The process of agricultural production in Brazil has as a main gear the application of chemicals carried out by spraying machines. This study aimed to identify possible interactions between the tips of spraying nozzles, application time and fungicides on the control of Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sidow) in three different cultivars. The work was carried out in Itaara - RS, spray nozzles used were XR 11002 (jet plan expanded use), TX 8002 (empty cone), TT 11002 (turbo fan), TJ60 11002 (twin flat) and AI 11002 (fan anti-drift). Applications were made at 8:00, 10:00 and 12 hours with fungicides cyproconazole+picoxystrobin and epoxiconazole+pyraclostrobin in R1 growth stage and repeated the second application 21 days after first in cultivars M-SOY 8000 RR, AL 72 and Agiara. Analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction between cultivars, spray nozzles and the application time for all variables, showing that several factors affect application technology. The increase of grain yield promoted by fungicides, in the average of application times ranged between nozzles, according to the cultivar. The cultivar AL 72 results showed the smallest variation between nozzles. The increase in grain yield promoted by treatments with different nozzles ranged between 37.39 and 45.75% for the fungicide pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole and 32.38 and 39.34% for the fungicide ciproconzaol + picoxystrobin / O processo de produção agrícola no Brasil tem como uma das engrenagens principal como a aplicação de produtos químicos realizados por máquinas de pulverização. O presente trabalho visou identificar possíveis interações entre pontas de pulverizações, horário de aplicação, cultivares de soja e fungicidas no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sidow). O trabalho foi realizado em Itaara RS, as pontas de aplicação utilizadas foram XR 11002 (jato plano de uso ampliado), TX 8002 (jato cônico vazio), TT 11002 (jato plano de ângulo grande), TJ60 11002 (jato plano duplo comum) e AI 11002 (jato plano com indução de ar). Foram realizadas aplicações as 8h00min, 10h00min e 12h00min com os fungicidas ciproconazol + picoxistrobina e epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina no estádio fonológico R1 e repetido a segunda aplicação 21 dias após, nas cultivares M-SOY 8000 RR, AL 72 e Agiara. A análise de variância revelou interação significativa entre cultivares, pontas de pulverização e horários de aplicação para todas as variáveis analisadas, demonstrando que diversos fatores afetam a tecnologia de aplicação. O incremento no rendimento de grãos promovido pelos fungicidas, na média dos horários de aplicação, apresentou variação entre pontas de pulverização, conforme a cultivar utilizada. A cultivar AL 72 foi aquela que apresentou a menor variação entre as pontas de pulverização. O incremento no rendimento de grãos promovido pelos tratamentos com as diferentes pontas de pulverização variou entre 37,39 e 45,75% para o fungicida epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina e 32,38 e 39,34% para o fungicida ciproconzaol + picoxistrobina

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-21T12:47:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CAMILO DE LELLIS DE SOUSA ALMEIDA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGHT - 2017.pdf: 2546909 bytes, checksum: 9a17a6c6552ab2c6353bb8690f5b1fd3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-21T12:47:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CAMILO DE LELLIS DE SOUSA ALMEIDA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGHT - 2017.pdf: 2546909 bytes, checksum: 9a17a6c6552ab2c6353bb8690f5b1fd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-24 / A gravioleira é uma frutífera de grande importância para região Nordeste brasileira. Atualmente a cultura encontra-se em expansão, tendo a necessidade de estudos que visem aumentar a disponibilidade da planta para formação de novos pomares. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de isolados de Trichoderma spp. no crescimento inicial de plântulas de gravioleira, bem como estudar a influência de ambientes e diferentes substratos no desenvolvimento de mudas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nas instalações da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), no Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar (CCTA), campus Pombal - PB. Para o primeiro experimento, as sementes de graviola cultivar Morada foram provenientes de frutos do pomar comercial localizado no Sítio Gado Brabo, município de Aparecida - PB. As sementes de graviola foram submersas por um período de 24 horas, nos respectivos tratamentos: T1 = Testemunha, sementes submersas em água destilada; T2 = Trichoderma harzianum na concentração de 2x108 UFC; T3 = Trichoderma longibrachiatum na concentração de 2x108 UFC; e T4 = T2 + T3. As características avaliadas foram altura de plântulas, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca da raiz, massa seca total e índice de qualidade de Dickson. Já para o segundo experimento, também foram utilizadas as sementes da cultivar Morada, semeadas nos substratos constituídos pelas diferentes combinações de esterco bovino, esterco caprino, fibra de coco e basaplant, que variaram de 25 a 50%, combinadas com solo nas proporções de 25, 50 e 100%, de acordo com seus respectivos tratamentos. O experimento foi conduzido em dois ambentes: A1- Viveiro coberto com malha sombrite® 50% e A2 - a ceu aberto. As variáveis analisadas foram: índice de velocidade de emergência, porcentagem de emergência, taxa de assimilação de CO2, transpiração, condutância estomática, concentração interna de CO2, eficiência no uso da água e a eficiência instantânea da carboxilação, aos 60 dias após o semeio. Ao longo do desenvolvimento 60, 80, 100 e 120 dias após o semeio, foram realizadas avaliações para altura de planta, diâmetro do caule e número de folhas. No final do experimento, aos 120 dias, foram realizados o comprimento de raiz, massa seca da parte aérea e raiz, massa seca total e o índice de qualidade de Dickson. Em posse dos dados dos experimentos, conclui-se que o Trichoderma harzianum e Trichoderma 1Orientador(a): Drª. Marinês Pereira Bomfim, UFCG/CCTA longibrachiatum não afetaram a promoção de crescimento de plântulas de gravioleira, nas condições em que o trabalho foi desenvolvido. Já para o segundo experimento, o ambiente viveiro com sombrite® 50% foi o melhor para a formação das mudas, e os tratamentos contendo esterco bovino são mais propícios para a formação das mudas de gravioleira, com destaque para os tratamentos T2 e T5, por apresentarem em suas composições maiores concentrações de solo, proporcionando diminuição nas concentrações de basaplant ou fibra de coco, que são materiais mais caros, sem prejuízos na qualidade de mudas. / The soursop is a fruit of great importance for the Brazilian Northeastern region. Currently, the crop is expanding, and studies are needed to increase plant availability for new orchards. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma spp. in the initial growth of soursop seedlings, as well as to study the influence of environments and different substrates in the development of seedlings. The experiments were conducted at the Federal University of Campina Grande (FUCG), at the Center for Agro-Food Science and Technology (CAST), Pombal-PB campus. For the first experiment, soursop Morada variety seeds were obtained from fruits of the commercial orchard located in the Gado Brabo Farm, in the municipality of Aparecida - PB. The soursop seeds were submerged for a period of 24 hours in the respective treatments: T1 = Test, seeds submerged in distilled water; T2 = Trichoderma harzianum at 2x108 CFU concentration; T3 = Trichoderma longibrachiatum at 2x108 CFU concentration; and T4 = T2 + T3. The evaluated characteristics were seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves, dry shoot mass, root dry mass, total dry mass and Dickson quality index. Also for the second experiment, the seeds of the Morada variety were also sown on the substrates composed of different combinations of cattle manure, goat manure, coconut fiber and basaplant, which varied from 25 to 50%, combined with soil in proportions of 25, 50 and 100%, according to their respective treatments. The experiment was conducted in two environments: A1- Covered vivarium with sombrite® 50% mesh and A2 - the open sky. The variables analyzed were: emergence speed index, emergency percentage, CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, CO2 internal concentration, water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency at 60 days after sowing. During planting 60, 80, 100 and 120 days after sowing, evaluations were done for plant height, stem diameter and leaf number. At the end of the experiment, at 120 days, the root length, dry shoot and root mass, total dry mass and the Dickson quality index were determined. Based on the data from the experiments, it was concluded that Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma longibrachiatum Didn't affect the growth promotion of soursop seedlings under the conditions in which the work was developed. For the second experiment, the vivarium environment with sombrite® 50% was the best for seedling formation, and the treatments containing bovine 1Orientador(a): Drª. Marinês Pereira Bomfim, UFCG/CCTA manure are more favorable for the formation of soursop seedlings, with emphasis on T2 and T5 treatments, for to present higher concentrations of soil in their compositions, providing a reduction in the concentrations of basaplant or coconut fiber, which are more expensive materials, without loss of seed quality.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and productive potential of crambe, being conducted two experiments where the first was tested the viability of crambe seeds stored in different environments and packages aimed at their preservation during storage. The second evaluated the agronomic performance of crambe, through productivity in bulk and oil in different combinations of fertilizers and spacings. The experimental design used in the first experiment was completely randomized in split plot scheme, with four replications, with the share storage environments (natural, cold and freezer chamber), the subplots packaging (paper, black polyethylene, transparent polyethylene and pet bottle) and the subsubplots storage periods (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 months). Every two months the seeds were submitted to the determination of water content and germination, germination speed index, accelerated aging, emergency speed index and electrical conductivity. Not recommended the use of paper as packaging of the seeds in natural environment for long periods of storage. When storing the seeds in plastic bottles during the storage period, it is recommended to use the freezer, since the rates of germination rate and germination rate is maintained for a longer period of storage. The electrical conductivity increases linearly during the storage period, there may be a compromise in the quality of seeds, and the polyethylene packaging more efficient for packaging seeds, to reduce the damage that variable. The polyethylenes were presented as the most efficient packaging for packaging crambe seed, especially in black color and when using the cold chamber as the storage environment. In the second experiment, the experimental design was randomized blocks in a 4x4 factorial design with four replications. The factors studied were four row spacings (15, 20, 25, 30 cm) and 4 NPK combinations for fertilizers (C0 = without fertilizer; C1 = minimum; C2 = average; C3 = recommended maximum). Grain yield was evaluated (kg ha-1) and oil (L.ha-1) as well as seed oil content (%). Unfertilized maximum grain yield was 1494.58 kg ha-1, using 21.50 cm spacing, while fertilizing with maximum recommendations of NPK, productivity increased to 1938.44 kg ha-1 of grain in smaller spacing (16,40cm). With respect to oil productivity it was observed that there was no reason to use 17,37cm spacing above, since the productivity that will not exceed 427.06 L.ha-1. The maximum capacity of the seed oil yield was 26.76%, is not recommended to use values ​​above the minimum of NPK in the soil, which will lead to decrease in this revenue. The recommended spacing between lines for crambe culture is 16 cm to 17 cm, applying a minimum fertilizer NPK, as will occur higher productivity and yield of oil, while for higher grain should apply the maximum NPK in the soil. Unfertilized the crambe culture present better results if grown with spacing of 21 cm / Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial fisiolÃgico e produtivo do crambe, sendo realizados dois experimentos, onde no primeiro foi testado a viabilidade das sementes de crambe armazenadas em diferentes ambientes e embalagens, visando a sua conservaÃÃo durante o armazenamento. No segundo avaliou-se o desempenho agronÃmico do crambe, atravÃs da produtividade em massa e Ãleo, em diferentes combinaÃÃes de adubaÃÃo e espaÃamentos. O delineamento experimental utilizado no primeiro experimento foi o inteiramente casualizado, no esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, com quatro repetiÃÃes, sendo a parcela os ambientes de armazenamento (natural, cÃmara fria e freezer), nas subparcelas as embalagens (papel, polietileno preto, polietileno transparente e garrafa pet) e nas subsubparcelas os perÃodos de armazenamento (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 meses). A cada dois meses as sementes foram submetidas à determinaÃÃo do teor de Ãgua e aos testes de germinaÃÃo, Ãndice de velocidade de germinaÃÃo, envelhecimento acelerado, Ãndice de velocidade de emergÃncia e condutividade elÃtrica. NÃo se recomenda a utilizaÃÃo de papel como embalagem das sementes em ambiente natural, por longos perÃodos de armazenamento. Ao se armazenar as sementes em garrafas de polietileno ao longo do perÃodo de armazenamento, recomenda-se utilizar a cÃmara fria, jà que os Ãndices de velocidade de germinaÃÃo e taxa de germinaÃÃo sÃo mantidos por um perÃodo maior de armazenamento. A condutividade elÃtrica aumenta linearmente no decorrer do perÃodo de armazenamento, podendo haver um comprometimento na qualidade das sementes, sendo as embalagens de polietilenos as mais eficientes para o acondicionamento das sementes, por reduzir o prejuÃzo nessa variÃvel. Os polietilenos se apresentaram como as embalagens mais eficientes para o acondicionamento das sementes de crambe, principalmente na coloraÃÃo preta e quando se utiliza a cÃmara fria como ambiente de armazenamento. No segundo experimento, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4x4 com 4 repetiÃÃes. Os fatores estudados foram 4 espaÃamentos entre linhas (15; 20; 25; 30 cm) e 4 combinaÃÃes de NPK para adubaÃÃo (C0 = sem adubaÃÃo; C1= mÃnimos; C2= mÃdios; C3= mÃximos recomendados). Foram avaliadas as produtividades de grÃos (kg.ha-1) e Ãleo (L.ha-1), bem como teor de Ãleo das sementes (%). Sem adubaÃÃo a produtividade mÃxima de grÃos foi de 1.494,58 kg.ha-1, utilizando 21,50 cm de espaÃamento, enquanto adubando com as recomendaÃÃes mÃximas de NPK, a produtividade aumentou para 1.938,44 kg.ha-1 de grÃos em menor espaÃamento (16,40cm). Com relaÃÃo à produtividade do Ãleo observou-se que nÃo se justifica utilizar espaÃamento acima de 17,37cm, jà que a referida produtividade nÃo irà ultrapassar 427,06 L.ha-1. A capacidade mÃxima de rendimento de Ãleo nas sementes foi de 26,76%, nÃo sendo recomendado utilizar valores acima do mÃnimo de NPK no solo, o que acarretarà diminuiÃÃo nesse rendimento. O espaÃamento recomendado entre linhas para a cultura do crambe à de 16 cm a 17 cm, aplicando-se uma adubaÃÃo mÃnima de NPK, jà que ocorrerÃo maior produtividade e rendimento de Ãleo, enquanto para a maior produtividade de grÃos deve-se aplicar o mÃximo de NPK no solo. Sem adubaÃÃo a cultura do crambe apresentarà melhores resultados se cultivada com espaÃamento entre linhas de 21 cm

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_carlos_bork.pdf: 337141 bytes, checksum: e04f8decdee3e6aadb9129f0c111e9ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-09 / Soybean is by far the most important crop in Brazil, occupying the largest area and leading the exports from the agriculture sector. The use of high quality seeds is indispensable to achieve high yield potential, and this work aimed at establishing the efficiency of the different processes that drive seed production, post harvest technology and commerce of soybean seeds from a producer in the state of Paraná. The case study was undertaken at the Guerra seed company, located in the county of Pato Branco, state of Paraná. Besides growing its own seed produce, this grower manages also seed multiplication contracts for Syngenta Seeds, specifically for the cultivars NK412113 and NK8350. The data base for this study, which covers the period 2001 to 2006 was composed of: 1-Area grown to seed production; 2- Area not approved for seed production; 3- Gross seed produce; 4- Quantity of clean, graded seed; 5- Quantity of seed approved for market release, and 6- Quantity of traded seed. Regarding the area grown to the crop and its harvest as seed, the percentage area approved for seed production was calculated; likewise for the quantity of gross seed harvested in relation to that effectively processed and the quantity finally approved for market release and that effectively realized. The records were obtained directly from the seed company, considering from 2001 onward the data for all soybean cultivars marketed by the latter and as from 2003 those cultivars from Syngenta Seeds. The data were arranged into tables, according to production year for all fifteen cultivars from Guerra Seeds whereas in the case of Syngenta Seeds the grouping was undertaken exclusively on the basis of the cultivars, to best suit the objectives of this work. The different seed lots were considered the treatment replicates. Based on the results it can be stated that there is a large difference among cultivars in the efficiency with which soybean seeds are produced and processed. In general, it was observed that seed processing is responsible for discarding 25% of the produce, which emphasizes the need to improve the internal schemes of quality control. / A soja é a cultura que ocupa maior área de cultivo no Brasil e continua com a lavoura em expansão e lidera as exportações do agronegócio nacional. O uso de sementes de elevada qualidade é condição indispensável para obtenção de altas produtividades. Neste sentido o presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a eficiência nos processos de produção, tecnologia de pós-colheita e de comercialização de sementes de soja em um produtor de sementes no estado do Paraná. O estudo foi realizado na empresa de sementes Guerra localizada no município de Pato Branco no Estado do Paraná. Este produtor além de produzir sua própria semente também produz semente de soja sob contrato para a empresa Syngenta Seeds das cultivares NK 412113 e NK 8350. A base de dados do estudo, abrangendo os anos de 2001 a 2006, consistiu de; 1 - Área implantada para produção de sementes: 2- Área reprovada para produção de sementes; 3 - Quantidade semente bruta; 4 - Quantidade sementes limpa e classificada; 5 - Quantidade de semente aprovada para comercialização; 6 - Quantidade de semente comercializada. Em relação à área de cultivo e sua respectiva colheita para semente, calculou-se o percentual da área aprovada, assim como para a quantidade de semente bruta em relação a beneficiada e a quantidade aprovada para comercialização e a efetivamente realizada. Os registros foram obtidos da própria empresa selecionando-se a partir do ano de 2001 para todas as cultivares produzidas pela empresa a partir de 2003 para as cultivares da empresa Syngenta Seeds Ltda. Os dados foram agrupados em tabelas por ano de produção para as 15 cultivares da empresa, enquanto para as cultivares da Syngenta Seeds foram agrupadas por cultivares para acompanhar melhor os objetivos do estudo. Os lotes de sementes foram considerados as repetições do estudo. Com base nas informações verificou-se que: A eficiência na produção e beneficiamento de sementes de soja varia acentuadamente entre as cultivares. O processo de beneficiamento de sementes descarta mais de 25% da produção obtida. Há necessidade de melhorar o sistema de controle interno de qualidade.

The potential use of common bean land varieties regarding to agronomic performance and cooking quality was little evaluated by plant breeding programs. Therefore, objectives of this study were to evaluate the phenological, morphological, grain yield, absorption percentage and cooking quality characters of common bean land varieties obtained from different location; to study the correlations between phenological, morphological and grain yield characters; to estimate the direct and indirect effects of the characters on grain yield; to select common bean land varieties with high agronomic performance and reduced cooking time for family farms grown and for crosses in plant breeding programs. For this, 23 common bean cultivars, being nineteen land varieties and four cultivars developed by research, were evaluated in field experiments installed at the Federal Institute Farroupilha (IFF), Alegrete, and at Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, in growing season 2012/2013. A significant cultivar x location interaction was observed for the characters number of days from emergence to flowering, cycle, height of insertion of the first pod, height of insertion of the final pod, number of pods per plant, grain yield, b* chromaticity value, absorption percentage and cooking time. Preto Miúdo and Cavalo Rajado land varieties showed high grain yield and agronomic characters desirable for grown. The Banana and Perdiz land varieties showed reduced cooking time, however, presented low agronomic performance and type of grain out of commercial standards, which makes difficult its indication for grown. The number of pods per plant showed positive linear correlation of intermediate magnitude with the grain yield (r = 0.670), and the highest direct effect (0.632). There is presence of genetic variability among the common bean land varieties studied, which enables obtaining genetic gain in breeding programs using this germplasm. The indirect selection for the number of pods per plant is important component in predicting grain yield in common bean land varieties. Preto Miudo and Cavalo Rajado land varieties show high agronomic performance and its use is indicated for cultivation on family farms and for crosses in plant breeding programs. / O potencial de uso das cultivares crioulas de feijão quanto ao desempenho agronômico e a qualidade de cozimento foi pouco avaliado pelos programas de melhoramento. Sendo assim, foram objetivos deste trabalho avaliar os caracteres fenológicos, morfológicos, da produção, da porcentagem de absorção e de qualidade de cozimento de cultivares crioulas de feijão obtidas em diferentes locais; estudar as correlações fenotípicas entre os caracteres fenológicos, morfológicos e da produção; estimar os efeitos diretos e indiretos dos caracteres avaliados sobre a produtividade de grãos; selecionar cultivares crioulas de feijão com elevado desempenho agronômico e reduzido tempo de cozimento para cultivo na agricultura familiar e para uso em cruzamentos dirigidos em programas de melhoramento. Para tanto, 23 cultivares de feijão, sendo 19 crioulas e quatro desenvolvidas pela pesquisa, foram avaliadas em experimentos de campo instalados em área do Instituto Federal Farroupilha (IFF), Alegrete, e da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, no cultivo de safra 2012/2013. Interação cultivar x local significativa foi observada para os caracteres número de dias da emergência à floração, ciclo, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, altura de inserção da última vagem, número de vagens por planta, produtividade de grãos, valor de cromaticidade b*, porcentagem de absorção e tempo de cozimento. As cultivares crioulas Preto Miúdo e Cavalo Rajado apresentaram alta produtividade de grãos e caracteres agronômicos desejáveis para o cultivo. As cultivares Banana e Perdiz apresentaram tempo de cozimento reduzido, porém desempenho agronômico inferior e tipo de grão fora de padrões comerciais, o que dificulta a sua indicação para o cultivo. O número de vagens por planta apresentou correlação linear positiva de intermediária magnitude com a produtividade de grãos (r= 0,670) e o maior efeito direto (0,632) Variabilidade genética é observada entre as cultivares crioulas de feijão avaliadas, o que possibilita a obtenção de ganhos genéticos em programas de melhoramento com o uso deste germoplasma. A seleção indireta pelo número de vagens por planta é indicada na predição da produtividade de grãos em cultivares crioulas de feijão. As cultivares Preto Miúdo e Cavalo Rajado apresentam alto desempenho agronômico e seu uso é indicado para cultivo na agricultura familiar e para uso em programas de melhoramento.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Thompson Seedless and Regal Seedless are two white seedless table grape cultivars widely produced in South Africa. Both cultivars are susceptible to berry browning, especially Regal Seedless. Browning leads to annual financial losses for table grape growers. Although a correlation between harvest maturity and the occurrence of browning seems to exist, it is still unclear whether maturity levels are the actual contributing factor. The aim of the study was to establish if harvest maturity and crop load could influence the occurrence of browning of both cultivars. The impact of harvest maturity and crop load on phenolic compound concentration in the berry skin of both cultivars was also investigated. Total external browning of Regal Seedless and Thompson Seedless occurred in much higher percentages than internal browning. Regal Seedless showed a tendency to decreased total external browning with harvest maturity. The main reason for this is that net-like browning, which is the greatest contributor to total external browning, decreased with harvest maturity, in all three seasons. External browning of Thompson Seedless increased with harvest maturity in both seasons. Contact browning was the greatest contributor to total external browning of Thompson Seedless. Crop load did not significantly influence berry browning of Regal Seedless or Thompson Seedless grapes. The flavan-3-ol concentration (catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2) in Regal Seedless generally increased with harvest maturity, whereas in Thompson Seedless the general tendency was a decrease in the flavan-3-ol concentration with harvest maturity. The development of phenolic compound concentration with maturity could not be correlated with the occurrence of berry browning. Crop load did not affect flavan-3-ol concentration. When the flavan-3-ol concentration of Regal Seedless and Thompson Seedless were compared at different harvest maturities the concentrations of flavan-3-ols were clearly much higher in the skin of Regal Seedless than in the skin of Thompson Seedless (for both the 2008 & 2009 seasons). Comparison of the browning incidence with harvest maturity for these two cultivars (see above) clearly reveals that external browning of Regal Seedless occurred in much higher percentages than on Thompson Seedless. Regal Seedless had much higher levels of external browning than Thompson Seedless. The concentration of flavan-3-ols in the skin of white seedless cultivars may be an indication of the cultivar’s susceptibility to external browning. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Thompson Seedless en Regal Seedless is twee wit pitlose tafeldruif kultivars wat ekstensief in Suid-Afrika verbou word. Verbruining kan ‘n probleem wees by beide kultivars, spesifiek Regal Seedless. Die faktore wat aanleiding gee tot verbruining is nog nie duidelik bepaal nie. Alhoewel dit lyk of daar ‘n korrelasie tussen rypheidsgraad van die oes en verbruining kan wees is dit steeds onduidelik of oesrypheidsvlakke die werklike oorsaak van verbruining is. Die doel van die studie was om vas te stel of die rypheidsgraad van die oes en oeslading verbruining van beide kultivars kan beïnvloed. Die effek van oes rypheidsgraad en oeslading op konsentrasie van fenoliese verbindings in die korrelskil van beide kultivars is ook ondersoek. Totale eksterne verbruining van Regal Seedless en Thompson Seedless het in baie hoër persentasies voorgekom as interne verbruining. Daar was ‘n tendens by Regal Seedless dat totale eksterne verbruining verminder het soos die oes ryper geraak het as gevolg van netagtige verbruining, wat die grootste bydrae tot totale eksterne verbruining veroorsaak het. Netagtige verbruining se voorkoms het verminder oor al drie seisoene. Eksterne verbruining van Thompson Seedless het toegeneem met oes rypheid in beide seisoene. Kontak verbruining het grootste byrdae gelewer tot totale eksterne verbruining van Thompson Seedless. Oeslading het nie ‘n betekenisvolle invloed op verbruining van Regal Seedless en Thompson Seedless gehad nie. Die flavan-3-ol (katesjien, epikatesjien, prosianidien B1 en prosianidien B2) konsentrasie van Regal Seedless het met oes rypheid toegeneem. By Thompson Seedless was daar ‘n afname in die flavan-3-ol konsentrasie met oes rypheid. Daar was geen korrrelasie tussen die konsentrasie van fenoliese verbinding en die voorkoms van verbruining vir beide kultivars. Oeslading het nie ‘n betekenisvolle effek op die konsentrasie van fenoliese verbindings gehad nie. Vergelyking van die flavan-3-ol konsentrasie van Regal Seedless en Thompson Seedless by verskillende rypheidsgrade wys dat die konsentrasie baie hoër in die korrel skil van Regal Seedless as in die van Thompson Seedless (vir beide 2008 & 2009 seisoene). Die vergelyking van die voorkoms van verbruining met oesrypheid van beide kultivars wys duidelik dat eksterne verbruining van Regal Seedless in baie hoër persentasies voorkom as in Thompson Seedless. Flavan-3-ol konsentrasie in die skil van wit pitlose kultivars kan ‘n aanduiding wees van die kultivar se moontlike risiko vir die voorkoms van eksterne verbruining.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The global wine industry has shifted to a more adopted ‘consumer-preference’ production. Modern wine consumers are more knowledgeable and cultivated in their understanding of wine quality, value and style. The quality of red wines mainly depends on grape composition, the wine making process and the ability of tasters to recognise sensory attributes. The harvest date/stage has an influence on the grape composition, thus making the decision on when to harvest an important factor in the production of quality wines or different wine styles. The traditional indicators used in the wine industry to determine time of harvest are more related to the perception of taste and mouthfeel and give little indication of the style of wine in terms of aromatic profile. A new physiological indicator using berry sugar accumulation for the purpose of sequential harvest is proposed to assist the winemaker in producing wines with possible different sensory profiles. This indicator can be used in association with the classical indicators of ripening to affect the diversity of wine styles from a single vineyard or a group of vineyards. The wines could thus have different potential aroma profiles, depending on when the grapes were harvested. The main aim of this study was to assess the effect of performing sequential harvest using a physiological indicator on red wine’s sensory composition. This was done to study the possible relation between harvest time (e.g. fruit composition evolution) and the wine styles/sensory attributes across the different harvest times, thereby possibly increasing the diversity of wine styles. A theoretical berry sugar loading concept was compiled and displays a phase of rapid sugar loading starting at véraison followed by a plateau phase. Depending on whether grapes were harvested in the beginning, mid or end of the plateau phase of fruit sugar accumulation the wines could have different potential aroma profiles. Three main stages: fresh fruit (FF), neutral (N) or pre ripe and mature fruit (MF) has been previously proposed using the sugar loading concept and in terms of harvesting dates. Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grapes form Eikendal Vineyards, Stellenbosch were used to make wines according to sequential harvest. Four harvest stages were considered, pre fresh fruit (Pre FF), fresh fruit (FF), mature fruit (MF) and over ripe (OR). The wines were tasted and analysed using two different sensory techniques. In both Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon wines, the PreFF and OR stages could be more easily discriminated than the two harvest stages in-between, FF and MF. The results suggested that the wines made from the FF and MF stages could not be distinguished from each other in general when the attribute citation frequency method or sorting tasks were performed. However, a trend could be observed for both Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot wines in terms of aroma attributes with attributes changing from green to ripe fruit during ripening using expert tasters. Relevant research should be engaged to refine sequential harvest in order to obtain more diverse wine styles from a single site or a group of vineyards. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wêreldwye wynbedryf het ’n verskuiwing ondergaan na ’n verbruikersvoorkeurbenadering in produksie. Wynverbruikers is deesdae beter ingelig en meer ontwikkeld ten opsigte van hulle kennis van wyngehalte, wynstyl, asook die waarde van wyn. Die gehalte van rooiwyn hang hoofsaaklik af van die druifsamestelling, die wynmaakproses en die vermoë van proewers om sensoriese eienskappe te herken. Aangesien die oesdatum/-fase ’n invloed het op druifsamestelling, is die besluit oor wanneer daar geoes moet word ’n belangrike faktor in die vervaardiging van gehaltewyne of verskillende wynstyle. Die tradisionele aanwysers wat in die wynbedryf gebruik word om oestyd te bepaal, hou verband met die waarneming van smaak en mondgevoel en gee weinig aanduiding van die wynstyl op grond van die aromatiese profiel. ’n Nuwe fisiologiese aanwyser wat gebruik maak van suikerakkumulasie in die druiwekorrel in opeenvolgende oeste, het ten doel om die wynmaker te help om wyne met verskeie moontlike sensoriese profiele te vervaardig. Hierdie aanwyser kan saam met die klassieke aanwysers van rypwording gebruik word om ’n verskeidenheid wynstyle uit een wingerd of wingerdgroep te vervaardig. Die wyne kan dus potensieel oor verskillende aromatiese profiele beskik, afhangend van wanneer die druiwe geoes is. Die hoofdoel van die studie was om die invloed van opeenvolgende oes te toets deur ’n fisiologiese aanwyser op rooiwyn se sensoriese samestelling toe te pas. Dit word gedoen deur die moontlike verhouding tussen die oestyd (bv. ontwikkeling van vrugsamestelling) en die wynstyle of wyn se sensoriese kenmerke op verskillende oestye te bestudeer ten einde die verskeidenheid wynstyle potensieel te vermeerder. ’n Teoretiese konsep van druifsuikeropname is saamgestel wat dui op ’n fase van vinnige suikeropname wat by véraison begin, gevolg deur ’n plato-fase. Wyn kan oor verskillende moontlike aromatiese profiele beskik, afhangend daarvan of die druiwe aan die begin, middel of einde van die plato-fase van suikeropname geoes is. Drie hooffases is al voorheen voorgestel deur gebruik te maak van die konsep van suikeropname volgens oesdatum, te wete vars vrugte (VV) (“fresh fruit”, FF), neutraal (N) (“neutral”, N) of voor ryp (“pre ripe”), en ryp vrugte (RF) (“mature fruit”, MF). Cabernet Sauvignon- en Merlot-druiwe van Eikendal, Stellenbosch, se wingerde is gebruik om wyn volgens opeenvolgende oes te maak. Vier oesfases is oorweeg, te wete voor vars vrugte (VVV) (“pre fresh fruit”, Pre FF), vars vrugte (VV) (“fresh fruit”, FF), ryp vrugte (RV) (“mature fruit”, MF), en oorryp (OR) (“over ripe”, OR). Die wyn is geproe en geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van twee verskille sensoriese tegnieke. In die geval van beide die Merlot- en Cabernet Sauvignon-wyn kon die VVV- en OR-fases makliker onderskei word as die twee tussenin-fases, VV en RV. Resultate dui daarop dat wyn wat van die VV- en RV-fases gemaak is, oor die algemeen nie van mekaar onderskei kan word wanneer die frekwensie van kenmerkaanhaling-metode en sorteringstaak uitgevoer word nie. ’n Tendens kon egter waargeneem word vir Cabernet Sauvignon- én Merlot-wyn ten opsigte van aromatiese kenmerke, deurdat kenmerke gedurende rypwording van groen na ryp vrugte verander het indien ekspertproewers gebruik is. Verdere navorsing moet gedoen word om opeenvolgende oes te verfyn ten einde ’n wyer verskeidenheid wynstyle van ’n enkele area of wingerdgroep te verkry.

For the past three years, ten alfalfa varieties have been grown and yields recorded. Yields in excess of 9 tons per acre were harvested in 1988 on 7 of the 10 varieties. Baron, a moderately nondormant variety, was the highest yielding variety for the three years, with an average yield of 8.9 tons per acre.

A new alfalfa variety trial was planted in the fall of 1987to replace the previous four-year trial. The top varieties from the previous trial were placed in the new trial, along with new, promising varieties. A single year's data is insufficient to judge the performance of a variety during its useful years of production. The data simply indicate performance in their first year. Pioneer 5929, the variety that had the best overall yield in the previous trial (1), performed well in this trial as well. However, Mecca, a new variety from Plant Genetics, Inc., had the highest yield.

Two wheat varieties were grown in Graham county as a follow -up to a previous field demonstration. AC79-97, a red wheat developed by the University of Arizona for the Safford area, yielded 6719 pounds per acre, compared with 6359 pounds per acre for Super-X. The protein differential made the crop values even more important than the yield comparison. AC79-97 produced $454 per acre, compared to $423 for Super-X. Using two year's data, AC79-97 produced 85 more pounds of protein per acre than Super-X, with a protein supplement replacement value of $28 per acre.