A conversão de voz é um problema emergente em processamento de fala e voz com um crescente interesse comercial, tanto em aplicações como Tradução Fala para Fala (Speech-to-Speech Translation - SST) e em sistemas Text-To-Speech (TTS) personalizados. Um sistema de Conversão de Voz deve permitir o mapeamento de características acústicas de sentenças pronunciadas por um falante origem para valores correspondentes da voz do falante destino, de modo que a saída processada é percebida como uma sentença pronunciada pelo falante destino. Nas últimas duas décadas, o número de contribuições cientícas relacionadas ao problema de conversão de voz tem crescido consideravelmente, e um panorama sólido do processo histórico, assim como de técnicas propostas são indispensáveis para contribuição neste campo. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar um levantamento geral das técnicas utilizadas para resolver o problema, apontando vantagens e desvantagens de cada método, e a partir deste estudo, desenvolver novas ferramentas. Dentre as contribuições do trabalho, foram desenvolvidos um método para decomposição espectral em termos de bases radiais, mapas fonéticos articiais, agrupamentos k-verossímeis, funções de empenamento em frequência entre outras, com o intuito de implementar um sistema de conversão de voz inter-linguístico independente de texto de alta qualidade. / Voice conversion is an emergent problem in voice and speech processing with increasing commercial interest, due to applications such as Speech-to-Speech Translation (SST) and personalized Text-To-Speech (TTS) systems. A Voice Conversion system should allow the mapping of acoustical features of sentences pronounced by a source speaker to values corresponding to the voice of a target speaker, in such a way that the processed output is perceived as a sentence uttered by the target speaker. In the last two decades the number of scientic contributions to the voice conversion problem has grown considerably, and a solid overview of the historical process as well as of the proposed techniques is indispensable for those willing to contribute to the eld. The goal of this work is to provide a critical survey that combines historical presentation to technical discussion while pointing out advantages and drawbacks of each technique, and from this study, to develop new tools. Some contributions proposed in this work include a method for spectral decomposition in terms of radial basis functions, articial phonetic map, warping functions among others, in order to implement a text-independent crosslingual voice conversion system of high quality.

Les phénomènes électrocinétiques couplés au sein d'un nanocanal sont d'intérêt pour la conversion d'énergie et la production d'électricité reposant sur le mélange contrôlé d'eau douce et d'eau salée aussi appelée "énergie bleue". L'origine des phénomènes est lié à l'interaction avec des parois chargées et au transport d'ions au sein de ce qu'on nomme les couches de Debye. Ce travail vise à une meilleure compréhension de la physique et des phénomènes de transport dans ces couches dans le cadre de solutions confinées dans des nanocanaux.Une instrumentation spécifique a été développée pendant la thèse pour étudier les mécanismes qui gouvernent ces flux couplés. L'idée est de caractériser simultanément le transport de masse et le courant électrique au sein d'un nanocanal soumis à une différence de salinité de pression ou de tension électrique. Ce travail est divisé en trois parties.Dans la première partie, est décrite une cellule conçue pour la mesure et le contrôle de courant et tension électrique en présence de différence de pression ou de salinité au bornes d'un nanopores. L'utilisation de la cellule est illustrer dans le cas d'une membrane nanoporeuse de nafion.La seconde partie est focalisée sur une méthode simple de préparation d'un nanocanal directement connectable à un dispositif macroscopique. Le nanocanal, d'un micromètre de long, présente une géométrie conique, d'angle ajustable, et des extrémités équipées d'électrode déposées par pulvérisation cathodique.La troisième partie, concerne le développement d'une méthode pour la mesure directe de débit jusqu'à 10 pL/min s'écoulant au sein d'un nanocanal. Cette méthode combinée à une caractérisation électrique, pourra être utilisée, en présence de gradient de pression, de tension ou de salinité pour mesurer le débit et le courant électrique au sein d'un nanocanal de manière simultanée et indépendante. / Coupled electrokinetic phenomena within nanochannel are of interest for energy harvestingand production of electricity based on the controlled mixing of river water with sea water known as "blue energy". The origin of the phenomena is related to interaction with charged walls and transport of ions within the so called Debye layer. This work aims at a better understanding of the physics and transport phenomena in this layer associated with solution confined in nanochannel.A specific instrumentation has been developed during this thesis to study the mechanisms governing coupled nanofluics fluxes. The idea is to characterize simultaneously the mass transport within the nanochannel and the electrical current driven through the nanochannel by the application of either salinity difference , pressure difference or voltage difference across the channel. The thesis is divided into three parts.In the first part, a custom made flow cell and experimental conditions to control and measure various fluxes is presented. The capability of cell to measure current or voltage under applied pressure or salinity gradient is presented taking the benefit of commercial nanoporous Nafion membrane.The second part is focused on an easy way of preparation of nanochannel sample in the form of single chip, in which nanochannel is interfaced to micro and macroscopic world. A well-controlled, 1.4µm long nanochannel of conical geometry with a maximum aspect ratio of 10 is fabricated. The minimum apex size of nanochannel achieved here is 50 nm which is about 30 times less than the length of channel. The presence of electrode directly at the interface of nano to micro cavity allow to perform electrical characterization of nanochannel with high precision.The third part of the thesis is devoted to the development of a method for the direct measurement of flow rate as low as 10 pL/min across a single nanochannel. This measurement approach combined with electrical measurement, could be used, in presence of pressure, voltage or salinity gradient, to measure the flow rate and the electrical current across a single nanochannel simultaneously and independently.

Thesis (Master of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Globally, water is considered an essential resource as it sustains human, animal and plant life. Water is not only essential for all forms of life but imperative for economic growth. The world’s population is increasing at a disquieting rate, which will result in an increased demand for fresh water and food security. The agricultural industry is the main consumer of global freshwater and utilises fertilisers in order to meet food demands. The demand for water in South Africa (SA) has increased considerably due to the rapid expansion of the agricultural industry, and of the municipal and industrial sectors. Agricultural developments in SA are affected greatly as the country is facing a current drought crisis as a result of low rainfall and large water demands. With an abundance of saline water globally, desalinisation will be a major contributor to solving the global freshwater crisis. With limited fresh water resources accompanied by the agricultural industry as a major consumer, alternative measures are required to desalinate water specifically for agricultural use. Forward osmosis (FO) is a membrane technology that gained interest over the past decade because it has several advantages over pressure-driven membrane processes such as reverse osmosis (RO). FO technology is based on the natural osmotic process which is driven by a concentration gradient between two solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane. Naturally, water will permeate through the membrane from a solution of low solute concentration or low osmotic pressure (OP) known as a feed solution (FS) to a solution of a higher concentration or higher OP also known as a draw solution (DS). Whilst various research studies have contributed to several advances in FO, several process limitations such as reverse solute flux (RSF), concentration polarisation (CP) and membrane fouling remain problematic, hindering FO for large-scale applications. Further investigation is therefore warranted and crucial in order to understand how to mitigate these limitations to develop/improve future processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate a fertiliser-drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) system by investigating the effects of membrane orientation, system flow rate, DS concentration, and membrane fouling on an FDFO systems performance and energy consumption. The FS used was synthetic brackish water with a sodium chloride (NaCl) content of 5 g/L whereas a potassium chloride (KCl) synthetic fertiliser was used as a DS. The membrane utilised was a cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane and was tested in forward osmosis mode (FO mode) and pressure retarded osmosis mode (PRO mode) whilst the system flow rate was adjusted between 100, 200 and 400 mL/min. Additionally, the DS concentration was altered from 0.5, 1 and 2 M KCl, respectively. Experiments were performed using a bench scale FO setup which comprised of an i) FO membrane cell, ii) a double head variable peristaltic pump for transporting FS and DS’s respectively, iii) a digital scale to measure the mass of the DS, iv) a magnetic stirrer to agitate the FS, v) two reservoirs for the FS and DS, respectively, vi) a digital multiparameter meter to determine FS electrical conductivity (EC) and vii) a digital electrical multimeter to measure system energy consumption. Each experiment comprised of seven steps i) pre-FDFO membrane control, ii) membrane cleaning, iii) FDFO experiment, iv) post-FDFO membrane control, v) membrane cleaning, vi) membrane damage dye identification and vii) membrane cleaning. Pre- and post-FDFO membrane control experiments operated for 5 h whilst each membrane cleaning procedure operated for 30 min. The FDFO experiment operated for 24 h whilst the membrane damage dye identification operated until a minimum of 10 mL water was recovered. The process parameter which largely contributed to a beneficial system performance and specific energy consumption (SEC) was the increase in DS concentration. Water fluxes increased approximately threefold from a DS concentration increase from 0.5 to 1 M, followed by an additional 30 to 50 % rise in water flux at a DS concentration increase 1 to 2 M. SEC decreased by 58 and 53 % for FO and PRO modes, respectively, with a DS concentration increase from 0.5 to 1 M. An additional 35 and 37 % SEC reduction for FO and PRO modes was obtained for a DS concentration increase from 1 to 2 M. Altering the membrane from FO to PRO did not contribute to a beneficial system performance nor did it improve SEC. However, at a DS concentration of 0,5 M, the PRO mode obtained a 5.3 % greater water recovery compared to the FO mode. Conversely, at a DS concentration of 1 and 2 M, the FO mode achieved 5.4 and 7.0 % greater water recoveries compared to the PRO mode. The increase in flow rate also did not increase system performance significantly, however, a fluctuation in system SEC was observed. Throughout the study, no membrane fouling was observed, however, possible minute traces of membrane fouling could be observed from the membrane surface electron microscope (SEM) images. Additionally, minor changes in post- FDFO membrane control water recovery results were noticed which support the possible occurrence of membrane fouling during the FDFO experiment.

En réponse aux exigences de la réglementation REACH qui prévoit que les substances à base de chrome hexavalent devront être soumises à autorisation dès 2017, les industriels du secteur aéronautique mènent depuis plusieurs années des activités de recherche et développement de nouveaux procédés de traitement de surface moins néfastes pour l’environnement et la santé. Le travail prévu dans le programme de recherche NEPAL (NouvellEs Protections des ALuminiums) s’inscrit dans cette dynamique. Les traitements mettant en oeuvre des composés à base de Cr(VI) sont destinés à disparaître dans un proche avenir ; ainsi de nouvelles formulations ont été développées parmi lesquelles des procédés de conversion à base de chrome trivalent. Le projet de thèse vise à renforcer la robustesse de ces procédés en apportant des éléments de compréhension pour ce qui concerne la tenue à la corrosion des alliages d’aluminium revêtus de couches de conversion au chrome trivalent en relation avec leur état microstructural. Les travaux de thèse ont été développés sur une nuance d’alliage d’aluminium 2024, parmi celles les plus utilisées dans le secteur aéronautique. Plusieurs microstructures ont été considérées dans le but de modifier la distribution en éléments d’alliages majoritaires, le cuivre et le magnésium. La caractérisation fine de la microstructure et l’évaluation de la réactivité des échantillons dans les différents bains de traitement de conversion ont permis de mettre en évidence l’influence de la répartition du cuivre dans l’alliage, élément néfaste pour la croissance des couches de conversion lorsqu’il se trouve sous forme de précipités fins. Finalement, l’étude de deux tôles d’alliage d’aluminium d’épaisseurs différentes met en évidence l’influence de nouveaux paramètres microstructuraux tels que les joints de grains ou la précipitation grossière. Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet FUI NEPAL. Le CIRIMAT a été financièrement soutenu par le Ministère de l’Économie et de l’Industrie français (BPI-France), la Région Occitanie Pyrénées-Méditerranée et l’Union Européenne (FEDER/ERDF). / In reply to REACH regulation, which stipulates that hexavalent chromium substance shall besubject to authorization in 2017, manufacturers of aeronautic industries have performed, forseveral years, research and development of new surface treatments less harmful for theenvironment and health. The work planned in NEPAL (NEw Protections for ALminium) researchprogram is part of this large program. The chromate-containing treatments, using Cr(VI)compounds, will disappear in the near future; new formulations have been developed includingtrivalent chromium conversion processes. The thesis project aims to reinforce robustness of theseprocesses by providing data useful for understanding the corrosion resistance of aluminium alloyscoated with trivalent chromium coatings, in relation to their microstructural state. The thesis workwas developed on a 2024 aluminium alloy, among those most used in the aeronautics sector.Several microstructures were considered in order to modify the distribution of major alloyselements, copper and magnesium. The fine characterization of the microstructure and theevaluation of the reactivity of the samples in the different conversion treatment baths highlight theinfluence of the copper distribution in the alloy, this alloying element being detrimental to thegrowth of the conversion coating when it is in the form of fine precipitates. Finally, the study of twosheets of aluminium alloy with different thicknesses reveals the influence of new microstructuralparameters such as grain boundaries or coarse precipitation. This work was performed in theframework of the NEPAL FUI project. CIRIMAT was financially supported by the French Ministry ofEconomy and industry (BPI-France), the Région Occitanie Pyrénées-Méditerranée and theEuropean Union (FEDER/ERDF).

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre des travaux de recherche entrepris par la division R&D de France Telecom dans le domaine de la synthèse de la parole à partir du texte. Elle concerne plus particulièrement le domaine de la conversion de voix, technologie visant à transformer le signal de parole d'un locuteur de référence dit locuteur source, de telle façon qu'il semble, à l'écoute, avoir été prononcé par un autre locuteur cible, identifié au préalable, dit locuteur cible. Le but de cette thèse est donc la diversification de voix de synthèse via la conception et le développement d'un système de conversion de voix de haute qualité. Les approches étudiées dans cette thèse se basent sur des techniques de classification par GMM (Gaussian Mixture Model) et une modélisation du signal de parole par HNM (Harmonic plus Noise Model). Dans un premier temps, l'influence de la paramétrisation spectrale sur la performance de conversion de voix par GMM est analysée. Puis, la dépendance entre l'enveloppe spectrale et la fréquence fondamentale est mise en évidence. Deux méthodes de conversion exploitant cette dépendance sont alors proposées et évaluées favorablement par rapport à l'état de l'art existant. Les problèmes liés à la mise en oeuvre de la conversion de voix sont également abordés. Le premier problème est la complexité élevée du processus de conversion par rapport au processus de synthèse lui-même (entre 1,5 et 2 fois le coût de calcul de la synthèse elle-même). Pour cela, une technique de conversion a été développée et conduit à une réduction de la complexité d'un facteur compris entre 45 et 130. Le deuxième problème concerne la mise en oeuvre de la conversion de voix lorsque les corpus d'apprentissage source et cible sont différents. Une méthodologie a ainsi été proposée rendant possible l'apprentissage de la fonction de transformation à partir d'enregistrements quelconques.

Dans ce manuscrit, nous abordons la problématique des modulations de phase sur les lasers de puissance (comme le Laser MégaJoule, projet développé en France) et de leur impact sur différents phénomènes physiques comme la suppression de la diffusion Brillouin stimulée (nécessaire pour éviter l'endommagement des optiques) et le lissage optique qui permet une homogénéisation spatiale des taches focales. Nous abordons de manière approfondie les contreparties des modulations de phase et en particulier la conversion FM-AM qui est source de modulations d'intensité non désirées et de perte d'énergie. Nous donnons une modélisation qui se veut complète des phénomènes générant de la conversion FM-AM sur une chaîne de laser de puissance. Nous étudions théoriquement et expérimentalement les deux méthodes permettant de réduire la conversion FM-AM à distorsion spectrale donnée : la compensation des fonctions de transfert et la modification du signal de modulation de phase pour le rendre moins sensible aux effets de distorsions spectrales. Concernant la seconde voie d'exploration, nous déterminons quelle devrait être la forme du spectre idéal de la modulation de phase et nous donnons une méthode pour s'en approcher. Nous montrons la faisabilité pratique d'une telle méthode et nous effectuons différentes expériences pour montrer dans quelles mesures ces solutions peuvent améliorer les performances les lasers de puissance. Nous concluons ce manuscrit de thèse, en proposant des solutions optimisées pour le Laser MégaJoule.

<p>The study shows conclusively that brine composition and concentration is highly variable at these South African power utilities and processes such as RO, contact with ash and CO2 ingress can have an impact upon the overall brine quality. Aq.QA was found to be a more accurate tool for classifying waters according to dominant ions than Stiff diagrams but Stiff diagrams still have the superior advantage of being a mapping tool to easily identify samples of similar composition as well as quickly identify what has been added or what has been removed from a water stream. Chemical speciation could identify effluent streams where CO2 dissolution had taken place.</p>

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1982.

For many years, Cd-110 has been considered the classic example of a vibrational nucleus within both the Collective Model and the Interacting Boson Model (IBM). As a vibrational nucleus, Cd-110 exhibits multi-phonon states. Recent studies on other cadmium isotopes have shown a breakdown of vibrational motion at the three-phonon level. The latest study on Cd-112 suggests that some of these excitations may instead result from intruder bands. The study through internal conversion electrons is important to investigate intruder structures in Cd-110, using the enhanced E0 transitions between intruder states and spherical phonon states as a signature. The nuclear structure of Cd-110 has been studied with In-110 beta decay through internal conversion electrons performed at TRIUMF using the 8pi spectrometer. The level scheme of Cd-110 through internal conversion electron transitions was constructed using the electron-gamma coincidence matrix. The sub-shell ratios and multipolarities are determined and compared with the evaluated data set. The absolute internal conversion coefficients for some mixed transitions were determined using an internal calibration efficiency for Si(Li) detector and relative efficiency for HPGe detector. The 396 keV and 708 keV E0 transitions have been observed between intruder and spherical phonon states. The E0 transition strength of 0.115(71) was determined for 708.21 keV line.

<p>The study shows conclusively that brine composition and concentration is highly variable at these South African power utilities and processes such as RO, contact with ash and CO2 ingress can have an impact upon the overall brine quality. Aq.QA was found to be a more accurate tool for classifying waters according to dominant ions than Stiff diagrams but Stiff diagrams still have the superior advantage of being a mapping tool to easily identify samples of similar composition as well as quickly identify what has been added or what has been removed from a water stream. Chemical speciation could identify effluent streams where CO2 dissolution had taken place.</p>