible to bring an action; who can be considered as liable; or the basic procedural specificities (the distinction between stand alone and follow-on actions, the...

Introdução. A epidemia global de obesidade e suas consequências ocorrem simultaneamente a uma maior consciência quanto às escolhas que promovem a saúde, padrões estéticos cada vez mais magros e oferta crescente de alimentos industrializados de alta densidade calórica, saborosos e práticos. Este cenário estimula a indústria de alimentos a utilizar apelos de saúde como estratégia de concorrência. Objetivo. Analisar a utilização de apelos de saúde e outras estratégias de incentivo ao consumo presentes na rotulagem de alimentos industrializados, sua coerência com os teores de calorias, gorduras, açúcares e sal presentes nesses alimentos e sua convergência com a legislação pertinente. Metodologia. A definição de teores elevados de calorias, gorduras, açúcares e sódio e dos quesitos que nortearam a análise foi feita a partir da legislação pertinente e da literatura. Um formulário foi criado e a análise baseou-se nas informações declaradas na rotulagem pelo fabricante. A categoria estudada foi Biscoitos e Salgadinhos. Os produtos foram escolhidos pela análise do gasto das famílias paulistanas com alimentação a partir da base de micro dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF), da Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (FIPE). Foram identificadas 64 marcas e adquiridos 209 produtos em supermercados da cidade de São Paulo. Foram avaliados densidade calórica, teores de açúcar, gorduras saturada e trans, e sódio. Quatro dos quesitos tratam de diversas formas de estímulo ao consumo (apelos de saúde, selos de certificação, brindes e prêmios e apresentação do produto); o último trata da obrigatoriedade de informar os teores de gorduras, açúcar e sódio em destaque. Produtos com um ou mais teores elevados não deveriam apresentar nenhuma ação relativa aos quatro primeiros quesitos, e todos deveriam atender ao último, por ser exigência legal. Resultados. A totalidade dos produtos apresentou densidade calórica elevada e para 99% a quantidade de Kcal/100g foi maior que o dobro do limite; 48% não informaram os teores de açúcar separadamente; 22% declararam quantidades elevadas de açúcar; 64% apresentaram teores elevados de gordura saturada. Mais da metade dos produtos continha gordura vegetal, mas declarou 0% de gordura trans na porção; 35% eram alimentos livres de gordura vegetal; 53% apresentaram teores de sódio elevados sendo 17% entre 50% e 100% acima e 20%, mais que o dobro do limite. Noventa e quatro por cento dos produtos apresentaram teores concomitantemente elevados; 27%, calorias, gordura saturada e sódio; 20%, calorias e sódio e 17%, calorias e gordura saturada. Setenta e um por cento dos produtos com um ou mais dos teores elevados utilizaram apelos de saúde na sua rotulagem; 4%, selos de certificação de sociedades médicas; 6% bonificações, prêmios ou brindes e 16%, embalagens especiais; 66% dos produtos não apresentaram teores de gorduras, açúcar e sódio em destaque apesar de esta ser exigência legal. Conclusão. Os produtos estudados apresentaram um ou mais dos teores avaliados acima dos parâmetros estabelecidos; apelos de saúde e outras estratégias de marketing nutricional foram identificados em produtos que não deveriam ser associados a uma alimentação saudável ou ter seu consumo incentivado. / Introduction. The global epidemic of obesity and its consequences occur simultaneously to a greater awareness of the choices that promote health, aesthetic standards increasingly thin and an increasing availability of foods of high caloric density, tasty and practical. This scenario encourages the food industry to use health claims as competitive strategy. Objective. To analyze the use of health claims and other strategies to boost consumption present in food labeling, the consistency with the levels of calories, fat, sugar and salt in these products and its convergence with relevant legislation. Methodology. The definition of high levels of calories, fats, sugars and sodium and the questions that guided the analysis were based was based on the relevant legislation and the literature. A form was created and the analysis was based on the information declared on the label by the manufacturer. The category studied was Cookies and Snacks. Products were chosen by the analysis of the household spending from Sao Paulo city with food from the Household Budget Survey (POF) database, run by Economic Research Institute Foundation (FIPE). Sixty four brands were identified and 209 products were purchased in supermarkets in the city of São Paulo. Energy density, sugar content, saturated and trans fats, and sodium were evaluated. Four of the questions dealt with various forms of promotion (health claims, certification, gifts and prizes and product presentation) and one with the obligation to highlight the levels of fat, sugar and sodium. Products with high levels of one or more of these contents should not present any elements relating to the first four questions, and all of them should serve the latter, because it is a legal requirement. Results. All the products showed high caloric density and for 99% of them the amount of Kcal/100g was higher than twice the threshold; 48% did not report sugar levels separately; 22% informed high amounts of sugar; 64% had elevated levels of saturated fat. More than half of the products contained vegetable fat, but stated 0% trans-fat per portion; 35% were vegetable fat free products; 53% of the sample showed elevated levels of sodium; 17% informed sodium levels between 50% and 100% above while 20% report more than double the limit . Ninety-four percent of the products showed high levels simultaneously; 27%, calories, sodium and saturated fat; 20%, calories and sodium and 17%, saturated fat and calories. Seventy-one percent of the products with one or more elevated levels used health claims in its labeling; 4% presented medical societies seal certification, 16% used special packaging and 6% offered bonuses, prizes or giveaways; 66% of the products did not show the levels of fat, sugar and sodium highlighted despite it being a legal requirement. Conclusion. The products included in this study had one or more of the assessed levels above established parameters; health claims and other marketing strategies were identified in nutritional products that should not be associated with healthy eating or have their consumption encouraged.

As atividades da construção civil são intrinsecamente complexas, resultado de muitas variáveis e grande quantidade de informações envolvidas, o que dificulta o gerenciamento dos riscos e a previsão de conflitos, os quais podem vir a se tornar uma disputa. Os contratos, instrumentos de pacto e reguladores das ações dos agentes e celebrados para a realização dos empreendimentos, muitas vezes são mal redigidos e criam um campo fértil para disputas e demandas judiciais, as quais geram prejuízos aos agentes e às partes interessadas envolvidas. A justiça estatal é morosa em função do acúmulo de processos e de alto custo. Como alternativa, foi instituída pela lei federal 9307/96 a arbitragem, uma forma de solução de disputas de forma privada, criada com a intenção de ser rápida, de baixo custo e sigilosa. O objetivo desta pesquisa é o de analisar a freqüência e condições de utilização da arbitragem nos contratos de execução de empreendimentos de construção civil, a identificação das vantagens e desvantagens que uma empresa construtora terá ao utilizá-la de modo a sugerir ações com vistas a incrementar a sua utilização pelas empresas construtoras. Foram utilizados como métodos de pesquisa a revisão bibliográfica e entrevistas de campo com três órgãos institucionais arbitrais, três empresas construtoras e três escritórios de advocacia. / Construction activities are inherent complex, as a result of a great number of interests and large amount f information involved, what makes risk management and conflict prediction difficult tasks, eventually leading to legal disputes. Construction and engineering contracts often do not cover all risks involved, leading to claims and resulting in losses of time and money for construction firms, engineering companies, property developers, and other stakeholders. The judiciary system is very slow and expensive, and, as an alternative, private arbitration courts were created by federal law 9307/96. Private managed, these courts are expected to be faster, less expensive and confidential. The aim of this research is to analyze the frequency and conditions of the use of arbitration in contracts in civil construction projects, identifying advantages and disadvantages from the point of view of construction companies, aiming to suggest actions as to increase its use. The research method includes bibliographic review and a survey with three institutional private arbitration organizations, three construction firms and three law firms.

Introdução. A epidemia global de obesidade e suas consequências ocorrem simultaneamente a uma maior consciência quanto às escolhas que promovem a saúde, padrões estéticos cada vez mais magros e oferta crescente de alimentos industrializados de alta densidade calórica, saborosos e práticos. Este cenário estimula a indústria de alimentos a utilizar apelos de saúde como estratégia de concorrência. Objetivo. Analisar a utilização de apelos de saúde e outras estratégias de incentivo ao consumo presentes na rotulagem de alimentos industrializados, sua coerência com os teores de calorias, gorduras, açúcares e sal presentes nesses alimentos e sua convergência com a legislação pertinente. Metodologia. A definição de teores elevados de calorias, gorduras, açúcares e sódio e dos quesitos que nortearam a análise foi feita a partir da legislação pertinente e da literatura. Um formulário foi criado e a análise baseou-se nas informações declaradas na rotulagem pelo fabricante. A categoria estudada foi Biscoitos e Salgadinhos. Os produtos foram escolhidos pela análise do gasto das famílias paulistanas com alimentação a partir da base de micro dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF), da Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (FIPE). Foram identificadas 64 marcas e adquiridos 209 produtos em supermercados da cidade de São Paulo. Foram avaliados densidade calórica, teores de açúcar, gorduras saturada e trans, e sódio. Quatro dos quesitos tratam de diversas formas de estímulo ao consumo (apelos de saúde, selos de certificação, brindes e prêmios e apresentação do produto); o último trata da obrigatoriedade de informar os teores de gorduras, açúcar e sódio em destaque. Produtos com um ou mais teores elevados não deveriam apresentar nenhuma ação relativa aos quatro primeiros quesitos, e todos deveriam atender ao último, por ser exigência legal. Resultados. A totalidade dos produtos apresentou densidade calórica elevada e para 99% a quantidade de Kcal/100g foi maior que o dobro do limite; 48% não informaram os teores de açúcar separadamente; 22% declararam quantidades elevadas de açúcar; 64% apresentaram teores elevados de gordura saturada. Mais da metade dos produtos continha gordura vegetal, mas declarou 0% de gordura trans na porção; 35% eram alimentos livres de gordura vegetal; 53% apresentaram teores de sódio elevados sendo 17% entre 50% e 100% acima e 20%, mais que o dobro do limite. Noventa e quatro por cento dos produtos apresentaram teores concomitantemente elevados; 27%, calorias, gordura saturada e sódio; 20%, calorias e sódio e 17%, calorias e gordura saturada. Setenta e um por cento dos produtos com um ou mais dos teores elevados utilizaram apelos de saúde na sua rotulagem; 4%, selos de certificação de sociedades médicas; 6% bonificações, prêmios ou brindes e 16%, embalagens especiais; 66% dos produtos não apresentaram teores de gorduras, açúcar e sódio em destaque apesar de esta ser exigência legal. Conclusão. Os produtos estudados apresentaram um ou mais dos teores avaliados acima dos parâmetros estabelecidos; apelos de saúde e outras estratégias de marketing nutricional foram identificados em produtos que não deveriam ser associados a uma alimentação saudável ou ter seu consumo incentivado. / Introduction. The global epidemic of obesity and its consequences occur simultaneously to a greater awareness of the choices that promote health, aesthetic standards increasingly thin and an increasing availability of foods of high caloric density, tasty and practical. This scenario encourages the food industry to use health claims as competitive strategy. Objective. To analyze the use of health claims and other strategies to boost consumption present in food labeling, the consistency with the levels of calories, fat, sugar and salt in these products and its convergence with relevant legislation. Methodology. The definition of high levels of calories, fats, sugars and sodium and the questions that guided the analysis were based was based on the relevant legislation and the literature. A form was created and the analysis was based on the information declared on the label by the manufacturer. The category studied was Cookies and Snacks. Products were chosen by the analysis of the household spending from Sao Paulo city with food from the Household Budget Survey (POF) database, run by Economic Research Institute Foundation (FIPE). Sixty four brands were identified and 209 products were purchased in supermarkets in the city of São Paulo. Energy density, sugar content, saturated and trans fats, and sodium were evaluated. Four of the questions dealt with various forms of promotion (health claims, certification, gifts and prizes and product presentation) and one with the obligation to highlight the levels of fat, sugar and sodium. Products with high levels of one or more of these contents should not present any elements relating to the first four questions, and all of them should serve the latter, because it is a legal requirement. Results. All the products showed high caloric density and for 99% of them the amount of Kcal/100g was higher than twice the threshold; 48% did not report sugar levels separately; 22% informed high amounts of sugar; 64% had elevated levels of saturated fat. More than half of the products contained vegetable fat, but stated 0% trans-fat per portion; 35% were vegetable fat free products; 53% of the sample showed elevated levels of sodium; 17% informed sodium levels between 50% and 100% above while 20% report more than double the limit . Ninety-four percent of the products showed high levels simultaneously; 27%, calories, sodium and saturated fat; 20%, calories and sodium and 17%, saturated fat and calories. Seventy-one percent of the products with one or more elevated levels used health claims in its labeling; 4% presented medical societies seal certification, 16% used special packaging and 6% offered bonuses, prizes or giveaways; 66% of the products did not show the levels of fat, sugar and sodium highlighted despite it being a legal requirement. Conclusion. The products included in this study had one or more of the assessed levels above established parameters; health claims and other marketing strategies were identified in nutritional products that should not be associated with healthy eating or have their consumption encouraged.

No presente trabalho, explicitam-se os pressupostos para a pré(compreensão) da recuperação judicial, dentre os quais os deveres de medida aplicáveis ao processo de ponderação realizado com o intuito de interpretar os artigos da Lei n. 11.101, de 2005, e investigam-se os princípios constitutivos e gerais do instituto. Em seguida, realiza-se uma releitura dos pontos estruturais da recuperação judicial, tendo como ponto de partida os seus elementos essenciais, de modo que as propostas formuladas, inclusive quanto à natureza jurídica, ao conceito e aos objetivos do instituto da recuperação judicial, por eles serão norteadas. O trabalho, então, é direcionado para a interpretação do artigo 67, caput, da Lei n. 11.101, de 2005; dispositivo que determina a qualificação dos créditos concedidos ao devedor durante a recuperação judicial como extraconcursais em caso de a sua falência vir a ser decretada. O conteúdo normativo pertinente ao artigo 67 mantém relação material estreita com praticamente todas as decisões a serem tomadas pelos credores e pelo devedor no campo da recuperação judicial. No entanto, a doutrina, até o momento, cingiu-se a emitir comentários breves e bastante contraditórios a seu respeito; nenhuma decisão judicial dedicada a interpretá-lo e aplicá-lo transitou em julgado. / The present study explains the assumptions for the (pre) understanding of judicial reorganization, among which are the duties of measurement for the weighting process carried out in order to interpret the articles of Law no. 11.101, 2005. It also investigates the constituent and general principles of the Bankruptcy Law. In the sequence, there is a rereading of the reorganization structural points, beginning by its essential elements, so that the formulated proposals, including its legal nature, its concept and its judicial reorganization goals, are guided by them. The study is then directed to the interpretation of Article 67, caput, Law no. 11.101, 2005; provision which determines the eligibility of credits granted to the debtor during judicial reorganization as post-petition claims in case its liquidation comes to be enacted. The normative content of Article 67 maintains close material relation with virtually all decisions to be taken by creditors and by the debtor in the judicial reorganization field. However, the doctrine, so far, has confined itself to issue brief and very contradictory comments upon this subject; no court decision directed to interpret it and apply it became final.

Comme toute personne susceptible de subir un préjudice, l'associé se trouve titulaire d'une action civile. Il dispose en effet de la possibilité de demander la réparation à l'auteur de la faute à l'origine de ce préjudice. Cette action civile dite individuelle peut être exercée, ou bien devant les juridictions civiles entendues au sens large, ou bien devant les juridictions répressives dans le cas où la faute ainsi commise serait infractionnelle. Mais en sa qualité de membre d'un groupement sociétaire, l'associé dispose également de la possibilité de demander la réparation du préjudice que subirait la société. Aussi, à côté de l'action civile à titre individuel, il peut exercer une autre action civile, cette fois-ci, à titre social, autrement appelée l'action civile ut singuli.Cette possibilité offerte à l'associé d'exercer deux actions se justifie par la diversité des préjudices dont il peut souffrir, particulièrement lorsqu'ils sont imputables au dirigeant de société. L'existence de ces deux actions permet ainsi, dans son principe, une meilleure réparation du préjudice subi par l'associé. Le mécanisme de l'action civile se veut donc avantageux pour l'associé.Toutefois, au-delà l'articulation parfois difficile entre les deux actions, l'action en réparation du préjudice social pouvant indirectement emporter la réparation du préjudice de l'associé, le constat selon lequel l'associé n'exerce que trop peu son action civile, principalement en raison de considérations matérielles et financières, a été dressé.Souhaitant rendre effectif coûte que coûte ce mécanisme considéré comme vertueux, le législateur et les juges, particulièrement attentifs aux besoins des victimes, donc de l'associé et de sa société, ont dès lors fait le choix de faciliter l'exercice de cette action, et ce aussi bien devant le juge civil que devant le juge pénal.Aujourd'hui, il est acquis que les diverses interventions législatives et jurisprudentielles ont eu pour conséquence de rendre l'action en réparation de l'associé, qu'elle soit exercée à titre individuel ou à titre social, davantage effective que par le passé. Reste que cette effectivité s'est faite au prix d'une part, d'un affaiblissement des conditions de forme de cette action, et d'autre part, d'un élargissement de ses conditions de fond. / As any individual suffering damages, a shareholder is vested with the right to file a legal claim designed to compensate the injury suffered. He is entitled to seek compensation from the wrongdoer in Court. Under French law, such a direct lawsuit can be filed either with a civil court or a criminal one where the alleged wrong arises out of a criminal offense. In addition, as a co-owner of the corporation, a shareholder is also entitled to file a derivative claim, namely to seek redress for damages incurred by the corporation itself on its behalf. Hence alongside a direct suit, a shareholder can file a derivative claim, that is, sue on behalf of the corporation, known as "action ut singuli under French law".Such a possibility granted to a shareholder, is vindicated by various possible wrongs he has suffered, especially where they originate in an executive breaching his duties. The coexistence of both direct and derivative claims is designed to provide the aggrieved shareholder with the best possible compensation for damages suffered. Such a legal mechanism, that is, the possibility of filing two distinct legal claims is primarily intended to benefit the shareholder.Nonetheless, in addition to possible difficulties in delineating the proper articulation between those two lawsuits - for a derivative claim may indirectly lead to indemnify the wrong individually suffered by the shareholder - it has been pointed out that shareholders rarely file direct claims, mainly due to financial considerations.To enhance the efficiency of such a desirable legal mechanism, both lawmakers and courts, mindful of the needs of the aggrieved parties, that is the legal entity and the shareholder considered individually, have sought to ease recourse to such a lawsuit whether filed with criminal or civil courts.As of today, it is beyond question that both statutory acts and case law resulted in providing shareholders with greater efficiency as to their ability of obtaining redress for damages incurred, whether the suit is direct or derivative.Yet, such a renewed efficiency has been attained at the cost lowering standards as to procedural prerequisites, on the one hand, and broadening the reach of such a legal claim by means of relaxing substantive requirements on the other.

O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar a função que teve a Imprensa Negra como instrumento de reinvindicação de direitos e combate à exclusão sócio-político-econômica do negro em São Paulo, numa época de urbanização e crescimento industrial acelerados.Em decorrência das origens dessa exclusão, pretende-se relembrar o papel das Irmandades, Associações e primeiros jornais como focos iniciais de resistência à mesma. No entanto, o período escolhido para a pesquisa é aquele compreendido entre os anos de 1915 e 1937, quando, a par do interesse de congregar os negros através da educação e de outros meios, a Imprensa começa a reinvindicar os direitos que os mesmos deveriam ter como cidadãos integrantes da sociedade paulista e, por extensão, brasileira. A implantação do Estado Novo em 1937 determina o fechamento dos partidos políticos, associações e jornais a eles ligados, razão pela qual a historiografia considera a data como a de decadência dos jornais negros e, portanto, de suas reinvindicações. Tentaremos mostrar, entretanto, como as disputas ideológicas e por poder entre as lideranças, mudando o perfil de atuação dos periódicos, foram decisivos para a decadência do caráter reinvindicatório dos mesmos, tendo se iniciado bem antes do golpe de Getúlio Vargas. / The aim of this master thesis is to show the role of Black Press as instrument of rights claiming and the struggle against social, political e economical exclusion of Brazilian black people in São Paulo in a time of fast urbanization and industrial growth. Considering the origins of that social exclusion, this paper intends to remember the role of Brotherhoods, Associations and former black journals as the initial process for fighting that exclusion. Nevertheless the chosen period for this research is between 1915 and 1937, when, besides the interest in congregating the blacks through education and other means, the Black Press starts claiming the rights that people should have as integrated citizens in São Paulo society and, as a consequence, in Brazilian society. The implementation of Estado Novo in 1937 determines the political parties shut down as well as the associations and journals associated to them, being this event the main reason the Historiography considers that year as the highlight of black journals decadence, so do their claims. However, we will try to demonstrate how the ideological disputes and struggle for power among the leaders, by the acting profile of journals, were crucial for the decadence of journals claiming approach, getting started quite before the Getúlio Vargas coup.