Ce travail porte sur l'étude expérimentale et théorique du comportement des gouttelettes d'eau (instabilité, déformation, coalescence), déposées à la surface d'un isolateur composite haute tension, en présence d'un champ électrique. La déformation des gouttelettes d'eau est étudiée en fonction de plusieurs paramètres tels que le volume, le nombre et la conductivité des gouttelettes ainsi que leurs positions par rapport aux électrodes. Un intérêt particulier est porté à la charge accumulée sur la surface d'une gouttelette. L'influence des gouttelettes sur la répartition du champ électrique ainsi que le facteur d'amplification du champ électrique par une méthode numérique sont étudiés. Une formulation mathématique de la déformation d'une gouttelette d'eau posée sur une surface d'isolateur est développée. Les mécanismes ainsi que les paramètres impliqués dans la coalescence d'une paire de gouttelettes d'eau sous l'effet du champ électrique sont également traités. Un modèle mathématique permettant d'analyser la coalescence d'une paire de gouttelettes d'eau posées sur la surface d'un isolateur en présence du champ électrique est proposé. Ce modèle est basé sur une approche à interface diffuse qui consiste essentiellement en un couplage entre les équations de Navier-Stokes, le calcul de la force électrique et une équation de type Cahn-Hilliard décrivant l'évolution de l'interface en prenant en compte les phénomènes de tensions superficielles. La démarche suivie et les résultats présentés dans ce travail ouvrent de multiples perspectives tant d'un point de vue expérimental que d'un point de vue de la modélisation et de la simulation numérique des phénomènes physiques intervenant sur des isolateurs de lignes de transport et de distribution de l'énergie électrique dans des conditions d'humidité (pluie, rosée ...).

O presente trabalho foi realizado para estudar o efeito sobre a propagação de fraturas em juntas não-persistentes quando existe uma variação da rugosidade nas juntas. Para esta abordagem, foram analisados os modos de coalescência, o ângulo de início das fraturas, a resistência à compressão e deformação de modelos de argamassa contendo juntas não-persistentes e submetidos a estados biaxiais de tensão. Na literatura especializada encontram-se vários trabalhos que estudam o comportamento de juntas lisas não-persistentes. Infelizmente, este tipo de juntas não leva em conta os efeitos da dilatância e do aumento do atrito. Neste estudo, desenvolveu-se um método para produzir juntas rugosas não-persistentes dentro dos moldes de argamassa. Desta forma, conseguiu-se comparar os diferentes modos de ruptura, tanto para as juntas lisas como as rugosas. A configuração geométrica usada foi de 15 juntas com 'alfa' = 54 graus; 'beta' = 60 graus; Lj = Lb = 50mm e d = 25mm. Onde 'alfa' é o ângulo gerado entre o plano de uma junta e o plano formado entre as pontas de juntas não-coplanares, 'beta' é a inclinação da junta com respeito ao plano de tensão maior, Lb denota à distância entre juntas paralelas coplanares, Lj é o comprimento da junta e d é a distância entre juntas paralelas não coplanares. Estes parâmetros mantiveram-se constantes em todos os ensaios, tanto para as juntas lisas (JRC = 0) como as rugosas (JRC = 6,96 e JRC = 12,25). Usando os parâmetros acima mencionados, observou-se que o tipo de ruptura sempre aconteceu por escalonamento. Para as amostras contendo as juntas lisas, JRC = 0, o mecanismo principal de coalescência entre as juntas é a tração. Para estas juntas, os ângulos de início das fraturas, em média, resultaram de 64º e 65º para esquerda e direita, respectivamente. Em média, a resistência a compressão normalizada ('sigma'nor = 'sigma'1 - 'sigma'2 / 'sigma'cs; onde 'sigma'1 e 'sigma'2 são as tensões principais e 'sigma'cs é a resistência média à compressão simples) destes corpos de prova resultou ter o valor mais baixo, 'sigma'nor = 0,52, e a maior deformação, 'épsilon' = 0,0057. No caso das juntas com JRC = 6,7, a coalescência ocorreu tanto por tração como por cisalhamento, descrevendo um caminho ondulante entre as pontas das juntas. O ângulo médio de início das fraturas foi de 40º para o lado esquerdo e 48º para o lado direito. A resistência média normalizada destes corpos a compressão foi de 'sigma'nor = 0,54 e uma deformação de 'épsilon' = 0,0053. Com as juntas com JRC = 12,3, a coalescência também apresentou ambos os mecanismos, tração e cisalhamento, seguindo uma direção inclinada no início e trajetória reta no meio. Os ângulos de início obtidos foram 5º no lado esquerdo e 20º do lado direito. Os valores maiores de resistência média normalizada e o valor médio menor de deformação foram obtidos nestes tipo de juntas, sendo estes de 'sigma'nor = 0,59 e 'épsilon' = 0,0045. Verificou-se então que a rugosidade tem uma grande influência sobre a propagação da fratura, afetando grandemente o modo de coalescência, o ângulo de início de propagação das fraturas e a resistência e deformação total dos corpos de prova / The present experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of joint roughness on the fracture propagation of models with non persistent joints. For this approach the parameters investigated are : coalescence, the crack initiation angle, the compressive strength and deformation of the mortar samples containing non-persistent rough joints under biaxial loading. There are many works in specialized literature that study the behavior of non-persistent smooth joints, unfortunately, this kind of approach does not take into account the effect of the dilation and the increase of friction due to the joint roughness. In this study, a new method was developed to produce non-persistent rough joints inside the mortar models. With this method it was possible to compare the different paths of rupture generated for the smooth and for the rough joints. Each sample had 15 joints with 'alfa' = 54º; 'beta' = 60º; Lj = Lb = 50mm and d = 25mm. Where 'alfa' is the formed angle between the joint plane and the plane generated by two non coplanar joint tips, 'beta' is the joint inclination angle with the principal plane stress, Lb is the distance between coplanar joints, Lj is the length of the joint, d is the distance between two non-coplanar joints. These parameters remained constant in all the tests; the only variation permitted was in the joint roughness : from smooth joints (JRC = 0) to rough joints (JRC = 6,96 and JRC = 12,25). Using the mentioned parameters before it was always obtained the stepping failure. For the samples containing smooth joints, JRC = 0, the main mechanism of coalescence is tension. For these joints the average crack initiation angles, had resulted of 64º and 65º for left and right side, respectively. The average normalized compression strength ('sigma'nor = 'sigma'1 - 'sigma'2 / 'sigma'cs; where 'sigma'1 and 'sigma'2 are the principal stresses and 'sigma'cs is the average compression strength) of these tests resulted to have the lowest value, 'sigma'nor = 0,52, and the highest deformation, 'épsilon' = 0,0057. In the case of joints with JRC = 6,7; the mechanisms of coalescence are tension and shear, growing in a waving path between the joint tips. The average crack initiation angle was of 40º for the left side and 48º for the right side of the joint. The average normalized compression strength of these tests was of 'sigma'nor = 0,54 and deformation 'épsilon' = 0,0053. With joints having JRC = 12,3; the coalescence also presents both mechanisms, tension and shear, following a direction inclined in the beginning and a straight line in the middle of the way. The crack initiation angles had been : 5º in the left side and 20º of the right side. The highest values of average normalized strength resistant and the lowest average value of deformation were found in this type of joint, being of 'sigma'nor = 0,59 e 'épsilon' = 0,0045 respectively. With this approach, it was verified that the joint roughness influence the fracture propagation, affecting the coalescence, the crack initiation angle, the resistance and total deformation of the tested specimens

In various post-consonantal environments, the palatal glide /j/ has been subject to variation and change since the late 17th century. Retention, coalescence, and deletion of the glide respectively account for various pronunciations of the word due [dju:], [dʒu:], and [du:] in different dialects of English. Research in this area has often focused on internal motivations. However, the external motivations that regulate the practice of glide variants in the speech of different segments of communities have been a relatively recent area of investigation. Among other dialects, Australian English is one of the major varieties that has not been formally assessed in this area. Hence, the aim of this thesis has been to investigate possible associations between the glide variants and their emergence in the speech of 48 speakers of Australian English. The audio data for this study were 12 tokens pronounced by the speakers in wordlist, sentences, and a story, and were extracted from the AusTalk Corpus (Burnham, Cox et al., 2011). The results for separate analysis of social variables seem to indicate that the spread of different glide variants in the speech of speakers are mainly conditioned by age. The combination of the social variables shows that glide retention is most frequent in the speech of higher educated old individuals. By contrast, glide deletion seems to be almost non-existent in their speech while more frequent in the pronunciations of the young. Overall, glide coalescence is the most present and has the strongest stylistic consistency in the speech of individuals. Further details and possible reasons behind these observations are discussed in the work that follows.

Les exigences des clients du secteur aéronautique imposent aux entreprises de prendre en compte pour le dimensionnement les effets de la température sur toute la durée de vie du produit. Cependant, aucune loi ne permet actuellement de prévoir l’impact du vieillissement thermique sur le comportement des matériaux. Ce travail a pour objectif de comprendre le mécanisme de vieillissement thermique des alliages d’aluminium et son impact sur les propriétés mécaniques, mais surtout d’acquérir un outil performant capable d’obtenir rapidement des données matériaux après vieillissement.Au cours de cette étude, de nombreuses analyses microstructurales et mécaniques ont été réalisées sur trois alliages d’aluminium à durcissement structural. Différentes combinaisons temps-température de vieillissement ont été testées afin de disposer d’une large base de données sur ces matériaux (caractéristiques mécaniques statiques Rm, Rp0,2 et dureté et tailles des précipités durcissants). Ces données ont ensuite été compilées dans un modèle de vieillissement basé sur les théories classiques de durcissement structural, de croissance et de coalescence des précipités.Le modèle de vieillissement créé répond au besoin initial et prédit de façon conservative le comportement mécanique des alliages ayant subi un vieillissement thermique isotherme. Des axes d’amélioration sont envisagés pour ce modèle évolutif, comme l’intégration de la prévision du comportement en fatigue ainsi que le traitement de cas anisothermes pour une représentation plus réelle des conditions de service des pièces aéronautiques. / In aeronautics, customers ask companies to consider the effects of temperature over the entire life of the product in structural requirements. Indeed, aircraft parts are demanded to last longer (up to 90 000 hours) and operate at higher temperatures (up to 250°C). No laws enable to predict the impact of thermal ageing on materials behavior. Current practices are to perform mechanical testing after ageing in ovens at various temperatures, but they are expensive and incompatible with the development schedules. This work aims to understand the thermal aging mechanism of aluminum alloys and its impact on mechanical properties, but especially to acquire a powerful tool able to quickly obtain material data after aging.During this study, many microstructural and mechanical analyses were conducted on three precipitation hardened aluminum alloys. Different combinations of aging time and temperature were tested to get a large database of these materials (static mechanical characteristics Rm, Rp0,2 and hardness and sizes of hardening precipitates). These data were then compiled into a computing aging model based on the classical theories of precipitation hardening, growth and coarsening of precipitates.The created aging model responds to the initial need and can conservatively predict the mechanical behavior of aluminum alloys under isothermal aging. Improvement areas are considered for this evolutionary model, such as the integration of fatigue behavior prediction and the inclusion of thermal cycles for a more realistic representation of service conditions of aircraft parts.

Experimente mit neuartigen Messverfahren lieferten Daten über die Struktur von transienten Flüssig-keits-Gas-Strömungen für die Entwicklung und Validierung von mikroskopischen, d.h. geometrieunabhängigen Konstitutivbeziehungen zur Beschreibung des Impulsaustauschs zwischen Flüssig-phase und Gasblasen sowie zur Quantifizierung der Häufigkeit von Blasenkoaleszenz und -zerfall. Hierzu wurde eine vertikale Testsektion der Zweiphasentestschleife MTLoop in Rossendorf genutzt, wobei erstmals Gittersensoren mit einer Auflösung von 2-3 mm bei einer Messfrequenz von bis zu 10 kHz angewandt wurden. Dabei wurde die Evolution von Gasgehalts-, Geschwindigkeits- und Bla-sengrößenverteilungen entlang des Strömungsweges und bei schnellen Übergangsprozessen aufge-nommen und so die für die Modellbildung erforderlichen Daten bereitgestellt. Für den Test der Mo-dellbeziehungen wurde ein vereinfachtes Verfahren zur Lösung der Strömungsgleichungen entlang des Strömungswegs erstellt. Es basiert auf der Betrachtung einer größeren Anzahl von Blasengrö-ßenklassen. Die erhaltenen numerische Lösungen haben erstmals gezeigt, dass der bei Erhöhung der Gasvolumenstromdichte stattfindende Übergang von einer Blasenströmung mit Randmaximum zu einem Profil mit Zentrumsmaximum und anschließend zu einer Pfropfenströmung ausgehend von einem einheitlichen Satz physikalisch begründeter und geometrieunabhängiger Konstitutivgleichun-gen modelliert werden kann. Die Modellbeziehungen haben sich in einem abgegrenzten Gebiet der Volumenstromdichten als generalisierungsfähig erwiesen und sind für den Einbau in CFD-Modelle geeignet. Weiterhin wurden Arbeiten zur Kondensation durchgeführt, die direkten Bezug zu den Kon-densationsmodellen haben, die in Thermohydraulik-Codes enthalten sind. Die Untersuchung liefert darüber hinaus experimentelle Daten für die Modellvalidierung hinsichtlich des Verhaltens und des Einflusses nichtkondensierbarer Gase. Hierfür wurden spezielle Sonden für die Bestimmung der Konzentration und für die Lokalisierung von Pfropfen nichtkondensierbarer Gase entwickelt und bei transienten Kondensationsversuchen in einem leicht geneigten Wärmeübertragerrohr eingesetzt.

<p>Emulsions are advantageous in many applications including healthcare, food science, and detergency due to their ability to disperse one fluid in another, otherwise immiscible fluid. For the same reason, emulsions are also problematic when mixtures of oil and water are undesirable like in industrial wastewater pollution and fuel systems. Whether an emulsion is desirable or not, both benefit from understanding the fundamental relationship of emulsion formation and stability to the physical and chemical properties of the oil-water-surfactant mixture. This work identifies the formation and stability mechanisms of model emulsion systems through the perspective of emulsion prevention for applications in shipboard wastewater (bilge water) treatment. Although experiments in this study were designed to model bilge water systems, their fundamental approach makes them practical for many different applications like food science, pharmaceuticals, and detergency.</p> <p>The impact of salts on emulsion formation and stability to coalescence were studied to understand how emulsions stabilized by ionic surfactant behave in saltwater environments. Droplet size analysis revealed that emulsion stability to coalescence improved with salt concentration. Through interfacial tension and zeta potential measurements, it was found that the addition of salt promoted close surfactant packing and faster surfactant adsorption kinetics at the oil-water interface. This aided in preventing coalescence and created conditions favorable for the formation of a stable Newton black film. Extended DLVO calculations were used to model the interaction energy between droplets and suggested that hydration forces play an important role in stabilizing these systems. These emulsions were then studied under dynamic ageing conditions to observe the impact of motion on emulsion stability. While statically aged emulsions were stable to coalescence, dynamic ageing induced coalescence (increased droplet size) or emulsified the oil droplets (decreased droplet size) depending on the surfactant concentration and energy input during ageing.</p> Formation mechanisms and stability of spontaneous emulsion systems were also investigated. Low molecular weight oils (e.g., toluene, xylenes, and cyclohexane) were found to spontaneously emulsify with nonylphenol polyethoxylated (NPE) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS). NPE emulsions spontaneously emulsified via diffusion and micelle swelling and displayed limited stability due to Ostwald ripening. SDBS emulsions also spontaneously emulsified with toluene but only in saltwater environments. As the concentration of salt in the aqueous phase increased, the spontaneity of these emulsions also increased. These systems were analyzed using the hydrophilic lipophilic difference (HLD) theory to evaluate its efficacy for predicting the conditions favorable for spontaneous emulsification. Limitations and practicality of using the HLD model for these systems were also explored.

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No description available.

[pt] Muitas indústrias, como as de petróleo, cosméticos e farmacêuticos, buscam estabilizar emulsões de forma efetiva e com menor custo. O uso de partículas sólidas como agentes emulsificantes (emulsões Pickering) tem apresentado grandes benefícios, como custo e estabilidade das emulsões, quando comparados aos surfactantes, que são utilizados na emulsão clássica. A eficácia de uma determinada partícula na estabilização de uma emulsão depende das suas propriedades e da sua interação com as fases oleosa e aquosa da emulsão. Essas partículas sólidas adsorvem-se na interface óleo-água criando uma fina camada entre as fases, evitando a coalescência das gotas. Uma forma de estudar a estabilidade de emulsões Pickering é analisar o experimento de coalescência de duas interfaces óleo-água que são forçadas uma contra a outra. A metodologia deste trabalho baseou-se em medições do tempo de coalescência de uma gota de óleo, presente em uma dispersão aquosa de nanopartículas, quando a mesma é forçada contra uma interface óleoágua. Para a correta visualização e registro do momento da coalescência da gota utilizou-se uma câmera de alta velocidade (Photron FastCam SA3). As nanopartículas utilizadas foram: Laponita RD, dióxido de titânio HAc e Aerosil R972. Observou-se tempos de coalescência maiores para testes com dispersões aquosas de Laponita RD 1,0 porcento (m/m) e de Aerosil R972 0,0024 porcento (m/m) do que para testes com água pura (Milli-Q). / [en] Several industries, such as oil and gas, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical, seek to stabilize emulsions more effectively and at a lower cost. As compared to surfactants, which are used in classic emulsions, the use of solid particles as emulsifying agents (Pickering emulsions) has presented great benefits, including lower costs and better emulsion stability. A particle s effectiveness on stabilizing an emulsion is related to its properties, as well as its interaction with the oil and water phases of the emulsion. These solid particles adsorb at the oil-water interface, creating a thin layer between the phases, and thus avoiding the coalescence of the droplets. One method to study the stability of Pickering emulsions is to analyze the coalescence experiment of two oil-water interfaces that are forced against each other. The methodology of this work was based on measurements of the coalescence time of an oil droplet in an aqueous dispersion of nanoparticles, when it is forced against an oil-water interface. A high speed camera (Photron FastCam SA3) was used for the proper visualization and recording of the moment of drop coalescence. The three types of nanoparticles used were: Laponite RD, titanium dioxide HAc, and Aerosil R972. Longer coalescence times were observed for tests with aqueous dispersions of Laponite RD 1.0 percent (w/w) and Aerosil R972 0.0024 percent (w/w) versus tests with plain water (Milli-Q).

Pressure swirl atomizers are commonly used in IC, aero-engines, and liquid propellant rocket combustion. Understanding the atomization process is important in order to enhance vaporization, mitigate soot formation, design of combustion chambers, and improve overall combustion efficiency. This work utilizes non-invasive techniques such as ultra -speed imaging, and Phase Doppler Particle Anemometry (PDPA) in order to investigate the cascade atomization process of pressure-swirl atomizers by examining swirling liquid film dynamics and the localized droplet characteristics of the resulting hollow cone spray. Specifically, experiments were conducted to examine these effects for three different nozzles with orifice diameters .3mm, .5mm, and .97mm. The ultra-speed imaging allowed for both visualization and interface tracking of the swirling conical film which emanated from each nozzle. Moreover, this allowed for the measurement of the radial fluctuations, film length, cone angle and maximum wavelength. Radial fluctuations are found to be maximum near the breakup or rupture of a swirling film. Film length decreases as Reynolds number increases. Cone angle increases until a critical Reynolds number is reached, beyond which it remains constant. A new approach to analyze the temporally unstable waves was developed and compared with the measured maximum wavelengths. The new approach incorporates the attenuation of a film thickness, as the radius of a conical film expands, with the classical dispersion relationship for an inviscid moving liquid film. This approach produces a new long wave solution which accurately matches the measured maximum wavelength swirling conical films generated from nozzles with the smallest orifice diameter. For the nozzle with the largest orifice diameter, the new long wave solution provides the upper bound limit, while the long wave solution for a constant film thickness provides the lower bound limit. These results indicate that temporal instability is the dominating mechanism which generates long Kelvin Helmholtz waves on the surface of a swirling liquid film. The PDPA was used to measure droplet size and velocity in both the near field and far field of the spray. For a constant Reynolds number, an increase in orifice diameter is shown to increase the overall diameter distribution of the spray. In addition, it was found that the probability of breakup, near the axis, decreases for the largest orifice diameter. This is in agreement with the cascading nature of atomization.