Die visuelle Enkodierung emotionaler Gesichtsausdrücke stellt bisher ein Rätsel dar. Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war es daher, durch die Untersuchung von Blickbewegungen und ihrer Funktionalität für das Erkennen von Gesichtsausdrücken, neue Erkenntnisse zu den zugrundeliegenden Prozessen zu liefern. In vier Blickbewegungsexperimenten, in denen Probanden ärgerliche, angeekelte, fröhliche, traurige und neutrale Gesichtsausdrücke in statischer und dynamischer Darbietung kategorisieren sollten, wurde untersucht, ob allgemeine Strategien der Gesichterverarbeitung bereits auf der Ebene der visuellen Enkodierung anhand spezifischer Blickbewegungsmuster zu identifizieren sind und ob Unterschiede bei der initialen Aufnahme visueller Information als Folge unterschiedlicher Fixationspositionen das Erkennen von Gesichtsausdrücken beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass für statische Gesichtsausdrücke nur sehr wenige Fixationen gemacht werden, die hauptsächlich auf das Zentrum des Gesichts und auf emotionsspezifische, diagnostische Gesichtsmerkmale gerichtet sind, was eine kombiniert holistisch-merkmalsorientierte Enkodierungsstrategie nahelegt. Für weniger intensive und dynamische Gesichtsausdrücke deuten die Ergebnisse auf eine stärker konfigurale Enkodierungsstrategie mit mehreren Fixationen zu einer größeren Anzahl unterschiedlicher Gesichtsmerkmale hin. Darüber hinaus waren Blickbewegungsunterschiede relevant für die Emotionserkennung. Die Fixation diagnostischer Gesichtsmerkmale beschleunigte das Erkennen statischer Gesichtsausdrücke. Für das Erkennen dynamischer Gesichtsausdrücke war hingegen eine zentrale Fixationsposition vorteilhaft, vermutlich durch die Förderung von holistischer Gesichterverarbeitung und Veränderungserkennung. Insgesamt zeigte sich, dass allgemeine Strategien der Gesichterverarbeitung bereits auf der Ebene der visuellen Enkodierung identifizierbar sind und dass Unterschiede in diesen frühen Prozessen die Erkennungsleistung beeinflussen. / Processes that underlie the visual encoding of facial expressions still pose a conundrum. Therefore, this dissertation set out to provide new insights into these processes by investigating gaze behaviour and its functional role during the recognition of facial expressions. Four experimental studies were conducted to examine whether general face processing strategies are already reflected on the visual encoding stage of facial expression recognition indicated by specific fixation patterns and whether differences at the initial uptake of visual information as a consequence of varying fixation positions affect facial expression recognition. Gaze behaviour was recorded while participants were asked to categorise angry, disgusted, happy, sad, and neutral facial expressions in static and dynamic displays. Results revealed that gaze behaviour for static facial expressions was characterised by only a few fixations mainly directed to the centre and to expression-specific diagnostic facial features of the face, suggesting a combined holistic and featural encoding strategy. For less intense and dynamic facial expressions, results indicated a more configural encoding strategy with multiple fixations to a greater number of different facial features. In addition, differences in gaze strategy were relevant for facial expression recognition. Fixating diagnostic facial features accelerated the recognition of static facial expressions. In contrast, a central fixation position was beneficial for recognizing dynamic facial expressions, presumably by facilitating holistic face processing and change detection. Overall, findings demonstrated that general face processing strategies are already reflected on the visual encoding stage of facial expression recognition and that variations in these early processes affect recognition performance.

With the recent advancements of wireless networks to satisfy new requirements, the investigation of novel transmission schemes to improve the link level performance is of major importance. A very common technique utilized in nowadays systems is the Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform, which has been adopted by several standards, including WiFi, LTE, and more recently 5G, due to its simple equalization process. Despite its success, this dissertation shows that OFDM is a sub-optimal scheme under frequency-selective channel (FSC), when channel state information (CSI) is available at the receiver only. Based on the coded modulation capacity approach, this work demonstrates that the data symbols should experience the same channel gain in order to achieve the best performance, leading to the equal gain criterion (EGC). However, this comes at a cost in terms of losing orthogonality among data symbols. The result is valid for linear modulation matrices under the assumptions of CSI at only at the receiver with perfect feedback equalization. In order to attain the EGC for doubly-dispersive channels, the block multiplexing (BM) waveform is proposed in this thesis, where the data symbols are spread in frequency and time. For instance, the recently conceived orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) is shown to be a particular case of BM with the classical single-carrier (SC). Regarding the equalization for the robust waveforms, it is shown that the minimum mean squared error with parallel interference cancellation (MMSE-PIC) employed together with convolutional encoder and soft decoder can completely remove the inter-symbol interference (ISI), where a low-complexity implementation is designed. In addition, a waveform with decreased complexity based on the sparse Walsh-Hadamard (SWH) is proposed for two reasons, i) sparse spreading requires a transform with lower size, ii) the Walsh-Hadamard transform is implemented with 1s and −1s, which requires less complexity than fast Fourier transform (FFT) based waveforms. Furthermore, the problem of estimating the time varying channel is considered, where a unique word (UW) or (pilot block) based approach is studied. In this regard, another main contribution of this dissertation is to develop an optimization framework, where the combination of channel estimation plus Doppler spread error is minimized. In particular, the composite error minimization is achieved by properly setting the FFT size of the system, for a fixed data length. Lastly, cyclic prefix (CP)-free system is considered such that the transmission time is decreased, and therefore provides a better channel estimation. Naturally, the CP-free system has undesirable interference, which is resolved by an iterative CP-Restoration algorithm. In this case, we extend the EGC to equal reliability criterion (ERC), i.e., the data symbols should be equally reliable and not only have equal gain. As a consequence, the BM with orthogonal chirp division multiplexing (OCDM) waveform has the best performance due to equal time and frequency spreading. In conclusion, the coded modulation capacity approach of this dissertation provides new insights and solutions to improve the performance of wireless systems.

This thesis is focused on the alignment studies of the vertex detector during first years of the Belle II detector operation and the first prompt sin 2ϕ1 analysis using the first rel- evant data collected by the detector. Firstly, the Belle II detector and the SuperKEKB accelerator is introduced. Secondly, the software framework and tools operation is ex- plained, then the alignment procedure and developed validation procedures are described in detail. Fourth section reports about the first years of the detector operation. Next three sections are related to different alignment studies during thee different periods of the vertex detector operation: the Phase 2, VXD Commissioning and beginning of the Phase 3 early. The last section covers the time-dependent CP Violation and mixing measurements performed using the data collected prior to the 11en of May 2020. 1

[pt] Na última década, desde o início do funcionamento do LHC, o Modelo Padrão de física de partículas vem sendo posto à prova com precisão sem precedentes, com enorme êxito. Um de seus experimentos é o LHCb, dedicado à física dos hádrons contendo os quarks beauty e charm. Um dos importantes temas de pesquisa do LHCb é o estudo de efeitos de assimetria partícula-antipartícula em processos de decaimento, devido à chamada violação de Carga-Paridade (CP). A violação de CP é prevista pelo Modelo Padrão e, em decaimentos envolvendo o quark charm, pode ocorrer em certos processos chamados de suprimidos por Cabibbo. No entanto, este efeito é muito pequeno, da ordem de 0.1 porcento. Esta pequenez faz com que o ambiente de decaimentos charmosos seja atraente para busca por física além do Modelo Padrão. O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo de sensibilidade para violação de CP nos canais D+ -> K- K+π+ e D+ -> π- π+π+: no run II do LHCb. Através de uma representação do espaço de fase desses decaimentos, chamado de Dalitz Plot, e a utilização do método de Mirandizing, que se baseia em procurar significâncias locais na diferença da distribuição de eventos no Dalitz Plot de partícula e antipartícula, pode-se buscar por assimetrias de carga que indicariam efeitos de violação de CP nestes decaimentos. Baseando-se nas estatísticas dos dados tomados entre 2016 e 2018 no LHCb, foram desenvolvidos pseudoexperimentos, via método de Monte Carlo, visando reproduzir a dinâmica dos dados reais, e inserindo pequenos efeitos de violação de CP. Verificamos que há sensibilidade para a violação de CP com efeitos da ordem de 10-3 em algumas situações, que condiz com as expectativas do Modelo Padrão, o que indica a possibilidade de observação de violação de CP nos dados reais do run II. / [en] In the last decade, since the beginning of the operation of the LHC, the Standard Model of particle physics has been tested with unprecedented precision, with enormous success. One of its experiment is LHCb, dedicated to the physics of hadrons containing the beauty and charm quarks. One of the important research topics of the LHCb is the study of the effects of particle-antiparticle asymmetry in decay processes, due to the so-called charge-parity violation (CP). CP violation is predicted by the Standard Model and, in decays involving the charm quark, it can occur in certain processes called Cabibbo-suppressed. However, this effect is very small, of the order of 0.1 percent. This smallness makes the environment of charm decays attractive to search for physics beyond the Standard Model. The aim of this work is the study of sensitivity for CP violation in the channels D+ -> K-K+π+ and D+ -> π-π+π+ in run II of the LHCb. Through the phase space of these decays, called Dalitz Plot, and the use of the Mirandizing method, which is based on looking for local significance in the difference in the distribution of events for particle and antiparticle Dalitz Plots, one can seek for local asymmetries that would indicate effects of CP violation in these decays. Based on the data statistics taken between 2016 and 2018 at the LHCb, pseudo experiments were performed, using the Monte Carlo method, aiming to reproduce the dynamics of real data, and inserting small effects of CP violation. We found that there is sensitivity for CP violation with effects of the order of 10−3 in some situations, which is the expected level predicted by the Standard Model, indicating a possibility for observing CP violation in the real data from run II.

Die Blickrichtung und ihre Richtung sind wichtige nonverbale Hinweise für die Etablierung von sozialen Interaktionen und die Wahrnehmung von emotionalen Gesichtsausdrücken bei anderen. Ob der Blick direkt auf den Betrachter gerichtet ist (direkter Blick) oder abgewendet (abgewandter Blick), beeinflusst unsere soziale Aufmerksamkeit und emotionale Reaktionen. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass Emotionen und Blickrichtung informative Werte haben, die sich möglicherweise in frühen oder späteren Stadien der neurokognitiven Verarbeitung interagieren. Trotz theoretischer Grundlage, der geteilten Signal-Hypothese (Adams & Kleck, 2003), gibt es einen Mangel an strukturierten elektrophysiologischen Untersuchungen zu den Wechselwirkungen zwischen Emotionen und Blickrichtung sowie ihren neuronalen Korrelaten und wie sie sich in verschiedenen Bevölkerungsgruppen unterscheiden. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, verwendete diese Doktorarbeit ereigniskorrelierte Hirnpotentiale (ERPs), um die Reaktionen auf emotionale Ausdrücke und Blickrichtung in einem neuen Paradigma zu untersuchen, das statischen und dynamischen Blick mit Gesichtsausdrücken kombiniert. Es wurden drei verschiedene Populationen untersucht. Studie 1 untersuchte in einer normalen Stichprobe die Amplituden der ERP-Komponenten, die durch die erstmalige Präsentation von Gesichtern und nachfolgende Änderungen der Blickrichtung in der Hälfte der Durchgänge ausgelöst wurden. In Studie 2 wurden aufgrund der atypischen Gesichtsverarbeitung und verminderten Reaktionen auf Augenblick beim Autismus die ERPs und Augenbewegungen bei zwei Stichproben von Kindern mit unterschiedlichem Schweregrad ihrer Autismusmerkmale untersucht. In Studie 3 wurde in einer großen Stichprobe die vermutlich erhöhte Sensitivität bei der Emotionsverarbeitung und Reaktion auf Augenblick bei Müttern im postpartalen Zeitraum mit besonderem Fokus auf die Gesichter von Säuglingen untersucht. Zusammenfassend zeigen die Ergebnisse der drei Studien, dass in sozialen Interaktionen die emotionalen Effekte von Gesichtern durch die dynamische Blickrichtung moduliert werden. / The eye gaze and its direction are important and relevant non-verbal cues for the establishment of social interactions and the perception of others’ emotional facial expressions. Gaze direction itself, whether eyes are looking straight at the viewer (direct gaze) or whether they look away (averted gaze), affects our social attention and emotional response. This implies that both emotion and gaze have informational values, which might interact at early or later stages of neurocognitive processing. Despite the suggestion of a theoretical basis for this interaction, the shared signal hypothesis (Adams & Kleck, 2003), there is a lack of structured electrophysiological investigations into the interactions between emotion and gaze and their neural correlates, and how they vary across populations. Addressing this need, the present doctoral dissertation used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to study responses to emotional expressions and gaze direction in a novel paradigm combining static and dynamic gaze with facial expressions. The N170 and EPN were selected as ERP components believed to reflect gaze perception and reflexive attention, respectively. Three different populations were investigated. Study 1, in a normal sample, investigated the amplitudes of the ERP components elicited by the initial presentation of faces and subsequent changes of gaze direction in half of the trials. In Study 2, based on the atypical face processing and diminished responses to eye gaze in autism, the ERPs and eye movements were examined in two samples of children varying in the severity of their autism traits. In Study 3, In a large sample, I addressed the putatively increased sensitivity in emotion processing and response to eye gaze in mothers during their postpartum period with a particular focus on infant's faces. Taken together, the results from three studies demonstrate that in social interactions, the emotional effects of faces are modulated by dynamic gaze direction.

Résumé : Pour se propager dans les cellules de son hôte et évader les réponses immunitaires, les virus végétaux ont développé plusieurs stratégies de défense. Ici, nous avons investigué les structures génétiques du Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV). Nous avons aussi étudié la diversité moléculaire des isolats d’ASPV provenant des poires en regardant les séquences des gènes CP et TGB afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes évolutionnaires utilisés par ASPV. Nos études ont démontré que les mutations, incluant les insertions et les délétions, la sélection purificatrice et la recombinaison furent des facteurs importants dans l’évolution du l’ASPV en Chine et possiblement mondialement. Comme tous les virus végétaux, l’ASPV se défend contre le RNA silencing de l’hôte grâce à un suppresseur de RNA silencing (VSR) et nous avons montré que le VSR de l’ASPV est la protéine de capside (CP) du virus. Nous avons aussi établi que la diversité moléculaire cause non seulement une variété de symptômes chez son hôte, Nicotiana occidentalis. Cependant elle cause aussi de la variabilité antigénique chez différents isolats, ce qui mène à des écarts de réactivité sérologique entre isolats. Les plantes ont développé plusieurs stratégies pour se défendre contre les virus. Ici, nous avons étudié comment la plante Arabidopsis se défend contre le Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) via le RNA silencing. Nous avons constaté que les phénomènes de susceptibilité, récupération et virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) sont des mécanismes séparables. Nous avons démontré que les protéines AGO2 et AGO4 sont nécessaires à la susceptibilité initiale au TRV, tandis qu’AGO1 est importante pour les VIGS, tandis que la récupération est médiée par d’autres acteurs qui n’ont pas encore été identifiés. Nos résultats suggèrent l’existence de complexes distincts ciblant différentes populations d’ARN viral et cellulaire. De plus, nous avons montré que la répression de la traduction est un mécanisme important durant la récupération de la plante suite à une infection virale, et que les complexes de décoiffage et de RNA processing jouent des rôles importants dans la dégradation des ARNs viraux. Finalement, nous avons montré que les plantes ayant une mutation dans le gène DCP2 présentent un niveaux de VIGS accrue, ainsi qu’une augmentation des niveaux d’ARN viral. Puisque DCP2 fait partie des complexes de décoiffage qui se trouvent dans des granules spécialisés nommés processing bodies (PBs), cela suggère que les PBs jouent un rôle important dans l’élimination les virus. / Abstract : To live in host cells or to escape from host immunity, plant viruses involved a series of defense strategies. Here we investigated Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) population structures and molecular diversity of ASPV pear isolates based on its function important gene CP and TGB in China, so as to infer the evolution mechanisms of ASPV. Our study showed that mutations (including insertions or deletions), purifying selection, and recombination were important factors driving ASPV evolutions in China or maybe even in the world. And also ASPV defends against it hosts by encoding a VSR. We also showed that ASPV molecular diversity not only induced different biological properties on its herbaceous host N. occidentails but also resulted in antigenic variation of different ASPV CP isolates, which leaded to differences in serological reactivity among rCPs of different ASPV isolates. Plants have developed a series of mechanisms to defend themselves against viruses. Here we how Arabidopsis defend against. We show that virus susceptibility, recovery, and virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) appear to be separable phenomena, with AGO2 and AGO4 playing important roles in the initial susceptibility to TRV, AGO1 playing an important role in VIGS, and as yet unidentifid players mediating recovery. These results suggest the existence of distinct RNA-induced silencing complexes that target different RNA populations within the cell and over time. Furthermore, we showed that translational repression of viral RNA is likely to play an important role in virus recovery and that decapping function plays an important role in clearing viral RNA from the cell. We also showed that a decapping mutant (DCP2) displayed an increased VIGS and virus RNA accumulation, an important role for PBs in eliminating viral RNA.

This thesis documents studies of CP violation in B^± to [K_S⁰h⁺h⁻]_DK^±, (h = π/K) decays using data taken by the LHCb experiment during 2011, and the first measurement of γ to be made at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), γ = (45+43-38) degrees. Also included is a study of D⁰ to K_S⁰K^∓π^± decays using CLEO III and CLEO-c data, resulting in the first amplitude models to be published for these decays and a measurement of the ratio of their branching fractions.

LHCb est l'une des quatre grandes expériences installées sur l'anneau du LHC. Le détecteur a pour but la mesure précise de la violation de CP et de canaux rares de désintégration dans le secteur des mésons B. Le calorimètre de l'expérience est un ensemble de quatre sous-systèmes : le détecteur de pied de gerbe, le ''preshower'' et les calorimètres électromagnétique (ECAL) et hadronique (HCAL). Il est essentiel pour la reconstruction des événements, pour le déclenchement de l'expérience et pour l'identification des électrons et des photons. Après une revue du détecteur LHCb, l'électronique des calorimètres est décrite dans la première partie de ce mémoire. Dans un premier temps l'électronique de lecture des voies des photomultiplicateurs des ECAL et HCAL est présentée en mettant l'accent sur ses performances, puis la carte de contrôle de l'ensemble du système calorimétrique de l'expérience est détaillée. Les chapitres trois et quatre concernent les programmes de test de cette électronique, les choix technologiques permettant de la rendre suffisamment tolérante aux radiations et les mesures quantifiant cette tolérance. La seconde partie de ce mémoire porte d'abord sur l'identification des photons avec les calorimètres de LHCb. La méthode est présentée avec ses performances. Enfin, l'étalonnage absolu en énergie des PRS et ECAL, basée sur les données enregistrées avec le détecteur en 2010, est décrite dans le dernier chapitre de cette même seconde partie.

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