The Mw 7.1 Darfield earthquake generated a ~30 km long surface rupture on the Greendale Fault and significant surface deformation related to related blind faults on a previously unrecognized fault system beneath the Canterbury Plains. This earthquake provided the opportunity for research into the patterns and mechanisms of co-seismic and post-seismic crustal deformation. In this thesis I use multiple across-fault EDM surveys, logic trees, surface investigations and deformation feature mapping, seismic reflection surveying, and survey mark (cadastral) re-occupation using GPS to quantify surface displacements at a variety of temporal and spatial scales. My field mapping investigations identified shaking and crustal displacement-induced surface deformation features south and southwest of Christchurch and in the vicinity of the projected surface traces of the Hororata Blind and Charing Cross Faults. The data are consistent with the high peak ground accelerations and broad surface warping due to underlying reverse faulting on the Hororata Blind Fault and Charing Cross Fault. I measured varying amounts of post-seismic displacement at four of five locations that crossed the Greendale Fault. None of the data showed evidence for localized dextral creep on the Greendale Fault surface trace, consistent with other studies showing only minimal regional post-seismic deformation. Instead, the post-seismic deformation field suggests an apparent westward translation of northern parts of the across-fault surveys relative to the southern parts of the surveys that I attribute to post-mainshock creep on blind thrusts and/or other unidentified structures. The seismic surveys identified a deformation zone in the gravels that we attribute to the Hororata Blind Fault but the Charing Cross fault was not able to be identified on the survey. Cadastral re-surveys indicate a deformation field consistent with previously published geodetic data. We use this deformation with regional strain rates to estimate earthquake recurrence intervals of ~7000 to > 14,000 yrs on the Hororata Blind and Charing Cross Faults.

In recent years a Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)-network of more than 50 reference stations (with more on the way) have been set up extending over the whole southern African country of Botswana. This has opened up for new and improved possibilities of implementing the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technique in surveying practice. Cadastral surveying, the demarcation and registration of plots in a land registry, in Botswana is characterised by non-uniform methods with the lack of standardised documents. Authorities in Botswana already include the GNSS technique in the cadastre process but guidelines remain to be formulated. This research aims to establish a suggestion to new guidelines for GNSS measurements in cadastral surveying in Botswana by adapting international guidelines to Botswana use. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with personnel at different surveying institutions in Botswana together with a literature study of three existing international guidelines and scientific articles concerning GNSS and cadastral surveying. The international guidelines of choice were from Sweden, Australia and the United Kingdom (UK). During the process a thorough review of challenges and potentials of introducing new guidelines were. The results show that the surveying community in Botswana is facing several challenges at the moment. The challenges was categorised within three groups. The first group named ‘challenges related to the lack of standards’ contains challenges such as the lack of unity throughout the sector and the fact that it is difficult to refer to what is right and wrong. The second group, ‘technological challenges’, contains challenges such as infrastructural faults and the shortage of modern instruments. The last group of challenges ‘institutional challenges’ describes problems associated to inadequate cooperation and resistance towards change. There are also several potentials to talk about that Botswana would be able take part of if guidelines were introduced. Among them were improved educational systems and consistency within the sector. / Under de senaste åren har ett stödsystem för satellitpositionering satts upp i ett nätverk av mer än 50 referensstationer (med fler på väg) runt om i Botswana i södra Afrika. Detta har öppnat upp för nya och förbättrade möjligheter att implementera satellitnavigation i lantmäteriutövning. Fastighetsregistrering, det vill säga utmarkering och registrering av tomter i ett register, i Botswana kännetecknas av icke-konsekventa metoder reglerade av bristfälliga riktlinjer. Myndigheter i Botswana använder redan satellitnavigation inom fastighetsregistrering men riktlinjer inom ämnet återstår att formuleras. Målet med den här uppsatsen är att etablera ett förslag till riktlinjer för tillämpningen av satellitnavigering inom fastighetsregistrering i Botswana genom att anpassa internationella riktlinjer till en Botswansk version. Data till den här undersökningen samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer som hölls med personal från olika aktörer inom lantmäterisektorn i Botswana ihop med en litteraturstudie av tre redan existerande internationella riktlinjer och vetenskapliga artiklar inom satellitnavigering och fastighetsregistrering. De valda riktlinjerna kom från Sverige, Australien och Storbritannien. Under arbetets gång gjordes en utförlig redogörelse av utmaningar och potentialer som är relaterade till introduktionen av nya riktlinjer. Resultaten visade att lantmäterisektorn i Botswana står inför flera utmatningar. Dessa grupperades efter tre sorters utmaningar. Första gruppen döptes till ”utmaningar relaterade till bristen av riktlinjer” och innehöll utmaning som dålig enhetlighet inom sektorn och att det är omöjligt att referera till vad som är rätt och fel inom mätning. Andra gruppen, ”teknologiska utmaningar”, innehöll utmaningar som undermålig infrastruktur och avsaknaden av tillräckligt många moderna instrument. Sista gruppen av utmaningar ”institutionella utmaningar” beskriver problem som är associerade till bristfälligt samarbete och motstånd mot förändring. Det finns även flera potentialer att prata om som Botswana skulle kunna ta del av om riktlinjer skulle bli introducerade. Bland dessa var ett förbättrat utbildningsystem och enhetlighet inom sektorn. / Minor Field Study, SIDA

Cadastral reinstatement methods within Queensland involve the use of modern digital surveying techniques in combination with traditional non-digital methods of recording and reporting information. This leads to the need to manually enter and re-enter data into a digital format at different stages of a survey. The requirement to lodge survey information with government organisations in a non-digital survey plan format also forces a break in digital data flow throughout the cadastral surveying system, which can only be updated by changes in the lodgement regulations. The private cadastral organisations are predominantly responsible for carrying out the cadastral surveys and the government agencies are primarily responsible for the examination, verification and administration of the cadastral data. These organisations will have no communication link for digital cadastral data until the introduction of digital data lodgement. The digital system within the private cadastral surveying organisations can therefore be considered to be an independent system with consideration needed to be given to the future introduction of a digital lodgement system at some undefined time in the future. Cadastral surveyors hold large amounts of digital information that is suitable for digital reinstatement systems. This information, if appropriately archived and distributed, has the capacity to meet the needs of reinstatement systems including as an alternative source of digital information that will eventually be obtained from digital lodgement systems. The existing technology and the private organisation structures are capable of supporting continuous digital data flow and automated systems. This research proposes a process of development for private cadastral organisations to advance from traditional systems to continuous digital data flow and automated processes within their cadastral reinstatement systems. The development process is linked to existing legislation and technology taking into consideration likely future directions. The current legislative and technological environments within Queensland allow for development towards automated digital systems that will enhance most current cadastral reinstatement systems.

Under en längre tid har handläggningstider avseende fastighetsbildning varit en utmaning för lantmäterimyndigheterna. I Förvaltningslagen anges att ärenden skall hanteras så enkelt, snabbt och kostnadseffektivt som möjligt. Med den pågående urbaniseringen har detta dock varit svårt att upprätthålla. Lantmäteriet skall på uppdrag av regeringen prioritera samhällsviktiga ärenden vilket ofta innefattar nybyggnation av bostäder, infrastruktur och anläggningar. Jord- och skogsbruk tillhör ofta den kategori som får stå tillbaka i denna process och därmed ej prioriteras.Examensarbetets syfte är att undersöka hur det statliga och de kommunala lantmäterimyndigheternas ärendehantering påverkar landsbygdsutvecklingen. Studien utfördes med flera metoder för att erhålla information lämplig till att besvara studiens frågeställningar. Genom en litteraturöversikt har ett antal informationskällor behandlats, dessa uppmärksammar handläggningstider för fastighetsbildningsärenden samt landsbygdens roll och utmaningar i samhället. Inom studien genomfördes det två enkätstudier och två intervjustudier. Genom dessa metoder inhämtades uppgifter kring fastighetsägares personliga upplevelser kring hur långa handläggningstider påverkat dem. Även erhölls information och yrkesmässiga erfarenheter från en lantbruksmäklare, en skoglig affärsrådgivare samt flertalet förrättningslantmätare.Resultatet visar att en stor del av fastighetsägarna anser sig bli negativt påverkade. Även de yrkesverksamma stödjer att denna påverkan kan uppstå vid långa handläggningstider. Därmed visar studiens slutsats att det problem som främst kan uppstå för ägare sker genom försvårade fastighetsaffärer somdessutom kan vara en faktor som bidrar till påverkan på landsbygdsutvecklingen genom att den hämmas. / During a long time period, processing times considering property formation have been a challenge for the cadastral authorities. It is specified in the Administrative Procedure Act that an errand shall be handled as simply, quickly and cost-effectively as possible. Due to the ongoing urbanisation this has been difficult to maintain. The Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority has an assignment from the government to prioritize errands that are important to the society which often includes newbuildt households, infrastructure and facilities. Agricultural and forestry property units belong to the category which often has to stand back in this process and therefore do not get prioritized. The aim of the thesis is to examine how the state cadastral authorities and the municipal cadastral authorities management of errands affects rural development. The thesis was performed through several methods to receive appropriate data information to answer the thesis research focuses. Through a literature review, public documents have been processed containing information about processing times for property formation errands and rural areas' role and challenges in society. The thesis also used two surveys and two interviews. These methods received data from property owners with their own experiences of processing times. Also information and work related experiences was received from a rural real estate agent, forestry businessman and from several cadastral surveyors.The result showed that a lot of property owners get negatively affected. Also the professionals agree that there is an effect due to long processing times. Therefore the thesis conclusion shows that the problems that can occur mainly indicates that property sales get more difficult which also can have a negative effect on rural development.