Since the discovery of cyclosporine in 1971, calcineurin inhibitors have played a critical role in the therapeutic suppression of the immune response. Patients receiving solid organ transplants rely heavily on these medications to prevent the acute and chronic rejection of allografted tissue. Introduction of tacrolimus, the most frequently prescribed calcineurin inhibitor, has lead to improved clinical outcomes for organ transplant recipients; however, little improvement has been noted in lung transplantation. Difficulties with current oral dosing regimens for lung transplant patients stem primarily from drug systemic toxicity, heightened risk of invasive infection, and erratic oral bioavailability. We have proposed that pulmonary delivery of a tacrolimus formulation with improved solubility can provide high lung concentrations, while limiting corresponding systemic levels associated with toxicity. Chapter 2 investigates the pulmonary administration of tacrolimus dispersion for nebulization to lung transplanted rats. Resulting lung and blood levels were determined by appropriate bioanalytical methods. Limited systemic absorption was seen after pulmonary delivery, resulting in a 50 to 1 lung to blood concentration ratio. A 28 day safety and stability evaluation of tacrolimus dispersion for nebulization was conducted in Chapter 3. Results showed no signs of toxicity in Sprague Dawley rats and proved the stability of tacrolimus powder for dispersion for 3 months. For cases of severe asthma, immunosuppression is also necessary to restore normal lungs function and is typically treated with corticosteroids. Corticosteroids, however, are well known for their untoward side effects and can prove ineffective in severe asthmatics that have developed corticosteroid resistance. Chapter 4 investigates the use of tacrolimus dispersion for nebulization for prophylactic treatment of asthma. Efficacy was determined in an asthma-induced animal model by quantification of inflammatory cells and signaling chemicals. In Chapter 5, tacrolimus powder for inhalation is investigated in a novel dry powder inhalation platform. Respirable particles are produced when bulk particles (500 [micrometer]) comprising a matrix of drug/excipient are sheared apart by a marketed inhalation device to produce particles of the appropriate geometric diameter (50 [micrometer]). Biocompatible material with brittle properties were found to produce fine particle fractions (FPF) up to 70.3% and total emitted doses (TED) higher than 95%. / text

La non-adhésion (NA) est un enjeu majeur en transplantation rénale (TR). Nous avons réalisé une revue systématique dans laquelle les facteurs liés à la NA sont discutés. Et, sachant que la variabilité des taux sanguins d'anti-calcineurine (CNI) pose la question de NA, nous avons essayé d'identifier les facteurs qui lui sont associés. 37 articles sur l'adhésion ou NA en TR, publiés entre 2009 à 2014, ont été analysés. La NA fluctuait entre 2 et 96% et plusieurs facteurs lui étaient associés : a. jeune, homme, faible support social, sans emploi, faible éducation h. >3 mois post Tx, donneur vivant, >6 comorbidités c. >5 médicaments/j, >2 prises/j d. Croyances et/ou comportements négatifs e. Dépression et/ou anxiété. Puis, nous avons réalisé une étude transversale sur une cohorte de patients à 1 an post greffe de rein. . Les données cliniques, de l'entretien du pharmacien clinicien (PC) et de 6 questionnaires ont été collectées. 408 patients ont été inclus (61.2% d'hommes, âge médian 54 ans). Nous avons comparé 2 groupes selon le coefficient de variation (CV) des CNI : CV<30% (n=302) et >30% (n=106). En analyse univariée la distance hôpital-domicile, la ciclosporine, le délai post greffe et la présence de divergences à la conciliation médicamenteuse, étaient associés à un risque élevé de CV>30%. A l'inverse, le tacrolimus LP conférait un risque plus faible. En analyse multivariée, la présence de divergences était significative (OR=3.2 IC95% [1.21-9.01], p=0.02). Un CV>30% des CNI après 1 an de greffe semble refléter un phénomène de NA pouvant être confirmé par l'entretien avec le PC et constituer un outil simple pour la pratique clinique. / Non-adherence (NA) is a major issue after kidney transplantation (Tx). We realized a systematic review, in which criteria related to NA were discussed. And, considering that calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) blood levels variability raises the question of NA, we tried to identify factors associated to it. 37 studies on adherence and NA in TX, published between 2009 and 2014 were reviewed. NA fluctuated from 2 to 96% and sseveral factors were related to NA: a.Young age, male, low social support, unemployed, low education b. >3 months after Tx, living donor, >6 comorbidities c. >5 drugs/d, > 2 intakes/d d. Negative beliefs and/or behaviors e. Depression and anxiety. Then, we realised a cross sectional study on a cohort of kidney recipients grafted for more than 1 year. We recorded: clinical data, data from a clinical pharmacist (CP) interview and from 6 self-reports. 408 recipients were enrolled (61.2% male, median age 54 years old). We compared 2 groups according to a coefficient of variation (CV) for CNI blood levels: CV<30% (n=302) and >30% (n=106). In univariate analysis, the distance hospital-home, cyclosporine, time since Tx, discrepancies in the reconciliation process were associated with a greater risk of CV>30%. By contrast, tacrolimus once daily conferred a lower risk of CV >30%. In multivariate analysis discrepancies remained significant (OR=3.2 CI 95% [1.21-9.01], p=0.02). ACV >30% for CNI blood levels after lyear post Tx seems to reflect NA, and could easily be confirmed by the CP interview. This could be a simple method to detect NA in clinical routine.

Submitted by Fabíola Silva (fabiola.silva@famerp.br) on 2017-09-29T17:43:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 camilamontoromfelicio_tese.pdf: 3396879 bytes, checksum: 0568a8c449b9fa50634fd25925b2f3e7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T17:43:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 camilamontoromfelicio_tese.pdf: 3396879 bytes, checksum: 0568a8c449b9fa50634fd25925b2f3e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Background: The use of kidneys from extended criteria donors (ECD) is associated with organs of inferior quality and, therefore, a high discarding rate. Clinical and histological tools available to assess non-ideal organs and predict outcomes of ECD have conflicting results. Objectives: To evaluated differences in the intragraft cytokine genes expression in ECD and SCD (standard criteria donors) kidney biopsies (Bx) pre and post-transplant (Tx) and sought possible changes induced by immunosuppressive regimens (ISS). Methodology: SCD and ECD recipients (RTx) were randomized to tacrolimus (Tac) or everolimus (Eve) and Bx were collected pre-implantation (T0 Bx; n = 80) and after 15 (T15 Bx; n = 64) and 90 days (T90 Bx; n = 51) post-Tx. Subgroups SCD-Tac, ECD-Tac, SCD-Eve and ECD-Eve were analyzed for clinical outcomes and clinical data were correlated with intragraft gene expression. Results: Overall, ECD-Eve and ECD-Tac had inferior one-year patient survival and ECD-Tac had lower graft survival than other groups while cytomegalovirus and de novo diabetes pos-Tx were higher in patients with Tac. After one year ECD-Eve patients had higher serum creatinine than ECD-Tac (p = 0.03). Acute rejection rates were higher in Eve group regardless donor type. T0 Bx of ECD showed higher expression of MCP-1, RANTES, TGF-β1 and IL-10 when compared with SCD. TGF-β1 related to the serum creatinine at harvesting the organ while length of donor hospitalization and ECD donor type were associated with upregulation of MCP-1 and RANTES. T15 Bx of patients from both groups taking Eve had increased FOXP3 and MCP-1. RANTES were upregulated only in the SCD-Eve group. Eve was the only variable associated with upregulation of FOXP3, MCP-1 and RANTES. Molecular profiling at T90 was similar except by an increase in FOXP3 transcripts restrict to SCD-Eve group. Positive expression of FOXP3 was associated with the use of Eve and delayed graft function (DGF) with the increased expression of MCP-1 and IL -10. We subtracted from Bx T15 and T90 gene expression values obtained in Bx T0 and two distinct types of molecular profile were found to SCD and ECD. SCD kidneys showed upregulation for all molecules, except TGF-β1 regardless of the ISS system, and ECD kidneys showed negative regulatory molecules for the same, except for slight positive FOXP3 and RANTES expressions. Conclusion: Pre-implantation Bx of ECD kidneys had an inflammatory molecular profile clearly distinct from SCD, with higher expression of RANTES, MCP-1, TGF-β1 and IL-10. Post-Tx, the ISS given modifies the initial cytokine expression pattern at different time points. / Introdução: O uso de rins de doadores com critérios estendidos (DCE) está associado com órgãos de qualidade inferior e, por isso acabam gerando alta taxa de descarte desses órgãos. Os métodos clínicos e histológicos usados como ferramentas para avaliar os órgãos “não ideais” e prever os desfechos dos DCE têm resultados conflitantes. Objetivos: Avaliar as diferenças na expressão gênica de biópsias (Bx) renais em DCE e doadores com critérios padrões (DCS) no pré e pós-transplante (Tx) e buscar possíveis alterações induzidas pelos regimes de imunossupressão (ISS). Metodologia: Receptores (RTx) de DCS e DCE foram randomizados para tacrolimo (Tac) ou everolimo (Eve) e as Bx foram coletadas no pré-transplante (T0 Bx; n = 80) e após 15 (T15 Bx; n = 64) e 90 dias (T90 Bx; n = 51) pós-Tx. Os subgrupos DCS-Tac, DCE-Tac, DCS-Eve e DCE-Eve foram analisados para os desfechos clínicos e os dados foram correlacionados com a expressão gênica intra-enxerto. Resultados: Receptores de DCE-Eve e DCE-Tac tiveram menor sobrevida em um ano pós-Tx. Infecção por citomegalovírus e diabetes mellitus pós-Tx foram maiores em pacientes tratados com Tac. Após um ano, receptores de DCE-Eve apresentaram creatinina sérica (sCr) mais elevada do que DCE-Tac. As taxas de rejeição aguda foram maiores no grupo Eve, independente do tipo de doador. Bx T0 de rins de DCE mostraram maior expressão de MCP-1, RANTES, TGF-β1 e IL-10 quando comparado com rins de DCS. TGF-β1 foi relacionado com a sCr na retirada do órgão, enquanto que o tempo de hospitalização de DCE foi associado com maior expressão de MCP-1 e RANTES. Bx T15 de pacientes dos grupos Eve apresentaram aumento de FOXP3 e MCP-1. A expressão de RANTES foi mais elevada no grupo DCS-Eve. O uso de Eve foi à única variável associada com maior expressão de FOXP3, MCP-1 e RANTES. O perfil das Bx após 90 dias foi similar exceto pelo aumento dos transcritos de FOXP3 restritos ao grupo DCS-Eve. A maior expressão de FOXP3 foi associada com o uso de Eve e a função tardia do enxerto com o aumento na expressão de MCP-1 e IL-10. Foram subtraídos das Bx T15 e T90, os valores de expressão gênica obtidos nas Bx T0, e dois tipos distintos de perfil molecular foram encontrados para DCS e DCE. Rins de DCS apresentaram maior expressão para todas as moléculas, exceto TGF-β1, independentemente do regime de ISS. Os rins de DCE mostraram menor expressão para as mesmas moléculas, exceto por aumento discreto na expressão de FOXP3 e RANTES. Conclusão: Bx pré-implantação de rins de DCE tiveram um perfil molecular inflamatório diferente de rins de DCS, com maior expressão de RANTES, MCP-1, TGF-β1 e IL-10. No pós-Tx, a ISS modificou o padrão inicial de expressão de citocinas nos tempos estudados.

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23421号 / 医博第4766号 / 新制||医||1053(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 小濱 和貴, 教授 妹尾 浩, 教授 川口 義弥 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

We examined the effect of cyclosporin A, tacrolimus, sirolimus and everolimus on the cell growth, viability, proliferation, expression of cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) and leukocyte (PBMC) binding of human macrovascular (coronary artery, saphenous vein) and microvascular endothelial cells (EC). Tacrolimus did not affect EC integrity, growth or expression of CAM. Exclusively, EC from the coronary arteries showed a reduced cellular growth (about 30%) under cyclosporin A and tacrolimus treatment. In contrast, treatment with mTOR inhibitors reduced EC proliferative activity by about 40%, independently of the EC origin. No induction of apoptosis (caspase-3/7 activity) or cytotoxicity (MTS test) was observed. Long-term treatment with high concentrations of sirolimus and everolimus did not enhance the expression of CAM. Stimulation with tumor necrosis factor significantly increased the expression of CAM, independently of the drugs used. None of the mTOR inhibitors influenced the tumor necrosis factor-induced expression of CAM, whereas adhesion of PBMC increased significantly, as described by other papers. In summary, neither calcineurin inhibitors nor mTOR inhibitors activate human micro- and macrovascular EC. Therefore, the investigated drugs are unlikely to contribute to EC activation during transplant-associated vasculopathy. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

The introduction of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) into immunosuppressive regimens significantly improved patients prognosis after heart transplantation. Some of the most significant complications have been recognized, such as the development of arterial hypertension and renal impairment due to calcineurin inhibitor toxicity. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of the dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (dual RAS combination) with standard antihypertensive medication on blood pressure control. The second aim was to evaluate whether effective antihypertensive combination therapy (dual RAS or a standard antihypertensive drugs combination) would reduce the progression of chronic kidney disease in patients with chronic immunosuppressive prophylaxis. Treatment of arterial hypertension involving the combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) was similarly effective compared to the standard combination of antihypertensives. Blood pressure treatment targets were achieved in both studies. Administration of antihypertensive combination therapy including dual blockade of RAS alleviated the progression of chronic renal disease in the experimental and clinical part, where the nephroprotective effect of dual RAS blockade...

We examined the effect of cyclosporin A, tacrolimus, sirolimus and everolimus on the cell growth, viability, proliferation, expression of cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) and leukocyte (PBMC) binding of human macrovascular (coronary artery, saphenous vein) and microvascular endothelial cells (EC). Tacrolimus did not affect EC integrity, growth or expression of CAM. Exclusively, EC from the coronary arteries showed a reduced cellular growth (about 30%) under cyclosporin A and tacrolimus treatment. In contrast, treatment with mTOR inhibitors reduced EC proliferative activity by about 40%, independently of the EC origin. No induction of apoptosis (caspase-3/7 activity) or cytotoxicity (MTS test) was observed. Long-term treatment with high concentrations of sirolimus and everolimus did not enhance the expression of CAM. Stimulation with tumor necrosis factor significantly increased the expression of CAM, independently of the drugs used. None of the mTOR inhibitors influenced the tumor necrosis factor-induced expression of CAM, whereas adhesion of PBMC increased significantly, as described by other papers. In summary, neither calcineurin inhibitors nor mTOR inhibitors activate human micro- and macrovascular EC. Therefore, the investigated drugs are unlikely to contribute to EC activation during transplant-associated vasculopathy. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

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