Traditional morphometric method measures the linear distance between two points on the body surface. Statistical techniques, mainly covariance analysis and principle component analysis, are respectively used in single- and multi- variable statistical inferences. Their purpose is to overcome the bias due to allometric growth. Geomorphometric methods (mainly superimposition method) studied the size and shape of organisms was developed at recent decade. These methods not only measure and analyze body shape and size directly, but are immune to the disturbance of allometric growth. They also enable scientists to study organic structure on a three dimensional space. In this study, coordinates of landmarks on beaks surface were recorded to give information of shape as well as caliper distances. Superimposition method (Procrustes residuals) was applied to examine the difference between sexes, local populations and among different species of octopus. And the phenograms based on caliper distance and superimposition method were compared with the hypothesis of Norman and Sweeney on Octopus phylogeny. Samples of all 11 species of octopus, belonging to genus Cistopus and three species-group of genus Octopus were collected around the water of Taiwan. No significant differences on landmark shape between sexes of O. aegina and of O. marginatus were found through principal component analysis. Samples of O. marginatus from Tungkang and Dahsi could be discriminated through the first principal component. The result does not match with that from DNA sequence analysis already reported. Such conflicts were considered the result of environmental effects. Canonical discrimination method was used for two types of data, namely Procrustes residuals and caliper distances. All species were significantly different from each other. A discriminate function based on Procrustes residuals data reclassified 92.7% of the specimens correctly, incomparing to the 86.1% based on caliper distances. Phenogram constructed from a matrix of Mahalanobis distance (D2) also showed different result. It was concluded that: 1) Result of geomorphometric analysis based on landmark data is not compatible with the hypothesis of Norman and Sweeny. 2) Beak characters based on caliper distance are suitable for discrimination between genera or species-groups, and support the separation of O. luteus from O. minor and O. sp. TW35. Our study suggests that, either traditional morphometric method or the new geomorphometric method is a better tool for showing environmental effects than for phylognetic studies.

Under der senaste år-tiondet har 'X-by-wire' teknologier stadigt introducerats inom kommersiellbiltilverkning. Detta har hänt på grund av de otaliga fördelar dessa teknologier har över derasmekaniska motparter. Huvudskillnaden är att man använder sig av elektro-mekaniska system iställetfor mekaniska förbindelser. I ett 'throttle-by-wire' system till exempel blir positionen av gaspedalenkontrollerad av sensorer och den elektriska aktuatorn föryttar strypan följaktligen. Fördelen är attinformationen som samlas av andra sensorer även kan påverka på hur strypan öppnas. Detta gerextra flexibilitet till mekanismen. Det nästa system bil-manufaktorer vill anpassa till 'by-wire'-systemär bromsarna. Principen här är att flytta bromspedalerna med en elektrisk motor som är placeradi kaliperna och därmed helt byta ut kolvarna och den hydraulkretsen som just nu används för attåstadkomma detta. Att genomföra detta är mödosamt då bromsning ar kritiskt för säkerheten ochdärmed måste fullt följa strikta regulationer. Man måste fortfarande kunna bromsa om strömmen intefungerar i huvudströmkretsen. Biltillverkare har därför undersökt olika backup-system for att kringgådetta problem. Alla möjligheter har sina nackdelar och förvecklar designen en hel del. Detta arbeteutforskar en ny 'brake-by-wire'-design som är härledd från studier av andra undersökta system. Måletav det nya konceptet är att lösa några av de uppmärksammade problem i andra design. Dokumentetbörjar genom att granska redan existerande 'brake-by-wire' teknologier och beskriver deras för-och nackdelar.Vidare kommer det nya konceptet beskrivas med de förbundna fördelarna. Efter det byggsen simulationsmodell for att ta reda på om ideen är möjlig att bygga och skulle fungera. Sedan ritasen CAD-modell av monteringen och ett flertal FEM-studier genomförs för att utvärdera styrkorna avnågra kritiska komponenter. Till slut förfinas modellen och de erhållna resultaten diskuteras. Dessaanvänds för att kritiskt kommentera koncepten och för att ge rekommendationer for möjlig framtidautveckling. / In the last decades or so, \X-by-wire" technologies have been steadily introduced in commercial carsfor the numerous advantages they provide over their mechanical counterparts. The core principleconsists of using electro-mechanical systems instead of mechanical linkages. In a throttle-by-wiresystem for instance, the position of the gas pedal is monitored by a bunch of sensors while an electricactuator moves the throttle accordingly. The advantage is that data gathered by other sensors mayalso inuence the throttle opening, giving extra exibility to the mechanism.The next system automobile manufacturers want to adapt to \by-wire" is the brake. The principleis to move the braking pads with an electric motor located in the calipers and to get completely ridof the pistons and hydraulic circuit currently used to this eect in cars. Nonetheless, the transition isarduous because braking is safety critical and must therefore comply with strict regulations. Indeed,it must still be possible to apply the brakes in case of a power loss on the main electric circuit.Manufacturers have therefore been exploring dierent backup systems to circumvent the issue butthey all present downsides and complicate the design to a great extent.This work studies a new brake-by-wire design whose concept was derived from the study of theother systems presently investigated. The aim of this new concept is to resolve some of the issuesobserved in other designs.This document starts by reviewing the existing brake-by-wire technologies and describing their prosand cons. Next, the new concept is described along with the advantages it may bring. Subsequently,a simulation model is built to assess whether the idea is plausible and can function properly. Later, aCAD model of the assembly is drawn and various FEM studies are conducted to evaluate the strengthof some critical components. Finally, the simulation model is rened and the results obtained arediscussed and used to comment critically the concept and give recommendations for possible futuredevelopments.

<p>Denna rapport behandlar mitt examensarbete som genomfördes i samarbete med Haldex</p><p>Brake AB. Haldex Brake AB håller på och utvecklare en ny generation broms åt lastbilar.</p><p>Uppdraget bestod av tre delar. Att ta fram lösningsförslag som säkerhetsställer beläggjärnets</p><p>placering i förhållande ett beläggjärn så kallad Cross-beam. Att säkerställa att bultar monteras</p><p>med rätt åtdragningsmoment på 230Nm. Den sista tredjedelen av arbetet bestod i att</p><p>presentera lösningar som helt eller delvis eliminerar oljud, när olika komponenter med spel,</p><p>slår i delar i okhuset.</p><p>I projektet har flera olika principkonstruktioner tagits fram och genom Freddy Olsson</p><p>utvärderingsmallar har sedan en primärkonstruktion utarbetats fram.</p><p>I dem andra två resterande projektdelarna belyses lösningarna väldigt generellt av den</p><p>anledningen att det kräver specialkomponenter.</p>

Denna rapport behandlar mitt examensarbete som genomfördes i samarbete med Haldex Brake AB. Haldex Brake AB håller på och utvecklare en ny generation broms åt lastbilar. Uppdraget bestod av tre delar. Att ta fram lösningsförslag som säkerhetsställer beläggjärnets placering i förhållande ett beläggjärn så kallad Cross-beam. Att säkerställa att bultar monteras med rätt åtdragningsmoment på 230Nm. Den sista tredjedelen av arbetet bestod i att presentera lösningar som helt eller delvis eliminerar oljud, när olika komponenter med spel, slår i delar i okhuset. I projektet har flera olika principkonstruktioner tagits fram och genom Freddy Olsson utvärderingsmallar har sedan en primärkonstruktion utarbetats fram. I dem andra två resterande projektdelarna belyses lösningarna väldigt generellt av den anledningen att det kräver specialkomponenter.

Purpose Wool is still the most valuable and the most versatile fiber used by man. Many questions regarding its production have gone unanswered for centuries. This problem is undertaken in the hope of contributing information which might be used in further study on the problem of wool density. It is recognized that wool density is one of the four major factors affecting the total clean wool production of a sheep. If length of staple, diameter of fiber, and total surface area remain constant, an increase in density brings about a corresponding increase in total production of clean wool. Wool fibers are produced by glands, called fiber follicles, beneath the surface of the skin. Density is controlled by the number of these follicles functioning within a given area. Before great improvement in density can be made, it is necessary to know the mode of inheritance, it is necessary to know the density of each individual involved. Counting the fibere from any sizeable area is not practicable. Therefore, a technique is necessary for sampling the sheep and estimating the density on the basis of sampling figures. Scope The Wira Fleece Caliper is probably the most popular instrument used in sampling for density. To determine the most effective method of using the Wira Caliper, different-sized samples are taken from a given area. Both sides of each sheep are tested, and sheep from different breeds are sampled. Density on all samples is determined by a standard laboratory procedure. The results are statistically analyzed to determine the variation in density as obtained by the different sample sizes. In addition to the main objective, the variation in density between breeds, between sheep of the same brood, and the variation in density between sides on the same sheep is determined.

This diploma thesis is focused on conversion of Skoda Octavia RS mark I brake system. This vehicle will be used for race use. The aim of the thesis is to design adequate components of the brake system to achieve good brake deceleration and so that the design will be correspond to hard conditions on the race track. Thesis contains complete design of hydraulic system including control and brake forces, pressures, options of brake forces management and evaluate of brake stability. Followed by the design of brake caliper adapters and the static structural analysis by FEM. The thesis contains picture and assembly drawing attachment too.

Introdução- A busca ativa de indivíduos infectados pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis, com o auxílio do teste tuberculínico, principalmente em populações de detentos, moradores de rua, infectados pelo vírus do HIV entre outras, tem como objetivo prevenir a evolução da infecção para a doença tuberculose e auxiliar o conhecimento de novos casos da doença. O teste tuberculínico é uma importante ferramenta, para identificar os indivíduos reatores (infectados) e não reatores (não infectados). Ele pode ser aplicado a partir de várias técnicas, mas a que permite a padronização e a comparação dos resultados é a técnica intradérmica de Mantoux, a mais usada atualmente. No Brasil, a leitura do resultado do teste tuberculínico é realizada, por recomendação do Ministério de Saúde, com régua milimetrada. Para seu uso é necessário um treinamento rigoroso, o que tem contribuído para a diminuição de leitores do teste tuberculínico na rotina dos serviços de saúde. Como alternativa temos outro instrumento, paquímetro, ainda não padronizado no Brasil. Outros países o utilizam nas rotinas dos serviços de saúde para busca de indivíduos reatores ou não ao teste tuberculínico, ele não cabe para aferição ou inquéritos epidemiológicos. Objetivo- Comparar os instrumentos de leitura dos resultados do teste tuberculínico obtidos através da leitura padronizada, feita por régua milimetrada, e a leitura, não padronizada, feita por paquímetro. Métodos- Estudo descritivo realizado numa população prisional de uma Penitenciária e de um Centro de Detenção Provisória, da cidade de Guarulhos, Grande São Paulo, entre os meses de março a junho de 2008. Foi realizada a leitura do teste tuberculínico de forma dupla cega, por dois leitores, com instrumentos diferentes, paquímetro e régua milimetrada. Resultados- Foram administrados testes tuberculínicos em 1954 indivíduos; destes 111 foram excluídos por não terem comparecido à leitura do teste, resultando em uma amostra de 1843 indivíduos divididos em 1059 (57,5 por cento ) na Penitenciária e 784 (42,5 por cento ) no Centro de Detenção Provisória. Os resultados comparativos entre os dois instrumentos, quando avaliados os reatores com os não reatores, foram altos e equivalentes, pois a sensibilidade (93 por cento ) e a especificidade (97 por cento ) foram praticamente as mesmas. A média da concordância foi alta entre os dois instrumentos (95,5 por cento ) e a discordância foi baixa (4,5 por cento ). O Ministério da Saúde preconiza uma concordância acima de 80 por cento para aferição de novos leitores. Conclusões- Com este estudo observamos que o paquímetro pode ser considerado equivalente à régua milimetrada e poderá ser uma alternativa à régua para a leitura do teste tuberculínico no Brasil, principalmente para a busca de casos de tuberculose latente na rotina dos serviços de saúde, por ser um bom instrumento de separação dos indivíduos e não é suficiente para aferir um novo leitor. Entretanto, a régua deverá ser mantida, especialmente para inquéritos epidemiológicos / Introduction- The active search of individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis aims to prevent the development of infection to the disease tuberculosis and ancillary knowledge of new cases of the disease. The tuberculin test is an important tool to identify individuals (infected) and non-reactors reactors (noninfected). It can be applied from various techniques. Nowadays Mantoux intradermal technique is the most widely used and allows the standardization and comparability of results. In Brazil, the reading of the tuberculin test result is performed with a ruler, by recommendation of the Ministry of health. For its use is required a rigorous training, which has contributed to the decline of tuberculin test readers in routine health services. Alternatively, caliper rule is a technique that can be used, but it is not standardized in Brazil. Objective- Compare the reading instruments of tuberculin skin test results obtained through the standardized reading, made by a millimeter ruler, and reading, not standardized, made with a caliper rule. Method- It was a descriptive study in a prison population of a Penitentiary and a Provisional Detention Centre in the city of Guarulhos, São Paulo, between the months of March to June 2008. Tuberculin test reading was done in a double blind, tuberculin test by two readers, with different instruments, ruler and caliper rule. Results- Tuberculin skin tests were administered to 1,954 individuals; of these 111 was excluded for failing to appear for the reading test, resulting in a sample of 1,843 individuals divided in 1,059 (57.5 per cent ) in Penitentiary and 784 (42.5 per cent ) in the Provisional Detention Center. The comparative results between the two instruments were high and equivalent (sensitivity=93 per cent and specificity=97 per cent ). The average correlation was high among the two instruments (95.5 per cent ) and the disagreement was low (4.5 per cent ). The Ministry of Health recommends a concordance above 80 per cent for benchmarking new readers. Conclusions- We observed that the caliper rule can be considered equivalent to the rule and may be an alternative for reading the tuberculin test in Brazil, especially to search for latent TB cases. However, the rule should be maintained, especially toepidemiological investigations

Introdução- A busca ativa de indivíduos infectados pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis, com o auxílio do teste tuberculínico, principalmente em populações de detentos, moradores de rua, infectados pelo vírus do HIV entre outras, tem como objetivo prevenir a evolução da infecção para a doença tuberculose e auxiliar o conhecimento de novos casos da doença. O teste tuberculínico é uma importante ferramenta, para identificar os indivíduos reatores (infectados) e não reatores (não infectados). Ele pode ser aplicado a partir de várias técnicas, mas a que permite a padronização e a comparação dos resultados é a técnica intradérmica de Mantoux, a mais usada atualmente. No Brasil, a leitura do resultado do teste tuberculínico é realizada, por recomendação do Ministério de Saúde, com régua milimetrada. Para seu uso é necessário um treinamento rigoroso, o que tem contribuído para a diminuição de leitores do teste tuberculínico na rotina dos serviços de saúde. Como alternativa temos outro instrumento, paquímetro, ainda não padronizado no Brasil. Outros países o utilizam nas rotinas dos serviços de saúde para busca de indivíduos reatores ou não ao teste tuberculínico, ele não cabe para aferição ou inquéritos epidemiológicos. Objetivo- Comparar os instrumentos de leitura dos resultados do teste tuberculínico obtidos através da leitura padronizada, feita por régua milimetrada, e a leitura, não padronizada, feita por paquímetro. Métodos- Estudo descritivo realizado numa população prisional de uma Penitenciária e de um Centro de Detenção Provisória, da cidade de Guarulhos, Grande São Paulo, entre os meses de março a junho de 2008. Foi realizada a leitura do teste tuberculínico de forma dupla cega, por dois leitores, com instrumentos diferentes, paquímetro e régua milimetrada. Resultados- Foram administrados testes tuberculínicos em 1954 indivíduos; destes 111 foram excluídos por não terem comparecido à leitura do teste, resultando em uma amostra de 1843 indivíduos divididos em 1059 (57,5 por cento ) na Penitenciária e 784 (42,5 por cento ) no Centro de Detenção Provisória. Os resultados comparativos entre os dois instrumentos, quando avaliados os reatores com os não reatores, foram altos e equivalentes, pois a sensibilidade (93 por cento ) e a especificidade (97 por cento ) foram praticamente as mesmas. A média da concordância foi alta entre os dois instrumentos (95,5 por cento ) e a discordância foi baixa (4,5 por cento ). O Ministério da Saúde preconiza uma concordância acima de 80 por cento para aferição de novos leitores. Conclusões- Com este estudo observamos que o paquímetro pode ser considerado equivalente à régua milimetrada e poderá ser uma alternativa à régua para a leitura do teste tuberculínico no Brasil, principalmente para a busca de casos de tuberculose latente na rotina dos serviços de saúde, por ser um bom instrumento de separação dos indivíduos e não é suficiente para aferir um novo leitor. Entretanto, a régua deverá ser mantida, especialmente para inquéritos epidemiológicos / Introduction- The active search of individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis aims to prevent the development of infection to the disease tuberculosis and ancillary knowledge of new cases of the disease. The tuberculin test is an important tool to identify individuals (infected) and non-reactors reactors (noninfected). It can be applied from various techniques. Nowadays Mantoux intradermal technique is the most widely used and allows the standardization and comparability of results. In Brazil, the reading of the tuberculin test result is performed with a ruler, by recommendation of the Ministry of health. For its use is required a rigorous training, which has contributed to the decline of tuberculin test readers in routine health services. Alternatively, caliper rule is a technique that can be used, but it is not standardized in Brazil. Objective- Compare the reading instruments of tuberculin skin test results obtained through the standardized reading, made by a millimeter ruler, and reading, not standardized, made with a caliper rule. Method- It was a descriptive study in a prison population of a Penitentiary and a Provisional Detention Centre in the city of Guarulhos, São Paulo, between the months of March to June 2008. Tuberculin test reading was done in a double blind, tuberculin test by two readers, with different instruments, ruler and caliper rule. Results- Tuberculin skin tests were administered to 1,954 individuals; of these 111 was excluded for failing to appear for the reading test, resulting in a sample of 1,843 individuals divided in 1,059 (57.5 per cent ) in Penitentiary and 784 (42.5 per cent ) in the Provisional Detention Center. The comparative results between the two instruments were high and equivalent (sensitivity=93 per cent and specificity=97 per cent ). The average correlation was high among the two instruments (95.5 per cent ) and the disagreement was low (4.5 per cent ). The Ministry of Health recommends a concordance above 80 per cent for benchmarking new readers. Conclusions- We observed that the caliper rule can be considered equivalent to the rule and may be an alternative for reading the tuberculin test in Brazil, especially to search for latent TB cases. However, the rule should be maintained, especially toepidemiological investigations

Background: Overweight and obesity constitutes a threat to public health all around the world, and more individual’s dies from obesity than from hunger. This condition is increasing worldwide and obesity also occurs in children. According to WHO, there are 42 million overweight children in the world. Obesity and overweight in childhood leads to insulin resistance, elevated blood lipids and cardiovascular effects. Obesity is caused by positive energy intake, poor exercise habits, environmental factors, food habits and stress etc. It is also known that hormones influence the incidence of obesity. It has been found that individuals with overweight and obesity has elevated glucagon levels in the bloodstream Purpose: This work aims to investigate whether there is a difference in glucagon concentration between the sexes at ages 10-18 years with obesity, and if there is an association between glucagon concentration and weight, FM and FFM. Materials and Methods: In this study, obesity is determined by BIA and the caliper in combination as three compartment model. Blood samples were taken by venipuncture and glucagon were analyzed in fasting plasma. Results: BIA and the caliper together had a significant correlation with body composition. Blood glucagon was found to be high in obese children. Conclusion: Glucagon concentration in obese children correlates with weight and FM. However, further investigation is needed regard to how glucagon interact with weight, FM and FFM

This master´s thesis deals with design modification of specific upright in response to exchange the caliper for non-series one. It focuses on the creation and subsequent adjustment of the 3D model based on obtained size and shape of real upright by using 3D scan. For the editing part is conducted the strength test by using FEM and the results are compared with the values of the original upright.