O controle de versões é uma das principais funcionalidades do Gerenciamento de Configuração de Software (GCS) e visa, entre outras coisas, a recuperação e auditoria (quem, quando e o quê) de versões anteriores e a redução do espaço de armazenamento dos produtos em desenvolvimento. Existem ferramentas que auxiliam esse controle - o CVS (Concurrent Versions System) é uma delas e tem sido amplamente adotado. Como apoio à edição colaborativa na Web, o CVS pode proporcionar benefícios no sentido de recuperar e verificar versões anteriores. Atualmente, ferramentas conhecidas como “wiki", que possibilitam edição colaborativa por meio da Web, têm obtido muitos adeptos. Um exemplo desse tipo de ferramenta é a CoTeia, que tem sido utilizada no ambiente acadêmico do Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação (ICMC) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) desde 2001, e vem sendo utilizada também, integrada à ferramenta DocRationale, usada para registro do Design Rationale (DR). Além da edição colaborativa, é possível também o armazenamento de arquivos (uploads) associados às páginas Web da wiki. A ferramenta DocRationale viabiliza o armazenamento de artefatos relacionados ao processo de desenvolvimento de software, através do upload de arquivos. No entanto, o controle de versões desses artefatos na CoTeia não era provido. De fato, não existe um consenso da literatura a respeito do suporte de controle de versões em áreas de upload nas wikis. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo para análise do uso de controle de versões nas páginas e nos uploads em um conjunto de wikis pesquisadas. Já na DocRationale, como os artefatos são alterados durante o processo de desenvolvimento de software, o controle de versões na CoTeia se torna um mecanismo importante. Com isso, foi implementado o controle de versões dos artefatos armazenados na ferramenta DocRationale, através da integração do CVS à CoTeia utilizada na DocRationale. / Versions Control is one of the main activities of Software Configuration Management (SCM) and aims, among other goals, the previous versions retrieval and auditing (who, when and what), and the reduction of storage space required by under development products. There are tools that help this control – CVS is one of these and has been widely adopted. As a support to web collaborative editing, CVS can provide benefits by retrieving and checking previous versions. Nowadays, the tools known as wiki, which allow web collaborative editions, have been gathered many adopters. An example of this kind of tool is CoTeia, that has been used in academic environment at Institute of Mathematics Science and Computing (ICMC) of University of São Paulo (USP) since 2001. CoTeia has also been used integrated to DocRationale tool, which is used to register design rationale. Besides the collaborative editing, CoTeia also permits the file uploads related to wiki webpages. DocRationale makes possible artifacts storage related to software development process, through file uploads. However, versions control of the artifacts in CoTeia was not provided. Indeed, in literature there is not a consensus about the versions control support in uploads wiki area. The present dissertation shows an analysis of versions control usage on pages and uploads areas of a set of selected wikis. On the other hand, in DocRationale, because the artifacts can be changed during all the software development process, the versions control in CoTeia becomes an important mechanism. For this reason, versions control of artifacts stored in DocRationale was implemented, through integration of CVS to CoTeia used in DocRationale.

O controle de versões é uma das principais funcionalidades do Gerenciamento de Configuração de Software (GCS) e visa, entre outras coisas, a recuperação e auditoria (quem, quando e o quê) de versões anteriores e a redução do espaço de armazenamento dos produtos em desenvolvimento. Existem ferramentas que auxiliam esse controle - o CVS (Concurrent Versions System) é uma delas e tem sido amplamente adotado. Como apoio à edição colaborativa na Web, o CVS pode proporcionar benefícios no sentido de recuperar e verificar versões anteriores. Atualmente, ferramentas conhecidas como “wiki”, que possibilitam edição colaborativa por meio da Web, têm obtido muitos adeptos. Um exemplo desse tipo de ferramenta é a CoTeia, que tem sido utilizada no ambiente acadêmico do Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação (ICMC) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) desde 2001, e vem sendo utilizada também, integrada à ferramenta DocRationale, usada para registro do Design Rationale (DR). Além da edição colaborativa, é possível também o armazenamento de arquivos (uploads) associados às páginas Web da wiki. A ferramenta DocRationale viabiliza o armazenamento de artefatos relacionados ao processo de desenvolvimento de software, através do upload de arquivos. No entanto, o controle de versões desses artefatos na CoTeia não era provido. De fato, não existe um consenso da literatura a respeito do suporte de controle de versões em áreas de upload nas wikis. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo para análise do uso de controle de versões nas páginas e nos uploads em um conjunto de wikis pesquisadas. Já na DocRationale, como os artefatos são alterados durante o processo de desenvolvimento de software, o controle de versões na CoTeia se torna um mecanismo importante. Com isso, foi implementado o controle de versões dos artefatos armazenados na ferramenta DocRationale, através da integração do CVS à CoTeia utilizada na DocRationale. / Versions Control is one of the main activities of Software Configuration Management (SCM) and aims, among other goals, the previous versions retrieval and auditing (who, when and what), and the reduction of storage space required by under development products. There are tools that help this control – CVS is one of these and has been widely adopted. As a support to web collaborative editing, CVS can provide benefits by retrieving and checking previous versions. Nowadays, the tools known as wiki, which allow web collaborative editions, have been gathered many adopters. An example of this kind of tool is CoTeia, that has been used in academic environment at Institute of Mathematics Science and Computing (ICMC) of University of São Paulo (USP) since 2001. CoTeia has also been used integrated to DocRationale tool, which is used to register design rationale. Besides the collaborative editing, CoTeia also permits the file uploads related to wiki webpages. DocRationale makes possible artifacts storage related to software development process, through file uploads. However, versions control of the artifacts in CoTeia was not provided. Indeed, in literature there is not a consensus about the versions control support in uploads wiki area. The present dissertation shows an analysis of versions control usage on pages and uploads areas of a set of selected wikis. On the other hand, in DocRationale, because the artifacts can be changed during all the software development process, the versions control in CoTeia becomes an important mechanism. For this reason, versions control of artifacts stored in DocRationale was implemented, through integration of CVS to CoTeia used in DocRationale.

Critical care is provided to patients who require intensive monitoring and often the support of failing organs. Cardiovascular and circulatory diseases and dysfunctions are extremely common in this group of patients. However, cardiac disease states are highly patient-specific and every patient has a unique expression of the disease or underlying dysfunction. Clinical staff must consider many combinations of different disease scenarios based on frequently conflicting or confusing measured data on a patient’s condition. Successful diagnosis and treatment therefore often rely on the experience and intuition of clinical staff, increasing the likelihood for clinical errors. A cardiovascular (CVS) computerized model that uniquely represents the patient and underlying dysfunction or disease is developed. The CVS model is extended to account for the known physiologic mechanisms during spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation, thus increasing the model’s accuracy of representing a critically ill patient in the intensive care unit (ICU). The extended CVS model is validated by correctly simulating several well known circulatory mechanisms and interactions. An integral-based system parameter identification method is refined and extended to account for much smaller subsets of available input data, as usually seen in critical care units. For example, instead of requiring the continuous ventricle pressure and volume waveforms, only the end-systolic (ESV) and end-diastolic (EDV) volume values are needed, which can be even further reduced to only using the global end-diastolic volume (GEDV) and estimating the ventricle volumes. These changes make the CVS model and its application to monitoring more pplicable to a clinical environment. The CVS model and integral-based parameter identification approach are validated on data from porcine experiments of pulmonary embolism (PE), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titrations at different volemic levels, and 2 different studies of induced endotoxic (septic) shock. They are also validated on 3 adrenaline dosing data sets obtained from published studies in humans. Overall, these studies are used to show how the model and realistic clinical measurements may be used to provide a clear clinical picture in real-time. A wide range of clinically measured hemodynamics were successfully captured over time. The integral-based method identified all model parameters, typically with less than 10% error versus clinically measured pressure and volume signals. Moreover, patient-specific parameter relationships were formulated allowing the forward prediction of the patient’s response towards clinical interventions, such as administering a fluid bolus or changing the dose of an inotrope. Hence, the model and methods are able to provide diagnostic information and therapeutic decision support. In particular, tracking the model parameter changes over time can assist clinical staff in finding the right diagnosis, for example an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance indicates a developing constriction in the pulmonary artery caused by an embolus. Furthermore, using the predictive ability of the model and developed methods, different treatment choices and their effect on the patient can be simulated. Thus, the best individual treatment for each patient can be developed and chosen, and unnecessary or even harmful interventions avoided. This research thus increases confidence in the clinical applicability and validity of this overall diagnostic monitoring and therapy guidance approach. It accomplishes this goal using a novel physiological model of the heart and circulation. The integral-based parameter identification methods take dense, numerical data from diverse measurements and aggregate them into a clearer physiological picture of CVS status. Hence, the broader accomplishment of this thesis is the transformation, using computation and models, of diverse and often confusing measured data into a patient-specific physiological picture - a new model-based therapeutic.

Problemområde: Versionshanteringssystem är utvecklade för att identifiera, kontrollera, rapportera och garantera att förändringarna har blivit rätt implementerade. Versionshantering används för att spara all historik av filer som man använder sig av i projektgrupper. Till exempel kan det användas till att se vilka datum ändringar gjorts, vem som har gjort ändringarna och vilka kommentarer som är skrivna om ändringarna. Vi har valt att använda oss av två versionshanteringssystem, Windchill ProjectLink och CVS, Concurrent Versions System, för att undersöka om det är så att både projektets storlek och nytta styr valet av versionshanteringssystem. Hypotes och frågeställningar: Arbetet bygger på hypotesen: ”Om projektets storlek och nytta av versionshanteringssystem är beroende av varandra så styr det valet av versionshanteringssystem” Och våra frågeställningar: • Hur stort är projektet i antal timmar och personer? • Hur många moment behövs för varje inre funktion? • Vilka inre och yttre funktioner påverkar valet av versionshanteringssystem? Genomförande: Kontakt togs med åtta stycken projektgrupper som använder sig av Windchill ProjectLink eller CVS och intervjuer gjordes med dem. En egen undersökning har gjorts där vi mäter antal moment på varje funktion i versionshanteringssystemen. Genom intervjuer och vår egen undersökning fick vi reda på uppgifter som gör att vi kan besvara hypotesen med hjälp av frågeställningarna. Slutsats: Storleken och nyttan är inte beroende av varandra så att det styr valet av versionshanteringssystem. I och med detta stämmer inte vår hypotes. / Area of problems: Version control systems are developed for identification, to control changes, to guarantee that changes are implemented correctly and to report changes. Version control systems are used to save all history of different types of files that are used in the project group. For example, it can be used to check which dates the changes were made, by whom the files are modified and which comments are written about the changes. We have chosen two version control systems: Windchill ProjectLink and CVS, Concurrent Versions System, to examine whether both size and benefit of the project control the choice of version control system. Hypothesis and questions: The thesis is based upon the hypothesis:” If the projects size and benefit of version control system are depending on each other then they are controlled by the choice of version control system.” And our questions: • Which size are the project, number of hours and persons? • How many elements are used for each inner function? • Which internal and external functions affect the choice of version control system? Realization: Contact where made with eight project groups that are using Windchill ProjectLink or CVS and conducted interviews with them. An investigation where made where we measured the elements on every version control system. Through the interviews and our own investigation we found the information so we could answer the hypothesis by the questions. Conclusion: The size and the benefit are not depending on each other so they are not controlled by the choice of version control system. Therefore we reject our hypothesis.

A raiva é uma zoonose quase sempre fatal, que causa milhares de mortes humanas por ano em todo mundo. Essa enfermidade manifesta-se nos mamíferos em duas formas clínicas: furiosa e paralítica. Distinções em relação à evolução, manifestações clínicas, lesões, distribuição e respectiva carga viral no Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) podem estar relacionadas às características de neuroinvasividade e neuropatogenicidade das diferentes variantes do vírus da raiva (RABV). O objetivo deste projeto foi estabelecer um modelo para o estudo da patogênese da raiva em camundongos inoculados com vírus fixo CVS/31 e variantes de rua do RABV originárias de bovino (variante 3 compatível com isolados de morcegos hematófagos) e de canídeo silvestre (variante compatível com isolados de canídeo silvestre). Para estabelecer o modelo murino, 24 camundongos isogênicos da linhagem BALB/c, de três semanas de idade foram inoculados com 103 DLIC50/0,03mL por via intracerebral (IC) para confirmar a neurovirulência das diferentes variantes do RABV. De modo concomitante, 32 camundongos desta mesma linhagem e faixa etária, foram inoculados com 105 DLIC50/0,03mL pela via coxim plantar (CP) com o intuito de mimetizar a progressão da infecção natural. Para o estudo da patogênese do RABV foram analisados durante um período de trinta dias após a inoculação (DPI) em camundongos pela via CP os seguintes parâmetros: manifestações clínicas, alterações histopatológicas, distribuição antigênica viral pela técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) e distribuição de RNA viral pela técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real precedida pela transcrição reversa (RT-qPCR) - sistema SYBR Green em diversos segmentos do SNC. Todos os camundongos inoculados com as três amostras do RABV apresentaram sintomas compatíveis com a forma paralítica da doença, tais como: piloereção, perda de peso, postura arqueada, prostração e paresia dos membros posteriores. Apesar de não ser possível observar diferenças de neuropatogenicidade entre as variantes virais, detectaram-se diversidade de virulência entre essas estirpes, demonstrado pelas distinções de período de incubação e taxa de letalidade. Ao analisar os resultados, também foi possível observar diferenças entre a neurovirulência e a neuroinvasividade das diferentes variantes do RABV. Nos camundongos inoculados com CVS/31 pela via CP, no 6º DPI, observaram-se predomínio de manguitos perivasculares na medula espinhal e degeneração neuronal em córtex e intensa distribuição antigênica de RABV no tronco encefálico. Nos camundongos inoculados via CP com amostras do RABV originárias de bovino, no 8º DPI, apresentaram moderada distribuição de manguitos perivasculares na medula e córtex e intensa distribuição antigênica no tálamo. Já nos animais inoculados com a amostra de canídeo silvestre, no 9ºDPI, relataram-se moderada distribuição de manguitos perivasculares no tronco encefálico e moderada distribuição antigênica no córtex. Além disso, foi observado discrepâncias na comparação entre a intensidade e distribuição de marcações antigênicas pela IHQ e inferência semi-quantitativa de distribuição de RNA viral analisada pelo RT-qPCR-sistema SYBR Green no SNC de camundongos / Rabies is a zoonotic disease usually fatal, causing thousands of human deaths each year worldwide. This disease manifests itself in mammals in two clinical forms: furious and paralytic. Distinctions regarding the evolution, clinical manifestations, injuries, distribution and their viral load on the central nervous system (CNS) may be related to the characteristics of neuroinvasiveness and neuropathogenicity of different variants of rabies virus (RABV). The objective of this project was to establish a model to study the pathogenesis of rabies in mice inoculated with fixed virus CVS / 31 and RABV Street variants originating from bovine (variant 3 - compatible with isolates from vampire bats) and wild canid (variant supports isolated from wild canid). To establish the mouse model, 24 mice of the inbred strain BALB/c, three weeks old were inoculated with 103DLIC50/0,03mL intracerebrally (IC) to confirm the neurovirulence of the different variants of RABV. Concomitantly, 32 mice of the same lineage and age were inoculated with 105DLIC50/0,03mL via footpad (CP) in order to mimic the natural progression of the infection. To study the pathogenesis of RABV CP the following parameters were analyzed over a period of thirty days after inoculation (DPI) in mice via CP: clinical, histopathological changes, viral antigen distribution by the technique of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and distribution of RNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction technique preceded by reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) - SYBR Green system in various segments of the CNS. All mice inoculated with the three RABV samples showed symptoms consistent with the paralytic form of the disease, such as ruffled fur, weight loss, hunched, prostration and paresis of the hind limbs. Although it is not possible to observe neuropathogenicity differences between viral variants, the virulence diversity is detected between these strains demonstrated by distinctions incubation period and fatality rate. When analyzing the results, it was also possible to observe differences between neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness of different variants of RABV. In mice inoculated with CVS/31 via CP on the 6th DPI, there were predominance of perivascular cuffing in spinal cord and neuronal degeneration in cortex and intense antigenic distribution of the RABV in the brainstem. Mice inoculated via CP with RABV samples originating from bovine on the 8thDPI had moderate distribution of perivascular cuffing in the medulla and cortex and intense antigenic distribution in the thalamus. The animals inoculated with the sample of wild canid in 9thDPI reported a moderate perivascular cuffing distribution in the brainstem and moderate antigenic distribution in the cortex. Additionally, discrepancies were observed when comparing the intensity and distribution of antigenic tags by IHC, semi-quantitative inference viral RNA distribution analyzed by RT-qPCR using SYBR Green system in the mouse CNS

A raiva é uma zoonose quase sempre fatal, que causa milhares de mortes humanas por ano em todo mundo. Essa enfermidade manifesta-se nos mamíferos em duas formas clínicas: furiosa e paralítica. Distinções em relação à evolução, manifestações clínicas, lesões, distribuição e respectiva carga viral no Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) podem estar relacionadas às características de neuroinvasividade e neuropatogenicidade das diferentes variantes do vírus da raiva (RABV). O objetivo deste projeto foi estabelecer um modelo para o estudo da patogênese da raiva em camundongos inoculados com vírus fixo CVS/31 e variantes de rua do RABV originárias de bovino (variante 3 compatível com isolados de morcegos hematófagos) e de canídeo silvestre (variante compatível com isolados de canídeo silvestre). Para estabelecer o modelo murino, 24 camundongos isogênicos da linhagem BALB/c, de três semanas de idade foram inoculados com 103 DLIC50/0,03mL por via intracerebral (IC) para confirmar a neurovirulência das diferentes variantes do RABV. De modo concomitante, 32 camundongos desta mesma linhagem e faixa etária, foram inoculados com 105 DLIC50/0,03mL pela via coxim plantar (CP) com o intuito de mimetizar a progressão da infecção natural. Para o estudo da patogênese do RABV foram analisados durante um período de trinta dias após a inoculação (DPI) em camundongos pela via CP os seguintes parâmetros: manifestações clínicas, alterações histopatológicas, distribuição antigênica viral pela técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) e distribuição de RNA viral pela técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real precedida pela transcrição reversa (RT-qPCR) - sistema SYBR Green em diversos segmentos do SNC. Todos os camundongos inoculados com as três amostras do RABV apresentaram sintomas compatíveis com a forma paralítica da doença, tais como: piloereção, perda de peso, postura arqueada, prostração e paresia dos membros posteriores. Apesar de não ser possível observar diferenças de neuropatogenicidade entre as variantes virais, detectaram-se diversidade de virulência entre essas estirpes, demonstrado pelas distinções de período de incubação e taxa de letalidade. Ao analisar os resultados, também foi possível observar diferenças entre a neurovirulência e a neuroinvasividade das diferentes variantes do RABV. Nos camundongos inoculados com CVS/31 pela via CP, no 6º DPI, observaram-se predomínio de manguitos perivasculares na medula espinhal e degeneração neuronal em córtex e intensa distribuição antigênica de RABV no tronco encefálico. Nos camundongos inoculados via CP com amostras do RABV originárias de bovino, no 8º DPI, apresentaram moderada distribuição de manguitos perivasculares na medula e córtex e intensa distribuição antigênica no tálamo. Já nos animais inoculados com a amostra de canídeo silvestre, no 9ºDPI, relataram-se moderada distribuição de manguitos perivasculares no tronco encefálico e moderada distribuição antigênica no córtex. Além disso, foi observado discrepâncias na comparação entre a intensidade e distribuição de marcações antigênicas pela IHQ e inferência semi-quantitativa de distribuição de RNA viral analisada pelo RT-qPCR-sistema SYBR Green no SNC de camundongos / Rabies is a zoonotic disease usually fatal, causing thousands of human deaths each year worldwide. This disease manifests itself in mammals in two clinical forms: furious and paralytic. Distinctions regarding the evolution, clinical manifestations, injuries, distribution and their viral load on the central nervous system (CNS) may be related to the characteristics of neuroinvasiveness and neuropathogenicity of different variants of rabies virus (RABV). The objective of this project was to establish a model to study the pathogenesis of rabies in mice inoculated with fixed virus CVS / 31 and RABV Street variants originating from bovine (variant 3 - compatible with isolates from vampire bats) and wild canid (variant supports isolated from wild canid). To establish the mouse model, 24 mice of the inbred strain BALB/c, three weeks old were inoculated with 103DLIC50/0,03mL intracerebrally (IC) to confirm the neurovirulence of the different variants of RABV. Concomitantly, 32 mice of the same lineage and age were inoculated with 105DLIC50/0,03mL via footpad (CP) in order to mimic the natural progression of the infection. To study the pathogenesis of RABV CP the following parameters were analyzed over a period of thirty days after inoculation (DPI) in mice via CP: clinical, histopathological changes, viral antigen distribution by the technique of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and distribution of RNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction technique preceded by reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) - SYBR Green system in various segments of the CNS. All mice inoculated with the three RABV samples showed symptoms consistent with the paralytic form of the disease, such as ruffled fur, weight loss, hunched, prostration and paresis of the hind limbs. Although it is not possible to observe neuropathogenicity differences between viral variants, the virulence diversity is detected between these strains demonstrated by distinctions incubation period and fatality rate. When analyzing the results, it was also possible to observe differences between neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness of different variants of RABV. In mice inoculated with CVS/31 via CP on the 6th DPI, there were predominance of perivascular cuffing in spinal cord and neuronal degeneration in cortex and intense antigenic distribution of the RABV in the brainstem. Mice inoculated via CP with RABV samples originating from bovine on the 8thDPI had moderate distribution of perivascular cuffing in the medulla and cortex and intense antigenic distribution in the thalamus. The animals inoculated with the sample of wild canid in 9thDPI reported a moderate perivascular cuffing distribution in the brainstem and moderate antigenic distribution in the cortex. Additionally, discrepancies were observed when comparing the intensity and distribution of antigenic tags by IHC, semi-quantitative inference viral RNA distribution analyzed by RT-qPCR using SYBR Green system in the mouse CNS

超級市場之競爭策略分析—以全聯福利中心為例 / As the competition gets intensively in the retail industry, the boundary between different types of operation has disappeared. In Taiwan, hypermarkets started to downsize its store size. On the other hand, convenient stores expand its store size to target at eating out customers. Supermarket with the size between hypermarkets and convenient stores should reposition itself to confront the challenges. After the rapid expansion period, Pxmart started to reconsider its value proposition and its core competence. In order to achieve its corporate mission statement and its goal in the following 6 years, Pxmart’s CEO, Mr. Xu, comes up with strategies in terms of staffing, store, merchandise, and system and institution. Although Pxmart will be able to attract more customers with its store and merchandise strategy, it still encountered challenges due to its physical facilities, such as limited space to display products and for customers to park. How to reposition itself and provide customers with a pleasant and convenient shopping experience will be the first priority that Pxmart should consider. Compared to the leading brands in the United States, Pxmart and the retailers in Taiwan should embrace the technology innovation and try different business model to make their company updated and provide their customers more convenient way to purchase.

<p>U ovom radu sintetisani su kompozitni nanoprahovi i nanoprahovi tipa jezgro&ndash; omotač sa dielektričnom i magnetnom fazom, kao pogodan polazni materijal za procesiranje kompozitne keramike za primenu u mikroelektronici. Osnovni cilj ove doktorske disertacije je bio utvrđivanje veza između uslova sinteze, morfologije čestica, uslova procesiranja i mikrostrukture kompozitne keramike. Nanoprahovi su sintetisani hemijskim metodama sinteze u tečnoj fazi (sol-gel i koprecipitacija) i gasnoj fazi (CVS), pri čemu je vr&scaron;ena optimizacija procesnih uslova u cilju sinteze čestica željene strukture i hemijskog sastava. Istraživanja su vr&scaron;ena na nekoliko modelnih sistema sa feritima kao magnetnom fazom i titanatima ili silikom kao dielektričnom fazom: NiFe2O4SiO2, Fe3O4SiO2, SrTiO3NiFe2O4, BaTiO3NiFe2O4 i BaTiO3Fe3O4. Hemijska sinteza u tečnoj fazi se pokazala pogodnom zato &scaron;to pruža mogućnost kontrolisanja morfologije kompozitnih čestica ne samo pode&scaron;avanjem procesnih parametara sinteze već i funkcionalizacijom faza kojom se uzrokuje njihovo elektrostatičko privlačenje i formiranje strukture jezgro&ndash;omotač. Ipak, zbog velikog stepena aglomeracije prisutnog tokom sinteze u tečnoj fazi, dobijanje omotača uniformne debljine i izbegavanje homogene nukleacije faza se pokazalo te&scaron;ko. Hemijskom sintezom u gasnoj fazi (CVS) je po prvi put sintetisan kompozitni nanoprah na bazi kompleksnih oksida titanata i ferita.<br />Utvrđeno je da i pored velikog potencijala CVS metode u smislu sinteze ultrafinih prahova na bazi titanata i ferita u jednom koraku, ova metoda nudi relativno slabu kontrolu morfologije kompozitnih čestica pri visokim procesnim temperaturama koje su neophodne za kristalizaciju dve faze. Sintetisani nanoprahovi na bazi titanata i ferita (SrTiO3NiFe2O4 i BaTiO3NiFe2O4) procesirani su u gustu kompozitnu keramiku visokotemperaturnim sinterovanjem, u cilju ispitivanja veze morfologije čestica i mikrostrukture kompozita, optimizacije režima sinterovanja i funkcionalne karakterizacije dobijene keramike sa različitim masenim odnosom faza. Prahovi su sinterovani putem konvencionalnog sinterovanja u atmosferi vazduha, spark plazma sinterovanja (SPS) ili kombinacijom ove dve metode. Utvrđeno je da prahovi strukture jezgro&ndash;omotač densifikuju u značajno gu&scaron;ću i homogeniju keramiku u odnosu na kompozitne prahove istog sastava na istim procesnim temperaturama. Pored toga, pH vrednost sinteze čestica i atmosfera visokotemperaturnog sinterovanja su se pokazali veoma značajnim u smislu održavanja željenog faznog sastava dobijenih kompozita. U pogledu režima sinterovanja dobijenih prahova, kombinacija niskotemperaturnog konvencionalnog i SPS sinterovanja (1000 &deg;C) je dala najbolje rezultate u smislu postizanja zadovoljavajuće gustine kompozita (&gt;95% teorijske gustine), održavanja željenog faznog sastava i homogene distribucije faza. Funkcionalna karakterizacija sinterovane keramike sa različitim masenim odnosom faza (BaTiO3 : NiFe2O4 = 1,2,8) potvrdila je očekivano dielektrično, feroelektrično i ferimagnetno pona&scaron;anje dobijenih kompozita.</p> / <p>Composite and core&ndash;shell nanopowders with dielectric and magnetic phase have been synthesized in this work, as a suitable starting material for processing of composite ceramics for microelectronic application. The main goal of this doctoral dissertation was the determination of the link between synthesis conditions, particle morphology, processing conditions and microstructure of composite ceramics. Nanopowders have been synthesized by chemical synthesis methods in wet phase (sol&ndash;gel and coprecipitation) and gas phase (CVS), whereas the optimization of processing parameters was conducted with the goal to synthesize particles of desired structure and chemical composition. Studies were conducted on the few model systems with ferrites as a magnetic and titanates as a dielectric phase: NiFe2O4SiO2, Fe3O4SiO2, SrTiO3NiFe2O4, BaTiO3NiFe2O4 and BaTiO3Fe3O4. Chemical wet synthesis has proven suitable because it offers composite particle morphology control not only by adjustment of synthesis parameters but also by phase functionalization causing their mutual electrostatic attraction and thus core&ndash;shell structure formation. However, due to the high degree of agglomeration present during the wet phase synthesis, formation of the shell with uniform thickness and avoidance of homogeneous nucleation has proven difficult. For the first time, composite ferrite and titanate-based nanopowder has been synthesized by means of Chemical Vapor Synthesis (CVS). It has been found that beside high potential of CVS method for one-step synthesis of ultrafine titanate and ferrite-based nanopowders, this method offers relatively low control of composite particle morphology at high processing temperatures which are necessary for crystallization of both phases. Synthesized titanate and ferrite-based nanopowders (SrTiO3NiFe2O4 and BaTiO3NiFe2O4) were processed into dense ceramics by high-temperature sintering, in order to find the link between particle morphology and composite microstructure, optimize the sintering regime and conduct the functional characterization of obtained ceramics with different phase mass ratio.<br />The powders were sintered by conventional sintering in air, spark plasma sintering<br />(SPS) or combination of these two methods. It was found that core&ndash;shell powders densify in ceramics with considerably higher density and homogeneity at the same processing temperature, than the composite powders with the same composition. Moreover, synthesis pH value and sintering temperature was found to be very important in terms of phase composition preservation of obtained composites. Regarding the sintering regime of obtained powders, combination of low-temperature conventional and SPS sintering (1000 &deg;C) has given the best results in terms of achieving adequate composite density (&gt;95% theoretical density), phase preservation and homogeneous phase distribution. Functional characterization of sintered ceramics with different phase mass ratio (BaTiO3 : NiFe2O4 = 1,2,8) confirmed the expected dielectric, ferroelectric and ferromagnetic behaviour of obtained composites.</p>

<p>U ovom radu su sintetisani prahovi na bazi lantan-galata, citratnom sol-gel<br />metodom i hemijskom sintezom u parnoj fazi (CVS), a njihovim presovanjem<br />i sinterovanjem su dobijeni keramički uzorci kontrolisane mikrostrukture. Cilj<br />disertacije je bio dobijanje guste keramike koja bi mogla da se primeni kao<br />jonski provodni elektrolit u gorivnim ćelijama sa čvrstim elektrolitom (SOFC),<br />a koje bi radile na srednjim temperaturama od 500&ndash;700 &deg;C (IT-SOFC). Po prvi<br />put su sintetisani nanoprahovi lantan-galata u gasnoj fazi i utvrđeno je da ovako<br />dobijeni polazni prahovi, zbog svojih superiornih karakteristika omogućavaju<br />snižavanje temperature sinterovanja za 150 &deg;C, &scaron;to je veoma povoljno kako sa<br />stanovi&scaron;ta dizajniranja mikrostrukture, tako i zbog u&scaron;tede energije u procesu<br />proizvodnje gorivnih ćelija. Ipak, zbog nedovoljne kontrole hemijskog sastava<br />i stehiometrije sintetisanih prahova, &scaron;to je i najveći nedostatak CVS metode<br />dobijanja perovskitnog LaGaO₃, nije bilo moguće dobiti keramiku koja bi ispunjavala zahteve za primenu u SOFC. S druge strane, citratna sol-gel metoda<br />pruža veliku kontrolu pomenutih parametara zbog čega je bila moguća sinteza<br />čitavog niza čvrstih rastvora lantan-galata. Ovom metodom su tako sintetisani<br />čist lantan-galat (LG) i dopirani prahovi kod kojih je deo lantana supstituisan<br />stroncijumom, a deo galijuma magnezijumom: La_0,85Sr_0,15Ga_0,85Mg_0,15O_3-<br />La_1-xSr_xGa_0,8Mg_0,2O_3-, gde je x = 0,10, 0,15 ili 0,20 (LSGM). Svi ovako sintetisani</p><p>prahovi su zahtevali naknadnu kalcinaciju na 900 &deg;C, ali su potrebne<br />gustine (&gt;95% teorijske gustine) postignute sinterovanjem na temperaturi<br />od 1450 &deg;C već nakon 2 h, &scaron;to je izuzetno kratko imajući u vidu literaturne<br />podatke. Takođe, sinterovani uzorci su po faznom sastavu bili čista LSGM<br />keramika, a impedansna merenja su pokazala da je najveću provodljivost imao<br />uzorak La_0,85Sr_0,15Ga_0,8Mg_0,2O_3-. Ovaj sastav je dalje kori&scaron;ćen u cilju provere</p><p>mogućnosti za dodatno povećanje provodljivosti te su pripremljeni i uzorci kod kojih je izvr&scaron;ena parcijalna supstitucija magnezijuma sa niklom ili kobaltom:<br />La_0,85Sr_0,15Ga_0,8Mg_0,2-yMyO_3-, gde je M = Ni ili Co, a y = 0,03 ili 0,05 (LSGMN i</p><p>LSGMC). Pokazano je da dodatak male količine prelaznih metala značajno utiče<br />na mehanizam provođenja, ali da je na vi&scaron;im temperaturama jonska provodljivost<br />i dalje dominantna. Konstatovano je da se dodavanjem male količine Ni ili Co u<br />LSGM mogu dobiti materijali koji bi služili kao elektroliti u IT-SOFC, pri čemu je<br />potencijal nikla kao dopanta ne&scaron;to veći nego kobalta.</p> / <p>Powders based on lanthanum-gallate have been synthesised in this work by using citrate sol-gel method in the liquid phase and by chemical vapour synthesis (CVS). As-synthesised powders were calcined, pressed and finally sintered in order to produce ceramic samples with controlled microstructure. The main goal of this dissertation has been obtaining of dense ceramics for application in ion conducting electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells working at 500&ndash;700 &deg;C (IT-SOFC). Lanthanum-gallate nanopowders have been synthesised in the gas phase for the first time and it has been determined that these starting powders posses superior properties which could lower down the sintering temperature for about 150 &deg;C. This is very significant considering microstructure design, but also high energy consumption during the manufacturing process of fuel cells. However, it has not been possible to obtain ceramics with exact properties needed for SOFC application using CVS due to the lack of control of chemical composition and stoichiometry of the as-synthesised powders, which are the main drawbacks of this method. On the other hand, citrate sol-gel method offered a possibility to precisely control aforementioned parameters which enabled synthesis of a whole range of lanthanum-gallate sollid solutions. So, pure perovskite lanthanum-gallate (LG) has been synthesised by using this liquid phase method, but also doped powders where part of lanthanum and gallium was supstituted with strontium and magnesium, respectively: La_0,85Sr_0,15Ga_0,85Mg_0,15O_3-and La_1-xSr_xGa_0,8Mg_0,2O_3-, where x = 0.10, 0.15 or 0.20 (LSGM). Calcination at 900 &deg;C was necessary step during the processing of these sol-gel powders but the sintering time at 1450 &deg;C was only 2 h which is quite short in comparison with available literature data. Additionaly, the sintered samples were phase pure LSGM ceramics and impedance measurement showed that the highest conductivity had sample La_0,85Sr_0,15Ga_0,8Mg_0,2O_3-. Accordingly, this composition has been used to check the possibility of further improvement of conductivity. A set of new samples has been prepared where one part of magnesium has been substituted with nickel or cobalt: La_0,85Sr_0,15Ga_0,8Mg_0,2-yMyO_3-, where M = Ni or Co and y = 0.03 or 0.05 (LSGMN i LSGMC). It has been shown that addition of small amount of transition metals significantly influences conduction mechanism, but at higher temperatures the ionic conductivity is still dominant. It has been found that electrolyte materials for IT-SOFCs could be obtained by incorporation of small quantities of Ni or Co into LSGM and that nickel is more promissing for this purpose than cobalt.</p>

This research explores a disability community’s success in drawing public attention to an unlawful development of policy, that community’s efforts in resistance, and the experiences of those individuals in relation to subsequent neoliberal silencing. Specifically, this study examines the experiences of people on disability assistance in British Columbia who successfully appealed the Ministry’s unjust denial of the Community Volunteer Supplement (CVS) and documents participants’ reactions to the government’s later repeal of the CVS program. Five individuals were interviewed about their experiences in resisting the Ministry of Social Development and Social Innovation’s practice to wait list CVS applicants, a benefit they were legislatively entitled to receive. Of the participants interviewed, three identified as women and two identified as men. Utilizing a post-structural feminist theory, influenced by critical disability theory and Foucault, a key finding of this research is that participants’ experiences with the CVS is connected to their experiences of poverty, resistance, and community. / Graduate / 2017-08-01 / 0630 / 0452 / 0617 / cwitkowskyj@gmail.com