Cette étude a été menée dans le but d’explorer les nouvelles sources de protéines à valeur nutraceutique. Les graines de Ricinodendron heudelotii (Bail. Pierre ex Pax) et de Tetracarpidium conophorum (Müll. Arg) ont d’abord été cuites dans de l’eau bouillante pendant 90 et 30 min qui sont respectivement leurs temps optimums de cuisson. Après délipidation et tamisage des tourteaux, la fraction 400 - 500 µm s’est révélée la plus représentative avec plus de 70 % et riche en azote protéique (6–7% MS). Les concentrats et les isolats protéiques ont été préparés à partir des tourteaux respectivement dans l’eau distillée à pH 4,5 et dans une solution de NaOH à 0,2 % (R. heudelotii), une solution de NaCl 0,6 M (T. conophorum) à pH 11. Ces concentrats (65 – 75 % MS de protéines) et ces isolats protéiques (81 – 92 % MS de protéines) ont une composition physico-chimique différente (P < 0,05) de celle des tourteaux. Pour les deux Euphorbiacées, les capacités de rétention d’eau (367 – 467 g / 100 g d’échantillon), de rétention d’huile (256 – 410 g / 100 g d’échantillon) et moussante (68 – 71 %) sont maximales dans les isolats protéiques tandis que les capacités gélifiante (6 – 14 %) et émulsifiante (63 – 87 %) le sont dans les concentrats protéiques. Les teneurs en acides aminés essentiels des tourteaux de R. heudelotii et de T. conophorum sont comparables à celle de la protéine de référence. L’étude de la digestibilité enzymatique in vitro a montré que l’azote libéré après 6 h est supérieur à 90 % dans les concentrats et les isolats protéiques. La digestibilité protéique in vivo indique que le gain de poids des rats mâles âgés de 21 ± 3 jours durant 15 jours d’expérimentation ainsi que les paramètres de rétention azotée sont plus importants avec les régimes à base de l’aliment de référence (caséine) et du tourteau de T. conophorum. Les valeurs corrigées des paramètres de digestibilité par l’indice chimique des acides aminés laissent apparaître que le tourteau de T. conophorum renferme les protéines de très bonne qualité nutritionnelle, autant que la caséine / This study was conducted in order to look for alternative sources of proteins having nutraceutic value. The grains of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Bail.) and Tetracarpidium conophorum (Müll. Arg) were first cooked in boiled water at their optimal cooking time for 90 and 30 min respectively. After defating, sieving of the defatted cakes showed that samples with a granulometry of 400 - 500 µm were most representative (more than 70%), containing more proteic nitrogen (6–7 %). Protein concentrates and protein isolates were prepared from defatted cakes respectively in distilled water at pH 4.5 and in NaOH 0.2% (R. heudelotii) and NaCl 0.6M (T. conophorum) at pH 11. Physico-chemical properties of protein concentrates (65 – 75 % of proteins) and protein isolates (81–92 % of proteins) were different from those of the defatted cakes. Water holding (367 – 467 g / 100 g of sample), oil holding (256 – 410 g / 100 g of sample) and foaming capacities (68 – 71 %) were highest with protein isolates whereas gelling (6 – 14 %) and emulsion capacities (63 – 87 %) were highest with concentrates. The amounts of essential amino acids in both defatted flours were comparable to the value in FAO / WHO (2007) scoring pattern. Nitrogen liberated after 6 h of enzymatic digestibility was more than 90 % both in the proteins concentrates and isolates. In vivo studies carried out on 21 ± 3 days old Sprague Dawley male rats for 15 days showed that gain of weight and nitrogen retention parameters were higher for rats that consumed casein and T. conophorum defatted cake. Corrected values of nitrogen digestibility of the analysed samples showed that T. conophorum defatted cake contains protein source with good nutritional quality

Orientadores: Pedro Eduardo de Felício, Angélica Simone Cravo Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T11:18:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guizzo_MarianaMasson_M.pdf: 798911 bytes, checksum: d15448b3fe13c02e48078fa86ee4fd74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Um dos maiores desafios do setor produtivo da carne esta relacionado com a alteracao do perfil de acidos graxos atraves da manipulacao da dieta fornecida aos animais. O teor de gordura e a composicao de acidos graxos da carne assumem, atualmente, um papel importante na cadeia produtiva sob influencia das exigencias pelo mercado consumidor. A tendencia atual e a da demanda crescente por alimentos considerados "saudaveis", cujas características principais sao os baixos teores de gorduras saturadas. Porem, a busca de um produto mais atraente ao consumidor pode influenciar de forma positiva e/ou negativa nas caracteristicas de quantitativas e qualitativas da carcaca e da carne. Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da nutricao animal sobre as caracteristicas da carcaca e carne de cordeiros, 24 cordeiros machos inteiros, da raca Santa Inesx Dorper foram confinados em baias individuais, separados aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos utilizando sementes oleaginosas nas dietas, sendo os tratamentos contendo caroco de algodao (CA), semente de girassol (SG), grao de soja (GS) e controle (C). Apos 84 dias de confinamento, os cordeiros foram abatidos e, apos 24h o resfriamento, foram realizadas as analises quantitativas da carcaca, e em seguida a desossa e a separacao do musculo Longissimus dorsi para a realizacao das analises de parametros de qualidade da carne. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repeticoes. As dietas com caroco de algodao, semente de girassol e grao de soja, prejudicaram o peso, o rendimento e o comprimento de carcaca na comparacao com a dieta controle. Para as demais características quantitativas e qualitativas, nao houve influencia (P>0,05) dos tratamentos, para as medidas de AOL e EGS, pH, cor, e maciez, perda de peso na coccao e os teores de umidade e lipidios da carne dos cordeiros. Sob o ponto de vista da avaliacao sensorial, houve diferenca estatistica (P<0,05) em relacao a aceitabilidade do aroma, sabor e do produto de modo geral, indicando que os consumidores apresentam maior preferencia por carne de cordeiros confinados com dietas contendo semente de soja e girassol, do que contendo caroco de algodao. O uso do grao de soja aumentou significativamente os teores de acido linoleico (18:2) e CLA na carne, acidos graxos que sao desejaveis para o consumo humano / Abstract: One of the biggest challenges of the meat industry is related to the change in composition of the fatty acid profile by manipulating the diet givere to the animals. Nowadays the fat content and fatty acid composition of meat has an important role in the meat industry due to the influence of the consumer market demands. The current trend is the growing demand for foods deemed "healthy", whose main characteristic is the low saturated fat. However, the search for a product more attractive to consumers can influence in a positive or negative way on characteristics of meat and quantitative or qualitive carcass. With the aim of evaluating the effects of animal nutrition on carcass and ovine meat characteristics, 24 male lambs, . Santa Ines . Dorper breed were housed in individual pens, randomly separated in four treatments using oilseeds into diets, and treatments containing cottonseed (CS), sunflower seeds (SS), soybean (SB) and control (C). After 84 days on the feedlot, the lambs were slaughtered and, after 24h of cooling, were conducted quantitative analyzes of the carcass, and when the carcass was deboned the Longissimus dorsi muscle was separated to perform the meat quality analysis. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and six replications. The diets with cottonseed, sunflower seed and soybean, undermined the weight, yield and carcass length compared to the control diet. For other quantitative and qualitative characteristics, there was no influence (P> 0.05) of treatment, measures to AOL and EGS, pH, color, and softness, weight loss during cooking and the moisture and fat meat lambs. From the point of view of sensory evaluation, there was a statistical difference (P <0.05) relative acceptability of aroma, flavor and overall product, indicating that most consumers have a preference for beef and sheep fed diets containing seed soya and sunflower, which contains cottonseed. The use of soybean significantly increased levels of linoleic acid (18:2) and CLA in the flesh fatty acids that are desirable for human consumption / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestra em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2017-11-17T18:28:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_josenildo_araujo_silva.pdf: 3324043 bytes, checksum: ad6ffc169174693f97e0f08b67e1ed4f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-17T18:28:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_josenildo_araujo_silva.pdf: 3324043 bytes, checksum: ad6ffc169174693f97e0f08b67e1ed4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-10 / Algorithms have been developed in arder to simulate the water solar heating as a strategy for lowering castor bean pie destoxication costs, among from the biodiesel oil for production extraction processo Diverse procedure, substances solubilization, this residue toxic caracter factor, found in hot water and in some saline solutions, motivated this water heating modeling work, through solar energy, since this procedure type can and low cost to the above-mentioned methods, on account of this, one has used computational smulink/matlab in arder to simulate and to arise favorable conditions for this technique use strategies elaboration. One has, then, analized several situation, departing from a termal heating proposal, since this is a less expensive heat transference formo Of this form an objective function was proposal to create O variable that esteem the behavior of the system and better define the excellent conditions for the considered processo .Among these, the established variable as parameters for the simulated conditions, are presented the results, taking itself in account values of income for the process, existing in literature. One porpuses dynamic models, under complexity different degress, for a water heating process previous evaluation, through solar energy. Temperature variations, in the process diferrent stages, have been simulated, with simulink/matlab aid for the above-mentioned system behaviour analysis one presents computational models. blocks diagrams, correspondent to each one of the elaboration stage. Proposed mathematical models provided important previsions for temperature values, in the above-mentioned system different components, resulting as a work important tool for a next stage which is that one of the optimization. / Diversos procedimentos têm sido utilizados para destoxicação da torta de mamona. Entre esses a solubilização das substâncias responsáveis pelo caráter tóxico desse resíduo, ricina e ricinina, em água quente e/ou soluções salinas aquecidas. Foram desenvolvidos algo ritmos para simular o aquecimento solar da água como estratégia para baixar custos no processo de destoxicação da torta de mamona, originária do processo de produção de biodiesel. Para isto foi utilizada a ferramenta computacional Simulink/MATLAB@. Foram então analisadas várias situações com base na proposta de aquecimento direto, por se tratar de uma forma de transferência de calor menos dispendiosa. São propostos modelos dinâmicos em diferentes graus de complexidade para uma avaliação prévia do processo de aquecimento da água por meio de energia solar. Apresentam-se os diagramas de blocos dos modelos computacionais, correspondentes a cada uma das etapas de elaboração. Os modelos matemáticos propostos proporcionaram importantes previsões para valores de temperatura nas diferentes fases de elaboração. apresentando-se como importante ferramenta de trabalho para uma próxima etapa que é a de validação experimental do modelo final.

Syftet med studien är att genom sensoriska analyser sammanställa ett doft- och smakbibliotek för hampfrö-presskaka, gula mjölmasklarver, texturerad veteprotein, ärtproteinisolat och ärtprotein koncentrat. Metoderna pilotstudie, konsensustest och in-house intensitetstest används i studieprocessen. Pilotstudiens syfte är att få en ökad förståelse för produkternas doft och smak. Konsensustestet är en central punkt för uppbyggnaden av doft- och smakbiblioteket, eftersom övervägande attribut som genererats under testet används till produktbeskrivningen i doft- och smakbiblioteket. Inhouse intensitetstestet avsikt är verifiera attributgenereringens validitet från konsensustestet. Resultatet från pilotstudien bidrar med referenser till konsensustestet. Det finns även gemensamma egenskapsord för produkternas doft- och smak i pilotstudien och i konsensustestet. Resultatet från konsensustestet visar att det är svårt att särskilja smak från munkänsla, där till exempel olja kan fastställas som en smak från hampfrö-presskaka. Resultatet från inhouse intensitetstestet har ett större bortfall, vilket gör det svårt att fastställa attributen på grund av differentialen i minimum- och maximum värdet. Attribut som gav en beskrivande text till biblioteket visar att hampfrö-presskaka har en doft av gräs och tång där smak påminner om doft. Ärtproteinisolat doftar framför allt spannmål och smaken påminner om frön och majs. Gula mjölmasklarver doftar cerealier och valnötter, där smaken utgår från grundsmaken umami. Texturerad veteprotein har en doft som kan härledas till rostade vetepuffar och havregryn, där smak påminner om doft. Sista produkten ärtprotein koncentrat, har en doft av ärtskott och en besk smak. / The purpose of the study is to construct a fragrance- and flavour library for sensory analyses for hemp seed press cake, yellow mealworms, textured wheat protein, pea protein isolate and pea protein concentrate. The methods pilot study, consensus test and inhouse intensity test are used to be able to execute the study. The purpose of the pilot study is to gain an increased understanding of the fragrance- and flavour of the pre-products. The consensus test is a central point for the structure of the fragrance- and flavour library, since predominant attributes generated during the test are used for the product description in the fragrance- and flavour library. The purpose of the inhouse intensity test is to verify the validity of the attribute generation from the consensus test. The results from the pilot study contribute with references to the consensus test. There are also common attributes for the products' fragrance- and flavour in the pilot study and in the consensus test. The results from the consensus test show that it is difficult to distinguish between taste and mouthfeel. For example, can oil from hemp seed press cake be determined as a flavour. The result from the inhouse intensity test has a large statistical error, which makes it difficult to determine the attributes due to the differential in the minimum- and maximum value. Attributes that gave a descriptive text to the library show that hemp seed press cake has a scent of grass and seaweed where the taste is reminiscent of the scent. Pea protein isolate mainly smells of grain, the taste is reminiscent of seeds and corn. Yellow mealworms smell like cereals and walnuts where the taste is based on the basic taste umami. Textured wheat protein has a scent that can remind of roasted wheat puffs and oatmeal, where the taste is reminiscent of the scent. The last product is pea protein concentrate, which has a scent of pea shoots, and the taste is bitter.

Die Durchströmungswäsche von Filterkuchen aus innenporösen Partikeln wird anhand von makro- und mesoporösen Kieselgelen untersucht. Die Filterkuchenbildung der KCl-haltigen Suspensionen erfolgt in einer Drucknutsche nach VDI-2762-2. Die Filterkuchen werden über einen perforierten Stempel mit entionisiertem Wasser durchströmt und der Wascherfolg über die Bilanzierung der K+-Ionen ermittelt. Die Porosität der Kieselgel-Filterkuchen beträgt 80 %, wobei sich 50 % der gesamten Mutterlauge in den Innenporen befindet. Dennoch zeigen sich mit 1 % Restbeladung ähnliche Waschergebnisse wie für unporöse Feststoffe (Quarz und Glas). Die Innenporen werden gereinigt, der in der Literatur postulierte ausgeprägte Diffusionsbereich in der Waschkurve wird nicht sichtbar. Berechnungen nach CARMAN-KOZENY, FICK und mittels dimensionsloser Kennzahlen verdeutlichen, dass Perfusion und Diffusion die Wäsche poröser Systeme beeinflussen. Die vorgestellten Modelle eignen sich auch für die Anwendung in der Praxis. / The displacement washing of filter cakes consisting of porous particles is investigated using macro- and mesoporous silica gels. The filter cakes of KCl-containing suspensions are formed in a pressure filter device according to VDI-2762-2. The filter cakes are flown through with deionized water via a perforated piston and the washing success is determined by balancing the K+ ions. The porosity of the silica gel filter cakes is 80 % and 50 % of the mother liquor is trapped in the inner pores. Nevertheless, with 1 % residual loading, washing results are similar to those for non-porous solids (quartz, glass). The inner pores are cleaned, the distinct diffusion region in the washing curve postulated in the literature is not visible. Calculations according to CARMAN-KOZENY, FICK and by means of dimensionless quantities illustrate that both perfusion and diffusion influence the washing of porous systems. The presented models are also suitable for practical applications.

Neem cake is a product of the cold pressing from the neem kernels to obtain neem oil. Bio-active substances from neem cake extracted solutions were evaluated for their potential to control the root knot nematodes and other pests of plants. In this study different concentrations of the solution extracted from neem cake was tested against the second stage juveniles of the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne spp. and four phytopathogenic fungi: Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Collectotrichum spp. and Phytopthora capsici. Toxicity of neem cake extractions is represented by the EC50 value for the second-stage juvenile (J2) of Meloidogyne spp. and the four phytopathogenic fungi via Probit analysis. A 5% dilution of the solvent extracting from neem cake already caused 100% larval mortality after 24 hours exposure. Undiluted neem cake extraction effectively inhibited the growth of the four phytopathogenic fungi. The EC50 value of neem cake on J2-larvae of Meloidogyne nematode and on the fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Collectotrichum spp. and Phytophthora capsici was 0.51, 0.74, 0.30, 0.51 and 4.33%, respectively. / Bánh dầu neem là sản phẩm của quá trình ép nhân hạt neem để lấy dầu. Các hoạt chất sinh học từ dịch chiết bánh dầu neem đã được đánh giá có tiềm năng lớn trong phòng trừ tuyến trùng nốt sưng và các loài dịch hại khác của nhiều loại cây trồng. Trong nghiên cứu này các nồng độ dịch chiết khác nhau của bánh dầu neem đã được thử nghiệm khả năng diệt tuyến trùng (ấu trùng tuổi 2 thuộc giống Meloidogyne spp.) và ức chế 4 loài nấm bệnh như: Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Collectotrichum spp. và Phytopthora capsici. Độc tính của dịch chiết bánh dầu neem được biểu diễn bởi giá trị EC50 đối với ấu trùng tuổi 2 của tuyến trùng Meloidogyne spp. và các loài nấm bệnh thông qua phân tích Probit. Dịch chiết bánh dầu neem ở nồng độ 5% đã làm chết 100% cá thể IJ2 của Meloidogyne spp sau 24 giờ phơi nhiễm. Dịch nguyên chất bánh dầu neem ức chế cả 4 loài nấm bệnh. Giá trị EC50 của bánh dầu neem lên ấu trùng tuổi 2 của Meloidogyne spp và các loài nấm bệnh Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Collectotrichum spp. and Phytophthora capsici tương ứng là 0.51, 0.74, 0.30, 0.51 và 4.33%.

粉体の微粒子化に伴い，固液分離操作の中でも高精度かつ多量処理が可能なろ過の重要性はますます高まっている．しかしながら，微粒子スラリーのろ過抵抗は非常に大きく，所望の処理能力を得られないことが多い．本論文では，ろ過操作設計におけるろ材抵抗，スラリー凝集・分散状態，ケークろ過抵抗の予測に関して数値シミュレーションを利用した検討を行うことで，微粒子スラリーのろ過抵抗の低減に有用な知見を得ることができた． / 著者名の「吉」は「土」の下に「口」の置き換え / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Em face ao bom desempenho da agricultura brasileira, cresce tamb&eacute;m a responsabilidade por uma produ&ccedil;&atilde;o sustent&aacute;vel. Particularmente, o sistema produtivo da cana-de-a&ccedil;&uacute;car vem se adaptando a uma produ&ccedil;&atilde;o sem queima, e busca formas alternativas de manejo dos res&iacute;duos da produ&ccedil;&atilde;o que sejam sustent&aacute;veis tanto economicamente, quanto ambientalmente. Neste trabalho apresentamos resultados dos tratamentos de solo agricultur&aacute;vel com res&iacute;duos de i) cinzas de baga&ccedil;o de cana aplicado em cobertura e ii) torta de filtro na entrelinha da cultura, em diferentes doses. Avaliamos o impacto desses tratamentos no conte&uacute;do de carbono e na mat&eacute;ria org&acirc;nica do solo. Para determinar se os tratamentos podem ser considerados sequestradores de carbono e ambientalmente sustent&aacute;veis nos detemos na preserva&ccedil;&atilde;o seletiva como mecanismo de reten&ccedil;&atilde;o da mat&eacute;ria org&acirc;nica do solo, a qual leva a acumula&ccedil;&atilde;o de componentes org&acirc;nicos qu&iacute;micos mais recalcitrantes. Utilizamos as t&eacute;cnicas espectrosc&oacute;picas de fluoresc&ecirc;ncia de luz UV-Vis&iacute;vel, espectroscopia de fluoresc&ecirc;ncia matriz excita&ccedil;&atilde;o-emiss&atilde;o para avaliar a fra&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;cido h&uacute;mico do solo e o aumento da recalcitr&acirc;ncia qu&iacute;mica, a fluoresc&ecirc;ncia induzida por laser (FIL) para observar a mat&eacute;ria org&acirc;nica como um todo e a espectroscopia de emiss&atilde;o &oacute;tica com plasma induzido por laser (LIBS) utilizada como uma nova ferramenta para avaliar o conte&uacute;do de carbono do solo. No tratamento de solo com adi&ccedil;&atilde;o de cinza de baga&ccedil;o de cana tivemos potencial de estoque de carbono na dose 40 t/ha. Quanto a torta de filtro, o carbono total do solo aumenta menos significativamente que na cinza, mas n&atilde;o houve potencial de estoque de carbono. Na fra&ccedil;&atilde;o &aacute;cido h&uacute;mico n&atilde;o observamos modifica&ccedil;&atilde;o do grau de humifica&ccedil;&atilde;o do solo com os tratamentos, mesmo a torta sendo um produto rico em mat&eacute;ria org&acirc;nica, por&eacute;m houve um aumento de grupos carbon&iacute;licos, que est&atilde;o associados ao aumento das intera&ccedil;&otilde;es intermoleculares favorecendo por exemplo a complexa&ccedil;&atilde;o do &aacute;cido h&uacute;mico com metais. Nossos resultados de fluoresc&ecirc;ncia induzida por laser apontam que a cinza possivelmente ofereceu melhora nas condi&ccedil;&otilde;es de crescimento da cultura havendo aumento de grupos alif&aacute;ticos na MOS. Conclu&iacute;mos portanto, que n&atilde;o houve impacto negativo para o estoque de carbono no solo e qualidade da mat&eacute;ria sob tratamento de adi&ccedil;&atilde;o de cinza de baga&ccedil;o de cana e torta de filtro. / Given the good performance of Brazilian agriculture, grows the responsibility for sustainable production. Particularly, the sugarcane production system has been adapting to a production without burning, and seeks alternative forms of waste management in production that are both economically and environmentally sustainable. We present results of arable soil treatments with i) sugarcane bagasse ash applied in coverage soil and ii) filter cake applied between the lines of culture in different doses. We assess the impact of these treatments on the content and quality of soil organic matter and carbon sequestration capacity. To determine if treatments can be considered environmentally sustainable and carbon sequestration we embrace the selective preservation as a retention mechanism of soil organic matter, which leads to accumulation of chemical organic compounds recalcitrant. We use bidimensional fluorescence UV-Visible spectroscopy and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix to assess the fraction of soil humic acid, the laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIF) for observing the whole organic matter and laser breakdown induced spectroscopy (LIBS) used as a new tool to assess the soil carbon content. The soil treatment with sugarcane bagasse ash had increased carbon stock in dose 40 t / ha. In humic acid fraction did not observe any change in the degree of humification treatment with AML, but there was an increase of carbonyl groups, which are associated with increased intermolecular interactions and enhancing the complexation of metals with humic acid. Our results suggest a possible improvement in crop growth conditions with an increase of aliphatic groups in MOS. The filter cake is no carbon content recorded, also did not observe any impact on soil organic matter with the incorporation of filter cake although this is a product rich in organic matter. In this context, we conclude that there was no negative impact on the carbon stock and quality of soil organic matter under treatment addition of sugarcane bagasse ash and filter cake.

This thesis provides a general methodology for classifying and describing many combinatoric problems, systematising and finding theoretical expressions for quantities of interest, and investigating their feasible numerical evaluation. Unifying notation and definitions are provided. Our knowledge of random allocations is also extended. This is achieved by investigating new processes, generalising known processes, and by providing a formal structure and innovative techniques for analysing them. The random allocation models described in this thesis can be classified as occupancy urn models, in which we have a sequence of urns and throw balls into them, and investigate static, waiting-time and dynamic processes. Various structures are placed on the relationship(s) between cells, balls, and the selection of items being distributed, including varieties, batch arrivals, taboo sets and blocking sets. Static, waiting-time and dynamic processes are investigated. Both without-replacement and with-replacement sampling types are considered. Emphasis is placed on the distributions of waiting-times for one or more events to occur measured from the time a particular event occurs; this begins as an abstraction and generalisation of a model of departures of cars parked in lanes. One of several additional determinations is the platoon size distribution. Models are analysed using combinatorial analysis and Markov Chains. Global attributes are measured, including maximum waits, maximum room required, moments and the clustering of completions. Various conversion formulae have been devised to reduce calculation times by several orders of magnitude. New and extended applications include Queueing in Lanes, Cake Displays, Coupon Collector's Problem, Sock-Sorting, Matching Dependent Sets (including Genetic Code Attribute Matching and the game SET), the Zig-Zag Problem, Testing for Randomness (including the Cake Display Test, which is a without-replacement test similar to the standard Empty Cell test), Waiting for Luggage at an Airport, Breakdowns in a Network, Learning Theory and Estimating the Number of Skeletons at an Archaeological Dig. Fundamental, reduction and covering theorems provide ways to reduce the number of calculations required. New combinatorial identities are discovered and a well-known one is proved in a combinatorial way for the first time. Some known results are derived from simple cases of the general models. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1309598 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Mathematical Sciences, 2007

A non-reactive model system comprising a highly concentrated and unstable oil-in-water emulsion was used to investigate the retention of oil by the membrane in producing biodiesel with a membrane reactor. Critical flux was identified using the relationship between the permeate flux and transmembrane pressure along with the separation efficiency of the membrane. It was shown that separation efficiencies above 99.5% could be obtained at all operating conditions up to the critical flux. It was observed that the concentration of oil in all collected permeate samples using the oil-water system was below 0.2 wt% when operating at a flux below the critical flux. Studies to date have been limited to the characterization of low concentrated emulsions below 15 vol.%. The average oil droplet size in highly concentrated emulsions was measured as 3200 nm employing direct light scattering (DLS) measurement methods. It was observed that the estimated cake layer thickness of 20 to 80 mm was larger than external diameter of the membrane tube i.e. 6 mm based on a large particle size. Settling of the concentrated emulsion permitted the detection of a smaller particle size distribution (30-100 nm) within the larger particles averaging 3200 nm. It was identified that DLS methods could not efficiently give the droplet size distribution of the oil in the emulsion since large particles interfered with the detection of smaller particles. The content of the smaller particles represented 1% of the total weight of oil at 30°C and 5% at 70°C. This was too low to be detected using DLS measurements but was sufficient to affect ultrafiltration. In order to study the critical flux in the presence of transesterification reaction and the effect of cross flow velocity on separation, various oils were transesterified in another membrane reactor providing higher cross flow velocity. higher cross flow velocity provides better separation by reducing materials deposition on the surface of the membrane due to higher shearing. The oils tested were canola, corn, sunflower and unrefined soy oils (Free Fatty Acids (FFA< 1%)), and waste cooking oil (FFA= 9%). The quality of all biodiesel samples was studied in terms of glycerine, mono-glyceride, di-glyceride and tri-glyceride concentrations. The composition of all biodiesel samples were in the range required by ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. A critical flux based on operating pressure in the reactor was reached for waste cooking and pre-treated corn oils. It was identified that the reaction residence time in the reactor was an extremely important design parameter affecting the operating pressure in the reactor. / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)