Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T13:51:24Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T13:51:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foram estudadas as series de ligas La0,7Mg0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Co(0,5-x)NbxNi3,8 (x =0 a 0,5) e La0,7Mg0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Nb(0,5-x)Ni(3,8-x) (x =0,3; 0,5 e 1,3), como eletrodo negativo de baterias de Níquel Hidreto Metálico. A pulverização das ligas foi realizada com duas pressões de H2 (2 bar e 9 bar). A capacidade de descarga das baterias de níquel hidreto metálico foi analisada pelo equipamento de testes elétricos Arbin BT-4. As ligas, no estado bruto de fusão, foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) e difração de raios-X. Com o aumento da concentração de nióbio nas ligas nota-se a diminuição da estabilidade cíclica das baterias e da capacidade máxima de descarga. A capacidade de descarga máxima obtida foi para a liga La0,7Mg0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Co0,5Ni3,8 (45,36 mAh) e a bateria que apresentou a melhor performance foi a liga La0,7Mg0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Co0,4Nb0,1Ni3,8 (44,94 mAh). / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

The production of raw materials through mining projects is nowadays very challenging, mainly due to the rapid progress in the industrial and technological fields. On the one hand, they have to fulfill industries' requirements in their demand for materials while making a profit based on the current technologies. On the other hand, they should consider all other limitations, primarily environmental and social challenges that are confronting. The transportation system in any mining project is one of the most significant parts, especially in the technical and economic issues. It must transfer the planned volume of ore/waste that the whole stream of the mining process would not be interrupted and, it can cover the technical challenges and the costs imposed on the project. Additionally, it should be designed and selected to have the lowest environmental impact and the highest safety during the operation. Accordingly, a transportation system selection process that considers all these factors is one of the challenging issues in any mining project. Although the Truck-Shovel system is known as the conventional transportation in open-pit mines, which is preferable because of the low capital cost and high flexibility, it still imposes a high rate of operating costs, safety issues as well as environmental footprints. In-Pit Crushing and Conveying (IPCC) systems are the alternative transportation systems for the Truck-Shovel systems, in which the material is crushed inside the mine’s pit limit and transferred into the outside through conveyor belts. Although these systems are not new, they are mostly neglected as a transportation option basically due to the high capital cost and low flexibility. On the contrary, they can offer more environmentally friendly and safer working areas and a lower operating cost. According to these facts, each transportation system is preferable in a couple of technical, economic, environmental, safety, and social issues. Accordingly, in each circumstance, one or more of these systems can be used in the mining project. However, there is not yet a way or tool that investigates the transportation system selection along with the mine life that takes into account all of these factors. To fill this gap, this project aims to define a model to introduce all these elements while it is interactively connected throughout the mine life. For this and as the first step, the system dynamics modeling is defined and used to build the model for all the technical, economic, environmental, safety, and social factors. As an output of this step, software entitled “TEcESaS Indexes” is designed and produced through Venapp that makes working with the model comfortable. As the second step, a selection method based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is performed that the transportation system selection regarding all the mentioned factors can be made. As the output in this step, the “Sustainability Index” software programmed in the Java language is developed. Considering a hypothetical copper open-pit mine as the case study and implementing the designed software, the results show although the Truck-Shovel system should be used in the first two years of the project (2016 and 2017) in the single expert and deterministic mode, the Fully Mobile In-Pit Crushing and Conveying (FMIPCC) system shows the highest sustainability index among other transportation systems from 2018 until the end of the mine life. While in the group decision making and deterministic simulation, the Truck-Shovel system should be utilized from 2016 to 2020. Additionally, in the group decision making and stochastic mode, the FMIPCC is the selected transportation system with the highest sustainability index probability.

MESMEG / Department of Mining and Environmental Geology / See the attached abstract below

In this study, the effect of speed was investigated on the breakage rate of UG2 platinum ore in a batch mill of 5 dm3 and 175 mm internal diameter. One size fraction method was carried out to perform the experiment. Five mono-sized fractions in the range of 1.180 mm to 0.212 mm separated by √2 series interval were prepared. The fractions were milled at different grinding times (0.5, 2, 4, 15 and 30 min) and three fractions of mill critical speed were considered (20%, 30%, and 40%). The target of critical speed below 50% was due to the need of lower energy consumption in milling processes. The selection and breakage function parameters were determined and compared for fractions of critical speed. First the grinding kinetics of the ore was determined and it was found that the material breaks in non-first order manner. Thereafter, effective mean rate of breakage was determined. It was found that the rate of breakage increased with increase of mill speed and optimum speed was not reached in the range of chosen mill speed fractions. Again the rate of breakage was plotted as a function of particle size, the optimum size was 0.8 mm when milling at 30% critical speed. As for 20% and 30% optimum size was not reached. The selection function parameters estimated at 30% critical speed were 𝑎0 = 0.04 min−1 , 𝛼 = 1.36, 𝜇 = 0.9 mm, and Λ = 3. Breakage function parameters were determined and was noticed that the material UG2 platinum ore is non-normalised, i.e. Φ value was changing from 0.25 to 0.90 depending on feed size and mill speed. The parameters 𝛽 and 𝛾 were constant at 7.3 and 1.17 respectively. / College of Science, Engineering and Technology / M. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)

Für die Weich- und Mittelhartzerkleinerung von Primär- und Sekundärrohstoffen werden zunehmend Profilwalzenbrecher eingesetzt. Trotz relativ geringer Zerkleinerungsgrade zeichnen sie sich durch einen geringen spezifischen Leistungsbedarf, hohe Durchsätze, eine einfache Konstruktion und Instandhaltung sowie eine störungsfreie Betriebsweise aus und sind auch bei adhäsivem Aufgabematerial anwendbar. Trotz der Bedeutung dieser Maschinen gibt es bisher nur unzureichende Auslegungsmethoden. Die theoretisch begründete Modellierung der Zerkleinerung in markant profilierten Walzenbrechern ist deshalb Gegenstand dieser Arbeit, um dadurch die Dimensionierungsgrundlagen zu verbessern und Einsatzmöglichkeiten in der Hartzerkleinerung abzuschätzen. Dazu werden im Rahmen einer Systembetrachtung zunächst die wesentlichen Prozessparameter der Zerkleinerung ermittelt und die Bauarten von Profilwalzenbrechern klassifiziert (Kapitel 2). Die Darstellung der bekannten Berechnungsmodelle für die Hauptzielgrößen „Grenzdurchsatz“, „Produktgranulometrie“ und „Leistungsbedarf“ ist Gegenstand von Kapitel 3. Darauf aufbauend wird in Kapitel 4 ein neues, physikalisch begründetes Auslegungsmodell vorgestellt und das Untersuchungsfeld hinsichtlich der zu analysierenden Aufgabestoffart und Maschinengeometrie eingegrenzt. Die für dieses Modell erforderlichen Zerkleinerungstest- und Simulationsergebnisse werden in Kapitel 5 und 6 dargestellt, bevor die Arbeit in Kapitel 7 mit einer Zusammenfassung und einem Ausblick abschließt.:Symbolverzeichnis III Tabellenverzeichnis XX Abbildungsverzeichnis XXI 1 Einleitung und Problemstellung 1 2 Systemanalyse von Profilwalzenbrechern 3 2.1 Einfluss- und Zielgrößen von Profilwalzenbrechern 3 2.2 Systematisierung und Einordnung von Profilwalzenbrechern 7 2.2.1 Klassifizierung von Profilwalzenbrechern 8 2.2.1.1 Klassifizierung nach konstruktiven Maschinenparametern 9 2.2.1.2 Klassifizierung nach der Belastungsart 18 2.2.2 Abgrenzung von Profilwalzenbrechern 25 3 Erkenntnisstand zur Zerkleinerung in Profilwalzenbrechern 29 3.1 Wertebereiche der Einfluss- und Zielgrößen von Profilwalzenbrechern 29 3.2 Auslegungsmodelle von Profilwalzenbrechern 32 3.2.1 Ermittlung des Grenzdurchsatzes 32 3.2.1.1 Einzugsbedingung für das Einzelkorn 32 3.2.1.2 Theoretisch begründete Ansätze für den Grenzdurchsatz 38 3.2.1.3 Empirische Ansätze für den Grenzdurchsatz 47 3.2.2 Ermittlung der Produktkorngrößenverteilung 49 3.2.3 Ermittlung des Leistungsbedarfs 54 3.2.3.1 Theoretisch begründete Ansätze für den Leistungsbedarf 57 3.2.3.2 Empirische Ansätze für den Leistungsbedarf 68 3.3 Wertung des Erkenntnisstandes und Präzisierung der Aufgabenstellung 75 4 Neues Auslegungsmodell für Profilwalzenbrecher 77 4.1 Aufbau des Modells 77 4.2 Voruntersuchungen zu den Einflussgrößen des Modells 78 4.2.1 Analyse maschinenbezogener Parameter 78 4.2.1.1 Primäroptimierung der Profilwalzengeometrie 79 4.2.1.2 Sekundäroptimierung der Profilwalzengeometrie 86 4.2.2 Analyse aufgabestoffbezogener Parameter 95 4.2.3 Analyse systembezogener Parameter 99 4.3 Bestimmung der Zielgrößen des Modells 101 4.3.1 Simulation der Einzelkornzerkleinerung in einem Modellwalzenbrecher 101 4.3.2 Aggregation der Simulationsergebnisse auf die Massestromzerkleinerung 102 4.3.3 Skalierung der Simulationsergebnisse auf den Originalwalzenbrecher 110 5 Zerkleinerungsversuche für das neue Auslegungsmodell 115 5.1 Grundlagen zur Einzelkorndruckzerkleinerung 115 5.1.1 Physikalische Beschreibung von Deformations- und Bruchprozessen 115 5.1.2 Empirische Analyse von Deformations- und Bruchprozessen 121 5.1.2.1 Einfluss- und Zielgrößen der Einzelkorndruckzerkleinerung 121 5.1.2.2 Korngrößeneffekt der Einzelkorndruckzerkleinerung 124 5.1.2.2.1 Versuchsergebnisse zum Korngrößeneffekt 124 5.1.2.2.2 Mathematisch-statistische Ansätze zum Korngrößeneffekt 128 5.2 Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Einzelkorndruckzerkleinerung 132 5.2.1 Aufbau der Versuchsapparaturen 132 5.2.2 Durchführung der Versuche 134 5.2.3 Auswertung der Versuche 136 6 DEM-Simulationen für das neue Auslegungsmodell 141 6.1 Grundlagen zur DEM-Simulation 141 6.1.1 Beschreibung der DEM 141 6.1.2 Bisherige DEM-Simulationen von Zerkleinerungsprozessen 151 6.2 Kalibrierung des DEM-Gesteinsmodells 154 6.2.1 Statistische Simulationsplanung 156 6.2.2 Simulationsdurchführung 159 6.2.3 Voroptimierung 161 6.2.4 Nachoptimierung 164 6.3 Walzenbrechersimulationen mit dem kalibrierten DEM-Gesteinsmodell 166 6.3.1 Aufbau des Walzenbrechersimulationsprogramms 166 6.3.2 Ergebnisse der Walzenbrechersimulationen 169 6.3.2.1 Simulationsergebnisse zum Massedurchsatz des Walzenbrechers 169 6.3.2.2 Simulationsergebnisse zur Produktkorngrößenverteilung des Walzenbrechers 171 6.3.2.3 Simulationsergebnisse zum Leistungsbedarf des Walzenbrechers 174 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 178 Literaturverzeichnis XXIV Anlagenverzeichnis XXXV

In vielen Bereichen der Tagebautechnik spielt die Zerkleinerung von Material/ -strömen eine wesentliche Rolle, wobei sich je nach Material verschiedene Anforderungen an das Brechersystem ergeben. In Folge dessen werden Brecher auftragsspezifisch, meist für einen speziellen Gesteinstyp oder Einsatzort entwickelt oder modifiziert. Eine aussagekräftige Prognose der im Bruchprozess auftretenden Lasten auf den Brecher ist somit essentieller Bestandteil im Entwicklungsprozess. Ein viel versprechender Ansatz, um das Materialverhalten in der Lastprognose zu berücksichtigen, ist die numerische Simulation des Materialbruchverhaltens mit Hilfe der Diskreten-Elemente-Methode (DEM). Das Verhalten der sogenannten Partikel wird über Kontakt- und bond-Modelle beschrieben und soll das makroskopische Verhalten des jeweiligen Gesteins möglichst realitätsnah abbilden. Die Problematik ist, dass in SimulationX® keine Module zur DEM-Simulation vorhanden sind und umgekehrt in der DEM-Simulationsumgebung LIGGGHTSG® (LAMMPS improved for general granular and granular heat transfer simulations) keine derartige Maschinensimulation möglich ist. Der Ausweg ist die Co-Simulation zweier unterschiedlicher Simulationsumgebungen durch die Nutzung des ,,Functional Mock-Up Interface“-Standards (FMI). Berechnungsergebnis sind die dynamischen Lasten auf den Brecher unter Berücksichtigung des Materialverhaltens. Somit können früher in der Brecherentwicklung Prognosen zu auftretenden Lasten getroffen und Einflussuntersuchungen von Maschinenkonfigurationen zur Effizienzsteigerungen durchgeführt werden, was zuvor auf Grund des Einzelanfertigungscharakters nicht möglich oder nicht wirtschaftlich war.

Several researchers have concluded that there is little or no relationship between specific gravity and ring width or growth rate in yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.). Because most mechanical properties of wood are also closely related to specific gravity, it would thus be of interest to learn how minimum suppression and maximum release years' evidence that can be extracted from radial growth patterns based on a modified radial growth averaging (RGA) technique's influence the compression parallel to grain strength and specific gravity of wood. This study is designed to evaluate the effects of growth suppression and release on ultimate crushing stress and specific gravity for small-sized yellow-poplar specimens. Additionally, the relationship between specific gravity and ultimate crushing stress is investigated. Twenty-three yellow-poplar cores were examined for their growth ring widths. Minimum suppression and maximum release years were identified based on the modified RGA criteria method. From each increment core, three 1 Ã 1 Ã 4 mm specimens from both minimum suppression and maximum release years were tested for their ultimate crushing stresses using a micro-mechanical test system. The specific gravity of each specimen was also recorded. These data were analyzed using a paired samples t test and a simple linear regression. The results indicate that the mean ultimate crushing stress and specific gravity of maximum release years were significantly higher than that of minimum suppression years. Furthermore, the ultimate crushing stress was linearly related to the specific gravity of the specimens. / Master of Science

Poverty and the environment are closely linked, as people use environmental resources to support livelihoods. Illegal stone quarrying evident in Lusaka, Zambia is symbolic of the use of environmental resources by the poor. Stone crushing provides income yet it is characterized by land degradation, large-scale excavation and dumping of waste materials. This study provides an analytical account of stone crushing as a livelihood in Lusaka and makes recommendations for improving the livelihoods of stone crushers to become sustainable. Using a livelihoods approach, a qualitative study collected data from various role players in Lusaka. Assets (physical, natural, human, social and political capital) for stone crushers were assessed, revealing that stone crushers lack livelihood assets, key options and are exposed to various shocks due to seasonal shifts. Increasing access to key livelihood assets, reducing vulnerability, improving infrastructure, access to justice and tackling social exclusion and gender inequality will enhance their livelihoods. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

Les structures en enrochements sont parmi les ouvrages les plus usuels de génie civil (barrages, murs de soutènement,. . . ). Des tassements importants peuvent apparaître tout au long de leur durée de vie et sont principalement dus à la rupture des blocs rocheux. Cette thèse propose un modèle numérique permettant de simuler le comportement de matériaux granulaires présentant des ruptures de grains. Afin de prendre en compte la nature discontinue de ces milieux, la méthode des éléments discrets est utilisée. La modélisation adoptée est de type "Non-Smooth Contact Dynamics", où les grains et particules sont supposés rigides. Afin de générer des blocs ayant des formes complexes, un modèle de grain 3D est proposé. Ce modèle de grain est ensuite discrétisé en sous-éléments de forme tétraédrique liés par des liaisons cohésives afin de pouvoir représenter la rupture. Un critère de rupture de Mohr-Coulomb est utilisé. Le modèle est implémenté sur la plateforme logicielle LMGC90. Le modèle est d’abord éprouvé lors de simulations d’écrasement de blocs cassables entre deux plaques. Plusieurs paramètres contrôlant la résistance du grain sont étudiés : cohésion intergranulaire, taille, discrétisation, forme et orientation du grain. L’effet d’échelle observé sur ce type de matériau est vérifié. Le modèle est ensuite testé lors de simulations numériques de compression œdométrique d’enrochements. L’effet des paramètres du modèle et de l’assemblage du milieu granulaire est également étudié. Les simulations œdométriques sont confrontées à des résultats expérimentaux et présentent une bonne concordance. Enfin, des expérimentations numériques sont menées afin d’étudier les énergies mises en jeu dans ces essais. L’énergie de création de surface est estimée pour ce type de matériau. Les résultats sont proches des données de la littérature. / Rockfill structures are very popular among civil engineering structures (dams, retaining walls, . . . ). Important settlements can take place during the lifetime of these structures, settlements mainly caused by the breakage of rockfill grains. This thesis proposes a numerical model that allows the simulation of the behavior of granular materials exhibiting grain breakage. To take into account the discrete nature of these media, the discrete element method is chosen. The adopted strategy is the Non-Smooth Contact Dynamics method, where grains are considered to be rigid. To generate blocks having complex shapes, a 3D grain model is suggested. This grain model is then discretized into tetrahedral subgrains, joined together using cohesive bonds so that breakage can be simulated. A Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is used for the cohesive bonds. The model is implemented into the LMGC90 software platform. At first, the model is tested in single grain crushing simulations between two plates. Multiple parameters controling the strength of the grain are studied : the intra-granular cohesion, the size, the discretization and the orientation of the grain. The scale effect that characterizes this type of material is verified. Then the model is tested in numerical simulations of œdometric compression of rockfill. The influence of the parameters of the model and of those of the granular medium are studied. The results of œdometric simulations are compared to experimental results, and present a good agreement. Lastly, numerical experimentations are conducted in order to study the energies that are brought into play in the simulations. The surface creation energy is estimated for this type of material. Results are close to the data provided in the literature.

Poverty and the environment are closely linked, as people use environmental resources to support livelihoods. Illegal stone quarrying evident in Lusaka, Zambia is symbolic of the use of environmental resources by the poor. Stone crushing provides income yet it is characterized by land degradation, large-scale excavation and dumping of waste materials. This study provides an analytical account of stone crushing as a livelihood in Lusaka and makes recommendations for improving the livelihoods of stone crushers to become sustainable. Using a livelihoods approach, a qualitative study collected data from various role players in Lusaka. Assets (physical, natural, human, social and political capital) for stone crushers were assessed, revealing that stone crushers lack livelihood assets, key options and are exposed to various shocks due to seasonal shifts. Increasing access to key livelihood assets, reducing vulnerability, improving infrastructure, access to justice and tackling social exclusion and gender inequality will enhance their livelihoods. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)