Le principe du camouflage est le suivant : utiliser les couleurs de l’environnement pour s’y fondre. De l’apparition du camouflage français en 1914 à aujourd’hui, les techniques ont évolué. Les textures de camouflage ne sont plus monochromes mais composées de 3 à 4 couleurs différentes réparties sous formes de « taches ». Pour les camouflages les plus sophistiqués, la texture est « pixellique » pour en accroître l’efficacité, selon les études de Timothy R. O’NEILL, père du camouflage moderne. Cependant ces techniques se révèlent insuffisantes face à la diversité des théâtres opérations, et le coût est élevé pour adapter le camouflage à chaque situation particulière. L’évolution du camouflage atteint donc un palier. Son aspect statique est identifié comme barrière majeure à toute amélioration. Seule solution : concevoir un camouflage « adaptatif », qui s’adapterait dynamiquement à l’environnement dans lequel il est utilisé. Le camouflage adaptatif se définit comme suit : l’affichage d’une texture particulière sur un réseau d’afficheurs, piloté par un algorithme. Et c’est sur cet algorithme de camouflage, appelé « SCOTT », qu’ont porté les travaux de thèse. SCOTT est un algorithme biologiquement inspiré qui extrait d’une image de l’environnement ses couleurs et formes « dominantes », au sens de « visuellement importantes ». Ces caractéristiques sont ensuite reproduites dans une texture de camouflage fractale permettant une efficacité à différentes échelles d’observation. Bien qu’à vocation militaire, SCOTT peut être utilisé dans divers applications civiles, à commencer par la réduction de la pollution visuelle, en améliorant l’esthétique d’objets « polluants », par exemple les armoires de répartition. / The principle of camouflage is the following one: use the colors of the environment to melt in it. From the appearance of the French camouflage, in 1914, to today, the techniques have evolved. Camouflage textures are no more monochromatic but composed of 3 to 4 different colors distributed in the form of «spots». For the most sophisticated camouflages, the texture is «pixelated» to increase efficiency, according to studies by Timothy R. O’Neill, father of modern camouflage. However, these techniques are insufficient to diversity of operations, and the cost is high to suit each particular situation. The evolution of camouflage reaches a plateau. Its static aspect is identified as a major barrier to improvement. Only one solution: design an «adaptive» camouflage, which dynamically adapt itself to the environment in which it is used. Adaptive Camouflage is defined as displaying a special texture on a network of displays, controlled by an algorithm. The thesis work is about this camouflage algorithm called «SCOTT». SCOTT is a biologically inspired algorithm which extracts the «dominant» colors and shapes of the image of an environment, that is the visually meaning ones. These characteristics are then replicated in a fractal camouflage texture enabling efficiency at different scales of observation. Although SCOTT has been designed for a military application, it can be used in a variety of civilian applications, starting with the reduction of visual pollution, by improving the aesthetics of “polluting” objects, such as shelters.

Adaptivt kamouflage är en signaturanpassningsteknik som ger stridsfordon förmågan att anpassa sin värmesignatur utefter omgivningen eller imitera andra objekts signatur, i syfte att undgå upptäckt eller identifiering.I denna studie genomförs en analys om vilka folkrättsliga problem som kan uppstå vid användandet av adaptivt kamouflage.Studiens resultat visar att de folkrättsliga problem som kan uppstå vid användningen av adaptivt kamouflage är distinktionsproblem, då tekniken möjliggör för stridsfordon att imitera signaturen av civila personbilar. Denna användning av adaptivt kamouflage kan anses som brott mot distinktionsprincipen. / Adaptiv camouflage is a camouflage system which gives combat vehicles the ability to mimic the heat signature of its surroundings or copy the signature of other objects, to avoid detection or identification.This study conducts an analysis concerning the international legal problems that may arise from the use of adaptive camouflage.The result of the study show that the international legal problems that may arise from the use of adaptive camouflage are; distinction problems, when a combat vehicle can copy the heat signature of a civilian car. This use of adaptive camouflage can be seen as a violation against the principle of distinction.

Masking or decorator crabs, conceal themselves partially through camouflage, by selecting or indiscriminately attaching materials from their environment to their exoskeleton. Functional aspects of decorating behavior and morphology in this group have not been documented. Using Microphrys bicornutus as a model species, this dissertation demonstrates clearly that decorating is an advantageous phenotype that has evolved to serve several functions. Decorating is a complex behavior that begins when a crab approaches an algal substrate and results in the attachment of algae to hooked setae on the exoskeleton. Once decorated, crabs remain motionless on the substrate until disturbed or until another behavior is initiated. This was confirmed for M. bicornutus, as crabs spent a significant amount of time feeding, remaining motionless, picking, and walking when compared to decorating. Crabs displayed agonistic behaviors during encounters with conspecifics conspecifics. These included both active aggressive behavior and display behavior. Crabs showed a decrease in motility during these encounters, helping maintain dispersed distributions, thereby decreasing intrsapecific encounters in the field. Trials were done to determine the effect of conspecifics, predators and feeding preferences on algal utilization. M. bicornutus showed a significant decrease in the amount of algae used for decoration in the highest density trials (i.e., 4 and 8 crabs). Agonistic displays and aggressive behavior between these crabs likely affected the time available for decorating. Decorated crabs isolated from an algal substrate were more likely to survive in the presence of either of two sympatric fish predators. Thus, being protected by the algal decoration on their exoskeletons. Trials also showed a parallel between algal consumption and algal materials used for decoration. In addition to its protective function, algae used by M. bicornutus for decoration simultaneously serve as short term food supplies for the crabs. Eleven morphologically complex structures were identified and mapped on the exoskeleton. Hooked setae were the primary structures used to attach algae to the crab’s body. Ten additional setal structures were present, including two novel types of setae. On the basis of location and morphological variation exhibited among these latter structures, a primary sensory function may be inferred. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013.

Phenotypic plasticity is defined as an organism’s ability to express differentphenotypes depending on the environment. Predation is one of the key forces inecology and can indirectly cause a change of the phenotype in fish populations.Pigmentation change in order to match the background is one type of camouflage usedin fish and other organisms. Moreover, pigmentation might depend on environmentalconditions such as turbidity and water colour that affect the light spectrum and thusthe visibility in the water. The phenotypic variation in body pigmentation of perch(Perca fluviatilis L.) has rarely been studied to this date. In this study, I examined ifbody pigmentation of perch varied between different environments and betweenstructurally different habitats (littoral/pelagic). I tested long-term (phenotypicplasticity) and short-term (physiological-behavioural) changes in pigmentation byusing long-term pre-treatments and short-term aquarium experiments. Differences instructurally-diverse habitats were investigated in an extensive field study.Furthermore, experimental results were compared to data from the field. The resultsshow that pigmentation is determined by environmental factors, such as water colouror turbidity, and by structural complexity. Since fishes adapted their pigmentation totheir visual environment, pigmentation is likely used as predator avoidancemechanism in perch. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the environmentally-inducedpigmentation pattern determines the magnitude of short-term pigmentation in perch.

Thèse (M.Ed.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2006. / Bibliogr.: f. [96]-101. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Partindo do corpo que caminha pela cidade, com ou sem rumo, a presente dissertação procura investigar as relações que cercam essa simples ação, levando em consideração, inclusive, a roupa que esse homem veste. O corpo é discutido, tentando encontrar modos mais viscerais para um contato com a realidade operante e arquitetar novas narrativas. A caminhada é o mais simples ato para a (des)apropriação de territórios a serem experimentados. A roupa é a fronteira entre o corpo e a cidade. A camuflagem aparece como um meio eficiente de contactar o corpo com o meio e sua lógica atravessa nosso contato com o mundo. As cidades, suas ruas e espaços públicos solicitam o uso coletivo e se entregam satisfeitos às intervenções urbanas. O texto segue visitando trabalhos que cruzam esse conjunto, buscando desvios nos espaços e resignificando objetos abundantes que se apresentam sem finalidade, procurando inverter lógicas vigentes para realizar outros usos do corpo, da roupa e da cidade / Starting from the body that walks through the city, with or without direction, this paper investigates the relationships which surround this simple action, taking into account even the clothing worn by the man. The body is discussed, trying to find ways for a more visceral contact with reality and architecting new narratives. Walking is the simplest act for (dis)appropriation of territories to be experiments. Clothing is the boundary between the body and the city. The camouflage appears as an efficient way to connect the body and the environment, and its logic through our contact with the world. Cities, streets and public spaces solicit the collective use and recive, pleased, urban interventions. The text follows visiting art works that intersect this set, looking for deviations in spaces and redefining objects that present themselves in abundance without purpose, to reverse the logical force and, then, to make other uses of the body, clothing and the city

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Partindo do corpo que caminha pela cidade, com ou sem rumo, a presente dissertação procura investigar as relações que cercam essa simples ação, levando em consideração, inclusive, a roupa que esse homem veste. O corpo é discutido, tentando encontrar modos mais viscerais para um contato com a realidade operante e arquitetar novas narrativas. A caminhada é o mais simples ato para a (des)apropriação de territórios a serem experimentados. A roupa é a fronteira entre o corpo e a cidade. A camuflagem aparece como um meio eficiente de contactar o corpo com o meio e sua lógica atravessa nosso contato com o mundo. As cidades, suas ruas e espaços públicos solicitam o uso coletivo e se entregam satisfeitos às intervenções urbanas. O texto segue visitando trabalhos que cruzam esse conjunto, buscando desvios nos espaços e resignificando objetos abundantes que se apresentam sem finalidade, procurando inverter lógicas vigentes para realizar outros usos do corpo, da roupa e da cidade / Starting from the body that walks through the city, with or without direction, this paper investigates the relationships which surround this simple action, taking into account even the clothing worn by the man. The body is discussed, trying to find ways for a more visceral contact with reality and architecting new narratives. Walking is the simplest act for (dis)appropriation of territories to be experiments. Clothing is the boundary between the body and the city. The camouflage appears as an efficient way to connect the body and the environment, and its logic through our contact with the world. Cities, streets and public spaces solicit the collective use and recive, pleased, urban interventions. The text follows visiting art works that intersect this set, looking for deviations in spaces and redefining objects that present themselves in abundance without purpose, to reverse the logical force and, then, to make other uses of the body, clothing and the city

No description available.

Background matching, a form of camouflage, involves species developing patterns and coloration that closely resemble their environment. Humans have utilized camouflage and background matching, particularly in military applications, to reduce detectable characteristics, known as signatures. Recent advancements in sensor systems necessitate the development of effective camouflage in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) range (0.9 – 2.5 µm). However, absorption of SWIR radiation is heavily influenced by water, and dry textile materials may be easily detectable against a forest background due to their low water content. To address this challenge, this master's thesis explores the integration of hydration onto a textile fabric to reduce the signature in SWIR. Various fabric types were included in this study. The optical properties of these textiles, both when wet and dry, were evaluated using SWIR imaging and UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy, and compared to foliage. Surface modifications were employed to introduce hydrophobic properties to the fabric, such as the application of water-repelling agents (Nikwax and OrganoTex) or functionalized silica nanoparticles. The water evaporation rates of untreated and surface-treated fabrics were assessed. However, the hydrophobic surface did not significantly reduce water evaporation from the fabrics. Similarly, the addition of a nanocellulose-based hydrogel on the fabric surface did not result in a significant change in evaporation. Combining the hydrogel with water-repelling solutions in a multilayer configuration indicated prolonged evaporation, but further tests are required to validate this finding. This master's thesis demonstrates that introducing water into a dry textile fabric alters its spectral properties, making it more similar to foliage. However, the primary challenge lies in retaining water within the material for improved camouflage in SWIR wavelengths.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de réaliser une peau active pour le camouflage de véhicule terrestre à base de la technologie cristal liquide cholestérique. Après analyse de l’environnement, une texture est appliquée sur les écrans cristaux liquides afin de réduire la signature visuelle et thermique du véhicule. Les travaux ont consisté à proposer un dispositif trichrome cristal liquide permettant d’obtenir la colorimétrie définie par le cahier des charges. Les problèmes de tenue en température, de réflexion spéculaire, de niveaux de gris, niveaux de réflectivité, de réduction des tensions appliquées ont été traités au cours de cette thèse. La technologie proposée a permis la réalisation d’un démonstrateur sur un robot télécommandé qui a été présenté au salon Eurosatory 2018 sur le stand du ministère des armées. Des travaux ont été également engagés pour le développement de modulateur optique dans l’infrarouge, à base de cristaux liquides cholestérique, afin de moduler la réflectivité et donc de pouvoir limiter la signature thermique du véhicule. Plusieurs pistes ont été testées et proposées. / The objective of this thesis is to achieve an active skin for the camouflage of a land vehicle based on cholesteric liquid crystal technology. After analysis of the environment, a texture is applied on the LCDs to reduce the visual and thermal signature of the vehicle. The work consisted of proposing a trichrome liquid crystal device to obtain the colorimetry defined by the specifications. The problems of temperature resistance, specular reflection, gray scale, reflectivity levels, reduction of applied voltages were discussed during this thesis. The proposed technology enabled to realization of a demonstrator on a remote controlledrobot that was presented at Eurosatory 2018 on the stand of the Ministry of the Armed Forces. Work has also been started on the development of optical modulators in the infrared, based on cholesteric liquid crystals, in order to modulate the reflectivity and thus to be able to limit the thermal signature of the vehicle. Several tracks have been tested and proposed.