Les activités anthropiques ont apporté des changements majeurs à notre système global. Par ailleurs, la matière organique dissoute(MOD) du littoral a une grande influence sur le cycle global du carbone et donc sur le changement climatique. L'apport côtier enMOD représente la matière organique terrestre. Les rivières urbanisées sont fortement impactées par la MOD anthropiqueprovenant des usines de traitement des eaux usées. La MOD chromophorique est un sous-groupe de la MOD qui peut absorber lalumière. La MOD fluorescente est à son tour un sous-groupe de la MOD chromophore. Le signal de fluorescence de la MODanthropogénique dans la zone côtière n'est pas bien caractérisé et évalué dans la littérature. Les dégradations induites parphotochimie et les changements au niveau moléculaire sont peuvent de plus influencer la MOD. Dans la présente étude, plusieursexpériences d'irradiation solaire ont été menées avec plusieurs modes de filtration de mélange d’eau de rivière, d’eau de mer et d'uneffluent de station de traitement des eaux usées dans le but de trouver un signal spécifique de fluorescence comme un traceur de laMOD anthropique en utilisant les matrices d'émission d'excitation de la spectroscopie de fluorescence (EEMs) couplées à latechnique statistique chimiométrique de l'analyse factorielle parallèle CP/PARAFAC. Un modèle de régression multilinéaire a étédéveloppé entre la contribution des composantes CP/PARAFAC et la composition du mélange. La cinétique des paramètres derégression multilinéaire a également été étudiée. Des suivis géographiques de l'évolution du signal de fluorescence dans la rivièreGapeau jusqu'à la mer ont été menées ainsi qu’une étude temporelle du signal de fluorescence. Le modèle de régressionmultilinéaire développé a été appliqué pour modéliser les résultats des expériences de champs géographiques et temporelles. Lesrésultats ont montré que le modèle de régression multilinéaire est excellent. Par contre la recherche d'un signal ou d'une signaturede fluorescence spécifique pour l'eau de rivière, les stations d'épuration des eaux usées ou l'eau de mer n'a pas pu être réalisée dansce travail. Dans la zone côtière affectée par l'homme, les matières organiques fluorescentes résiduelles proviennent principalementsinon uniquement de l'usine de traitement des eaux usées, et aucun signal spécifique provenant de l'eau de mer n'a pu être détectéprès de la côte. / Anthropogenic activities have done major changes to our global system. The coastal dissolved organic matter has great influenceon the global carbon cycle and hence climate change. The riverine input of dissolved organic matter represents the terrestrialorganic matter. Urbanized rivers is greatly impacted by the anthropogenic dissolved organic matter coming from wastewatertreatment plants . Chromophoric dissolved organic matter is a subgroup of the dissolved organic matter which can absorb light.Fluorescent dissolved organic matter in turn is a subgroup of the chromophoric dissolved organic matter .The fluorescence signalof the anthropogenic dissolved organic matter in the coastal zone is not well characterized and evaluated in the literature.Photochemically induced degradations and changes at the molecular level is considered to be a great process which could influencethe dissolved organic matter . In the present study, Laboratory mixing experiments several sunlight irradiation experiments wereconducted with several modes of filtration of three endmember mixing components ( River water, Sea water , wastewater treatmentplant effluent discharge) with the objective of finding a specific signal of fluorescence which could be a tracer of the anthropogenicdissolved organic matter through using the fluorescence spectroscopy excitation emission matrices (EEMs) coupled with thechemometric statistical technique of Parallel Factor analysis CP/PARAFAC. Moreover, multilinear regression model between thecontribution of CP/PARAFAC components and two content fraction of River water and Seawater endmember was developed. Inaddition the kinetics of the multilinear regression parameters were investigated. On top of that , geographical investigations of theevolution of fluorescence signal in the Gapeau river till the sea were conducted. Furthermore, Temporal investigation of thefluorescence signal for four water points in the pathway of Gapeau river were done. The multilinear regression model developedwas applied to model the results of the geographical and temporal field experiments. Results have shown that Multilinearregression model for contribution of CP/PARAFAC components is excellent and could be done for the three endmembers. Inaddition the search for specific fluorescence signal or signature for river water, wastewater treatment plants and sea water couldn’tbe done in this work. In human impacted coastal zone, residual fluorescent organic matter come from wastewater treatment plant,and no specific signal from sea water could be detected near the coast.

Os tempos de relaxação longitudinal (T1) e transversal (T2) têm sido frequentemente utilizados na RMN no domínio tempo (RMN-DT) para a obtenção de propriedades físicas e químicas de alimentos, polímeros, petróleo e produtos farmacêuticos. A sequência de pulsos Carr-Purcell- Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) é o método tradicional e mais utilizado para medida de T2, por ser uma técnica rápida para determinação deste tempo de relaxação. Por outro lado, a determinação do T1 não é muito comum, pois as técnicas tradicionalmente utilizadas para sua mensuração, Inversão Recuperação (IR) e Saturação Progressiva (SP), requerem longo tempo de análise. Desta forma, vários autores vêm desenvolvendo métodos bidimensionais (2D) rápidos, para medida de ambos os tempos de relaxação ou da razão T1/T2. Entretanto, estes métodos requerem sequências de pulsos e tratamentos de dados mais sofisticados do que os métodos unidimensionais (1D). Recentemente têm sido desenvolvidas técnicas 1D rápidas para determinação simultânea de T1 e T2 no estado estacionário de precessão livre (Steady State Free Precession - SSFP). Estas sequências são denominadas de Continuous Wave Free Precession (CWFP) e Carr-Purcell Continuos Wave Free Precession (CP-CWFP). A desvantagem desses métodos, é que estes necessitam o ajuste da frequência de offset e do tempo entre os pulsos (Tp), a fim de se obter um ângulo de precessão múltiplo ímpar de π. Desta forma, neste estudo foi proposta a utilização de técnicas provenientes da CWFP com alternância de fase (AF) de π entre os pulsos, as quais na condição de ressonância são independentes do Tp, para Tp<T2∗. Estas sequências são a CWFPx-x e CP-CWFPx-x, que se diferem da CWFP e CP-CWFP somente pela AF de π entre os pulsos de refocalização (x\' e -x\') e a CPMG90y-y que é similar a CPMG90, porém, os pulsos de refocalização são com alternância de fase (y e -y). Nestas sequências, os tempos de relaxação são determinados através da amplitude do sinal logo após o primeiro pulso, |M0|, a amplitude do sinal no estado estacionário, |MEE|, e a constante de tempo exponencial T∗. As constantes de tempo T1 e T2 obtidas com as sequências com AF de π foram iguais ou muito similares às obtidas pelos métodos padrão de determinação destas constantes de tempo (IR e CPMG). Entretanto, dentre as sequências com e sem AF de π apresentadas neste estudo, a CP-CWFPx-x demonstrou ser a melhor sequência para determinação de T1 e T2. Já que o sinal desta apresenta elevada faixa dinâmica do estado quase-estacionário ao estado estacionário que permite a determinação dos tempos de relaxação em amostras com qualquer razão T1/T2. Ainda, esta característica da CP-CWFPx-x possibilita sua aplicação em casos onde há baixa razão sinal ruído. / Longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relation times have been often used in time domain NMR (TD-NMR) to obtain physical and chemical properties of the food, polymers, petroleum and pharmaceutical materials. The Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence is the standard method to measure T2 because it is a fast and accurate method. On the other hand, pulse sequences for T1 determination, as Inversion Recovery (IR) e Saturation Progressive (SP), is not common, such require long time. Under these circumstances, several authors developed two-dimensional (2D) fast methods to determine relation times and/or T1/T2 ratio. However, these methods require pulse sequences that are more sophisticated and difficult data processing than one-dimensional (1D) method. This way, recently, fast 1D techniques, based on Steady State Free Precession (SSFP), has been developed to determine simultaneous T1 and T2.These methods are named the Continuous Wave Free Precession (CWFP) and Carr-Purcell Continuos Wave Free Precession (CP-CWFP). The main disadvantage of these methods is that they require the adjustment of the offset frequency and the time between pulses (Tp) in order to obtain a precession angle odd multiple of π. Therefore, in this study, it proposed to use CWFP technique with π phase alternation (PA), which in resonance are Tp independent, when Tp<T2∗. These pulse sequences were named CWFPx-x, CP-CWFPx-x. They are similar to CWFP and CP-CWFP, however with π PA between refocusing pulse (x\' and -x\'). In addition, other pulse sequence, named CPMG90y-y will be analyzed. It is similar to CPMG90, however, the refocusing pulses have PA (y\' and -y\'). In these pulse sequences, the relaxation times are determine by the signal amplitude immediately after the first pulse |M0| and in the stationary state |Mss|, as wells as the exponential time constant T∗. T1 and T2 determine by the π PA sequences were similar those one obtained by standard methods, IR and CPMG. Nevertheless, among the sequences with or without PA, show in this study, the CP-CWFPx-x proved be the best sequence for T1 and T2 determination, because of its highest dynamic range of the quasi-stationary state to stationary state. Thus, it provides the relaxation times determination independent of the T1/T2 ratio and can be use in cases of the low-reason signal to noise ratio.

Kunskapen om funktionshindrade människors liv över tid och om innebörden av att leva med funktionshinder under många år, att åldras och vara gammal är begränsad. Trots att Cerebral Pares (CP) är definierat som en icke progressiv hjärnskada som i första hand påverkar de motoriska funktionerna så uppstår sekundära svårigheter som förvärras över tid. Syftet med studien är att med hjälp av livsberättelser från vuxna med CP beskriva och analysera deras upplevelse av att bli äldre och hur de upplever att åldrandet påverkar deras bild av sig själv och deras livsvillkor. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ ansats och har en induktiv slutledningsform, som innebär att man utifrån olika observationer och undersökta fenomen leder till en generaliserad slutsats. Genomförandet av studien utgår från ett socialkonstruktionistiskt vetenskapligt perspektiv och en narrativ metod som grund för de kvalitativa intervjuarna. Mitt datainsamlande har bestått av 4 intervjuer med två olika intervjupersoner, med öppna frågor och följdfrågor. Resultatet visade på ett tidigare åldrande, än för personer utan funktionsnedsättning, som i sin tur resulterat i ett utanförskap ekonomiskt, hälsomässigt och arbetsmässigt. För intervjupersonen som tidigare hade klarat sig själv uppstod ett ökat hjälpbehov och minskad självständighet. Självbilden påverkas på olika sätt. För den ena intervjupersonen är funktionsnedsättningen en naturlig del av självbilden, och den andra intervjupersonen separerar på sig själv och funktionsnedsättningen beroende på den sociala kontexten. Det senaste kan vara svårare med stigande ålder då ålderssymptom förvärrar effekterna av funktionsnedsättningen. / The knowledge of disabled people's lives over time is limited. Cerebral Palsy (CP) is defined as a non-progressive brain damage which firstly affects the motor functions, it can also cause secondary difficulties which become worse with time. The aim of the study is to describe and analyze adults with CP, their experiences of getting older, the way they experience how aging affects their image of themselves and their living conditions by means of life stories. The study is based on a qualitative approach and an inductive logic, which means that based on different observations and investigated phenomena, a generalized conclusion is reached. The implementation of the study is based on a social constructionist perspective and a narrative method as the basis for the qualitative interviews. The data collection consisted of four interviews with two different interviewees, with open and follow-up questions. For the interviewee who had previously taken care of himself, an increased need for help and reduced independence occurred. Self-image is influenced differently. For one interviewee, disability is a natural part of his self-image, and the other interviewee separates himself and his disability depending on the social context. The later can be harder with increasing age as age symptoms aggravate the effects of disability.

Title: Study of b-quark processes in the Belle experiment Author: Daniel Červenkov Department: Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics Supervisor: Zdeněk Doležal Co-Supervisor: Karim Trabelsi Abstract: A study regarding the plausability of using the B0 → D∗ ρ± decay channel and the data set of the Belle experiment to measure sin(2φ1+φ3) has been carried out. Two fitters have been created. A time-independent one, which ex- hibits high stability and reports gratifying fit uncertainties, and a time-dependent one. During the testing of the latter we have discovered an EvtGen flaw and pro- posed a temporary workaround. Nevertheless, the time-dependent fitter fails to recover the correct values. More work will be needed to reach conclusive results. Keywords: B meson, CP violation, angular analysis, time-dependent, fitter

Os tempos de relaxação longitudinal (T1) e transversal (T2) têm sido frequentemente utilizados na RMN no domínio tempo (RMN-DT) para a obtenção de propriedades físicas e químicas de alimentos, polímeros, petróleo e produtos farmacêuticos. A sequência de pulsos Carr-Purcell- Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) é o método tradicional e mais utilizado para medida de T2, por ser uma técnica rápida para determinação deste tempo de relaxação. Por outro lado, a determinação do T1 não é muito comum, pois as técnicas tradicionalmente utilizadas para sua mensuração, Inversão Recuperação (IR) e Saturação Progressiva (SP), requerem longo tempo de análise. Desta forma, vários autores vêm desenvolvendo métodos bidimensionais (2D) rápidos, para medida de ambos os tempos de relaxação ou da razão T1/T2. Entretanto, estes métodos requerem sequências de pulsos e tratamentos de dados mais sofisticados do que os métodos unidimensionais (1D). Recentemente têm sido desenvolvidas técnicas 1D rápidas para determinação simultânea de T1 e T2 no estado estacionário de precessão livre (Steady State Free Precession - SSFP). Estas sequências são denominadas de Continuous Wave Free Precession (CWFP) e Carr-Purcell Continuos Wave Free Precession (CP-CWFP). A desvantagem desses métodos, é que estes necessitam o ajuste da frequência de offset e do tempo entre os pulsos (Tp), a fim de se obter um ângulo de precessão múltiplo ímpar de π. Desta forma, neste estudo foi proposta a utilização de técnicas provenientes da CWFP com alternância de fase (AF) de π entre os pulsos, as quais na condição de ressonância são independentes do Tp, para Tp<T2∗. Estas sequências são a CWFPx-x e CP-CWFPx-x, que se diferem da CWFP e CP-CWFP somente pela AF de π entre os pulsos de refocalização (x\' e -x\') e a CPMG90y-y que é similar a CPMG90, porém, os pulsos de refocalização são com alternância de fase (y e -y). Nestas sequências, os tempos de relaxação são determinados através da amplitude do sinal logo após o primeiro pulso, |M0|, a amplitude do sinal no estado estacionário, |MEE|, e a constante de tempo exponencial T∗. As constantes de tempo T1 e T2 obtidas com as sequências com AF de π foram iguais ou muito similares às obtidas pelos métodos padrão de determinação destas constantes de tempo (IR e CPMG). Entretanto, dentre as sequências com e sem AF de π apresentadas neste estudo, a CP-CWFPx-x demonstrou ser a melhor sequência para determinação de T1 e T2. Já que o sinal desta apresenta elevada faixa dinâmica do estado quase-estacionário ao estado estacionário que permite a determinação dos tempos de relaxação em amostras com qualquer razão T1/T2. Ainda, esta característica da CP-CWFPx-x possibilita sua aplicação em casos onde há baixa razão sinal ruído. / Longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relation times have been often used in time domain NMR (TD-NMR) to obtain physical and chemical properties of the food, polymers, petroleum and pharmaceutical materials. The Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence is the standard method to measure T2 because it is a fast and accurate method. On the other hand, pulse sequences for T1 determination, as Inversion Recovery (IR) e Saturation Progressive (SP), is not common, such require long time. Under these circumstances, several authors developed two-dimensional (2D) fast methods to determine relation times and/or T1/T2 ratio. However, these methods require pulse sequences that are more sophisticated and difficult data processing than one-dimensional (1D) method. This way, recently, fast 1D techniques, based on Steady State Free Precession (SSFP), has been developed to determine simultaneous T1 and T2.These methods are named the Continuous Wave Free Precession (CWFP) and Carr-Purcell Continuos Wave Free Precession (CP-CWFP). The main disadvantage of these methods is that they require the adjustment of the offset frequency and the time between pulses (Tp) in order to obtain a precession angle odd multiple of π. Therefore, in this study, it proposed to use CWFP technique with π phase alternation (PA), which in resonance are Tp independent, when Tp<T2∗. These pulse sequences were named CWFPx-x, CP-CWFPx-x. They are similar to CWFP and CP-CWFP, however with π PA between refocusing pulse (x\' and -x\'). In addition, other pulse sequence, named CPMG90y-y will be analyzed. It is similar to CPMG90, however, the refocusing pulses have PA (y\' and -y\'). In these pulse sequences, the relaxation times are determine by the signal amplitude immediately after the first pulse |M0| and in the stationary state |Mss|, as wells as the exponential time constant T∗. T1 and T2 determine by the π PA sequences were similar those one obtained by standard methods, IR and CPMG. Nevertheless, among the sequences with or without PA, show in this study, the CP-CWFPx-x proved be the best sequence for T1 and T2 determination, because of its highest dynamic range of the quasi-stationary state to stationary state. Thus, it provides the relaxation times determination independent of the T1/T2 ratio and can be use in cases of the low-reason signal to noise ratio.

Le recyclage des déchets organiques est une préoccupation environnementaleimportante tant du point de vue énergétique que du point de vue du réchauffement climatique.Le compostage permet la transformation d'un déchet en produit, le compost, mais permetaussi d'augmenter le stockage du carbone dans les sols. Parmi les déchets, les boues de stationd'épuration sont un type de déchet urbain organique problématique et grandissant. La teneurélevée en matières organiques des boues peut ainsi être valorisée grâce au co-compostageavec des déchets verts. En effet, de nombreuses modifications chimiques se produisent aucours du processus de maturation d’un compost transformant les molécules simples ensubstances humiques bénéfiques aux sols. Cependant, il n'existe pas encore, à ce jour, detechniques rapides et universelles permettant de prédire la stabilité et la maturité du compost.Il est, en effet, nécessaire, pour suivre l'évolution d'un compost, de mesurer un nombreimportant de paramètres biologiques (test de respirométrie, test de germination), physiques(pH, température,…) et chimiques (potentiel d'oxydo-réduction, capacité d’échange de cations(CEC),…). Ceci n'est pas économiquement viable et rarement fait sur les plates-formes decompostage.L’objectif de cette étude a donc été d’identifier quel(s) paramètre(s) pourrai(en)t êtreutilisé(s) pour suivre aisément, sur une plate-forme de compostage, l’évolution du compostsur le terrain. Pour cela, nous avons suivi un co-compostage de boues de station d’épurationau cours du processus de maturation dans des composteurs de particuliers (sur place et enserre) et dans l’andain (sur place) afin d’observer l’effet de la taille mais aussi l’effet desconditions climatiques sur le processus de compostage. Une méthode d’extraction simple etpeu coûteuse de la matière organique extractible à l’eau (WEOM) utilisant un percolateur àeau à température ambiante est proposée. Ces extraits à l'eau ont été caractérisés par différentsparamètres, tels que le carbone organique dissous (CODWEOM) et l’azote total (NTWEOM) oules acides gras volatils (AGVWEOM) mais aussi par différentes techniques spectrométriquesd'absorption UV-Visible et de fluorescence. Pour l’absorption, des indices nous informent surl'aromaticité (SUVA254 WEOM), la taille moléculaire (E2/E3 WEOM), le poids moléculaire (E4/E6WEOM) et sur les substitutions des composés organiques (EET/EBZ WEOM) de la matièreorganique. En ce qui concerne la fluorescence, les indices d'humification HLIF, Kalbitz WEOM,Milori WEOM, Ra,c WEOM et Zsolnay WEOM ont été utilisés pour étudier les propriétés de laWEOM. De plus, à partir des matrices d'excitation-émission de fluorescence, les composantsCP/PARAFAC ont été déterminés. Au total, ce sont 23 paramètres qui ont été suivis au coursdu compostage.Les résultats permettent de discriminer les indices les plus pertinents pouvant êtreutilisés sur le terrain. Ces indices sont le SUVA254 WEOM, ainsi que les indices de Kalbitz WEOMet de Milori WEOM. La spectrométrie est une technique pertinente pour le suivi du compost surle terrain. Il n'a pas été décelé d'influence de la météorologie pour les composteursparticuliers, mais bien un effet de taille pour certains paramètres. / The recycling of organic waste is a major environmental concern both from anenergetic perspective and the global warming. The composting allows the conversion of wasteinto a product, the compost, and also the increase of carbon storage in soils. Among thedifferent wastes, sewage sludges are a problematic and increasing organic urban waste. Thehigh level of organic matter in sludges can be valorized by co-composting with green waste.Indeed, many chemical changes occur in the compost maturation process, transforming thesimple molecules in humic substances which are beneficial for soils. However, there are notyet, rapid and universal techniques which could predict the stability and the maturity ofcompost. It is necessary to measure a large number of biological (respirometric test, test ofgermination), physical (pH, temperature,…) and chemical (redox potential, cation exchangecapacity (CEC),…) parameters in order to follow the compost evolution. These measurementsare expensive and are rarely done on the composting platforms.Our objective was therefore to determine which parameter(s) could be used to easilymonitor the compost on the platform. For that, we followed a co-composting of sewagesludges during the maturation process in private compost bins (platform and greenhouse) andin swath (platform) in order to observe the size effect and the climatic condition effect on thecomposting process. An easy and little expensive extraction method of the water extractibleorganic matter (WEOM), using a percolator with water at room temperature was proposed.These water extracts were characterized by various parameters, such as dissolved organiccarbon (DOC WEOM) and total nitrogen (TN WEOM) or the content of volatile fatty acids, butalso, by various spectroscopic technics such as UV-Visible absorption and fluorescence. ForUV-Visible absorption, indices provide data on the aromaticity (SUVA254 WEOM), themolecular size (E2/E3 WEOM), the molecular weight (E4/E6 WEOM) and the substitutions oforganic compounds (EET/EBZ WEOM) of organic matter. Regarding fluorescence, humificationindexes such as HLIF, Kalbitz WEOM, Milori WEOM, Ra,c WEOM and Zsolnay WEOM were used tostudy the properties of WEOM. In addition, from the excitation-emission fluorescencematrices, CP/PARAFAC components were determined. All in all, 23 parameters werefollowed during the composting.We were thus able to distiguish the most relevant indices that can be used on theplatform. These indices are the SUVA254 WEOM and indices of Kalbitz WEOM and Milori WEOM.The spectroscopy is a relevant technique for monitoring the compost in the field. No impactof climatic conditions was revealed for the private compost bins, but a size effect for someparameters was observed.

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There is evidence that while polyamines facilitate seizures by positively modulating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAr), selective antagonists of the NR2B-subunit decrease seizures. However, it remains undetermined whether traxoprodil (CP-101,606), an ifenprodil analog that acts as a selective antagonist of the NR2B subunit of the NMDAr, decreases seizure activity. In the current study we investigated whether traxoprodil alters PTZ-induced seizures in adult male Wistar rats by behavioral and electroencephalographical methods. Spermidine (SPD) (2 nmol/site; i.c.v.) facilitated behavioral and electroencephalographical seizures induced by a normally subeffective dose of PTZ (35 mg/kg; i.p.), but did not alter seizure activity induced by convulsant dose of PTZ (70 mg/kg; i.p). Traxoprodil (20 nmol i.c.v.) increased the latency to generalized tonic clonic seizures induced by PTZ (70 mg/kg; i.p). The oral administration of traxoprodil (60 mg/kg) increased the latency to clonic and tonic-clonic seizures, and decreased total time spent in seizures. These data constitute pharmacological evidence supporting a role for NR2B subunit in PTZ-induced seizures. While more studies are necessary to determine whether traxoprodil is a useful anticonvulsant in clinical settings, NR2B subunits may represent new targets of drug development for convulsive disorders. / Há evidências de que as poliaminas facilitam convulsões por modular positivamente os receptores N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDAr), e que os antagonistas seletivos a subunidade NR2B do NMDAr têm atividade anticonvulsivante. Entretanto, permanece indeterminado se o traxoprodil (CP-101,606), um análogo do ifenprodil que age como antagonista seletivo na subunidade NR2B do NMDAr, tem efeito anticonvulsivante. Neste estudo investigamos se o traxoprodil altera as convulsões induzidas por pentilenotetrazol (PTZ) em ratos Wistar machos por meio de métodos comportamentais e eletroencéfalográficos (EEG). Espermidina (SPD) (2 nmol/sítio; i.c.v.) facilita as convulsões comportamentais e eletroencéfalográficas induzidas por doses subconvulsivantes de PTZ (35 mg/kg; i.p.), mas não altera a atividade convulsiva induzida por dose plenamente convulsivante de PTZ (70 mg/kg; i.p.). Traxoprodil (20 nmol i.c.v.) aumenta a latência para convulsão tônico-clônica generalizada induzida por PTZ (70 mg/kg; i.p.). A administração oral de traxoprodil (60 mg/kg) aumenta as latências para convulsão clônica e tônico-clônica generalizada e diminui a duração total das convulsões induzidas por PTZ (70 mg/kg; i.p.). Esses dados mostram que o traxoprodil diminui as convulsões induzidas por PTZ, um modelo animal com bom poder de predição de atividade convulsivante em humanos, e sugerem um papel para a subunidade NR2B nas convulsões induzidas por PTZ. Enquanto mais estudos são necessários para determinar se o traxoprodil tem, de fato, atividade anticonvulsivante na clínica, as subunidades NR2B podem representar um novo alvo para o desenvolvimento de drogas anticonvulsivantes.

As telhas de cimento-amianto são utilizadas mundialmente nas construções comerciais, residenciais e industriais. O amianto foi a primeira aplicação de fibra natural em escala industrial. Esta fibra foi incorporada na forma do mineral (asbesto) como reforço de matrizes à base do cimento. O processo de fabricação de telhas de cimento-amianto mais utilizado mundialmente foi patenteado em 1900 por Ludwig Hatschek, recebendo o mesmo nome. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a melhoria do processo industrial (Hatschek) de fabricação de telha de cimento-amianto, com o uso de métodos estatísticos. Inicialmente as variáveis mais influentes no processo foram identificadas empregando-se o teste de correlação de Pearson e o Cp de Mallows que permitiu a escolha do melhor subconjunto da regressão (R², R²ajustado, Cp de Mallows e o desvio padrão do modelo). A seleção dessas variáveis permitiu a construção de modelos de regressão para o processo, para as respostas resistência mecânica e densidade da telha. Devido à análise de duas respostas, foi realizada uma otimização numérica por meio da função desejabilidade (desirability function), que é baseada na idéia de que a qualidade de um produto ou processo que tem múltiplas respostas depende de encontrar as variações do processo que atendem a todas as restrições impostas, sejam elas econômicas ou normas aplicáveis ao produto final. Com o resultado da otimização estabeleceram-se faixas de variação das variáveis mais influentes, que permitissem a operação do processo sob controle. Também, pode ser concluído que para a densidade de ambas as telhas (5 mm e 6 mm) encontraram-se modelos coerentes para serem usados mesmo após alguma modificação na máquina, enquanto que para a resistência os parâmetros dos modelos devem ser reajustados sempre que houver alguma modificação durante a parada da máquina. / Roofing tiles of the asbestos cement composites are used world-wide in the commercial, residential and industrial constructions. Asbestos was the first natural fiber application in industrial scale. This fiber was incorporated into the cimentitious matrices to overcome this weakness. The manufacturing process of asbestos-cement tiles most commonly used worldwide was patented in 1900 by Ludwig Hatschek, which gave his own name to this procedure. Considering that, this study aimed to improve the manufacturing process of roofing tiles of the asbestos cement composites, using several statistical methods. Firstly, the most influent variables were identified using the Pearson Correlation test and the Mallows Cp test, which provided the choice of the best subsets regression (R ², R ² adjusted, Mallows Cp and the standard deviation of this empirical model). The selection of these variables allowed the construction of regression models for the mechanical resistance and tile density responses. In order to fulfill the requirement of an appropriate analysis for two responses, a numerical optimization by means of desirability function was applied. This optimization is based on the premise that a product quality or process having multiple responses depends on finding all the variations that fulfill the imposed constraints. Even if these constraints were economic or norms applied to the final product. The optimization results established ranges of variation including the most influents variables, i.e., the ones that allow the process to run under control. Also, we conclude that for the density of both tiles (5 mm and 6 mm) were found consistent models to be used even after some eventual change in machine. For the resistance, however, the parameters of the models must be readjusted whenever it has some modification during the shutdown of the machine.