Cancer is a highly complex disease that evolved in response to a wide range of biological and molecular changes that impact disease behaviour, treatment efficacy and clinical outcomes. Studying this diversity in human tumours is essential for gaining insights that will ultimately improve the survival rates of cancer patients. Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are believed to be responsible for invasive and metastatic features in tumours and can contribute to chemotherapy resistance and subsequent tumour relapses. There is an increasing need to identify the molecular mechanisms involved in tumour cells, particularly in CSCs. Cancer testis antigens (CTAs) are a subclass of germline proteins normally produced in immune-privileged sites, such as the testis, ovary and placenta of somatic tissues, and the presence of these antigens is increased in a variety of cancers. These characteristics make CTAs highly important immunotherapeutic targets, since they do not harness the immune response in the testes but encode immunogenic proteins that can induce a specific response in cancerous tissues. CTA genes are potentially very importance in clinical applications, including cancer diagnosis, vaccination and immunotherapy. This current study focused on the investigation of two CTAs, TDRD12 and LKAAEAR1, that may have an enhanced presence in cancer and the potential to be immunogenic. TDRD12 is linked to stemness features and enables the proliferation of germ line tumour cells. It appears to act as a possible transcriptional regulator for germline factors that are essential to cell cycle proliferation, germ cell maintenance and stem marker expression. TDRD12 may have the potential to drive oncogenesis and CSC targets. LKAAEAR1 was validated as a CTA at the protein level, showing its production was restricted to germ cells and the central nervous system from normal tissues and showed aberrant production in a wide range of tumours. This protein has been shown to be produced in germ cells undergoing spermatogenesis with strong nuclei staining, suggesting its potential role in this process. LKAAEAR1 potentially acts as a regulator for transposable elements, thereby increasing its contributions to cancer development. This study demonstrated that LKAAEAR1 could potentially be used as a cancer biomarker and therapeutic target.

Os antígenos cancer-testis (CT) são proteínas imunogênicas expressas em tecido gametogênico e em diferentes tipos de tumor, sendo considerados candidatos promissores para a imunoterapia do câncer. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a função desses antígenos na tumorigênese. Em 2006, identificamos CTSP-1 como um novo antígeno CT, frequentemente expresso em vários tumores. Nesse trabalho, investigamos a função de CTSP-1 por meio da identificação de proteínas expressas em tumores de próstata e que são capazes de interagir fisicamente com esse antígeno. Demonstramos que CTSP-1 interage com a proteína CTCF em ensaios de duplo-híbrido em leveduras, pulldown e de co-localização e, em seguida, analisamos o impacto da superexpressão de CTSP-1 no controle da expressão de genes CT mediada por CTCF e na progressão do ciclo celular. Utilizando o CT NY-ESO-1 como modelo, demonstramos que a superexpressão de CTSP-1 não altera os níveis endógenos de NY-ESO-1 na linhagem celular tumoral H1299. Por outro lado, observamos que a superexpressão de CTSP-1 48h após as transfecções em H1299 induz um bloqueio do ciclo em G0/G1, reduzindo a capacidade clonogênica dessas células por um mecanismo dependente dos níveis de expressão de CTSP-1. Resultados semelhantes não foram observados em ensaios com clones superexpressando CTSP-1 estavelmente, o que sugere que eles tenham se originado de células que conseguiram escapar do bloqueio em G0/G1. Resultados preliminares sugerem que a redução da capacidade clonogênica das células H1299 que superexpressam CTSP-1 48h após as tansfecções não está associada à ocorrência de morte por apoptose. / Cancer-testis (CT) antigens are immunogenic proteins expressed in gametogenic tissues and in different histological types of tumors, being considered promising candidates for cancer immunotherapy. However, little is known about their role in tumorigenesis. In 2006, we identified CTSP-1 as a novel CT antigen, frequently expressed in different types of tumors. In this work, we investigated the functional role of CTSP-1 through the identification of proteins expressed in prostate tumors and that physically interact with this tumor antigen. We demonstrate that CTSP-1 interacts with the CTCF protein using the yeast two-hybrid system, pulldown and co-localization assays and have further analyzed the impact of CTSP-1 overexpression on the expression of CT genes mediated by CTCF and on the cell cycle progression. Using the CT antigen NY-ESO-1 as a model, we showed that the CTSP-1 overexpression does not alter the endogenous levels of NY-ESO-1 in the tumor cell line H1299. On the other hand, we observed that the overexpression of CTSP-1 in H1299 cells 48h after the transfections induces a cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and reduces the clonogenic capacity of these cells by a mechanism dependent on the CTSP-1 expression levels. Similar results were not observed for cell clones stably overexpressing CTSP-1, suggesting that these clones have arisen from cells that managed to escape cell cycle arrest in G0/G1. Preliminary results suggest that the reduced clonogenic capacity of H1299 cells expressing CTSP-1 and analyzed 48h after the transfections is not associated with cell death by apoptosis.

Os antígenos cancer-testis (CT) são proteínas imunogênicas expressas em tecido gametogênico e em diferentes tipos de tumor, sendo considerados candidatos promissores para a imunoterapia do câncer. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a função desses antígenos na tumorigênese. Em 2006, identificamos CTSP-1 como um novo antígeno CT, frequentemente expresso em vários tumores. Nesse trabalho, investigamos a função de CTSP-1 por meio da identificação de proteínas expressas em tumores de próstata e que são capazes de interagir fisicamente com esse antígeno. Demonstramos que CTSP-1 interage com a proteína CTCF em ensaios de duplo-híbrido em leveduras, pulldown e de co-localização e, em seguida, analisamos o impacto da superexpressão de CTSP-1 no controle da expressão de genes CT mediada por CTCF e na progressão do ciclo celular. Utilizando o CT NY-ESO-1 como modelo, demonstramos que a superexpressão de CTSP-1 não altera os níveis endógenos de NY-ESO-1 na linhagem celular tumoral H1299. Por outro lado, observamos que a superexpressão de CTSP-1 48h após as transfecções em H1299 induz um bloqueio do ciclo em G0/G1, reduzindo a capacidade clonogênica dessas células por um mecanismo dependente dos níveis de expressão de CTSP-1. Resultados semelhantes não foram observados em ensaios com clones superexpressando CTSP-1 estavelmente, o que sugere que eles tenham se originado de células que conseguiram escapar do bloqueio em G0/G1. Resultados preliminares sugerem que a redução da capacidade clonogênica das células H1299 que superexpressam CTSP-1 48h após as tansfecções não está associada à ocorrência de morte por apoptose. / Cancer-testis (CT) antigens are immunogenic proteins expressed in gametogenic tissues and in different histological types of tumors, being considered promising candidates for cancer immunotherapy. However, little is known about their role in tumorigenesis. In 2006, we identified CTSP-1 as a novel CT antigen, frequently expressed in different types of tumors. In this work, we investigated the functional role of CTSP-1 through the identification of proteins expressed in prostate tumors and that physically interact with this tumor antigen. We demonstrate that CTSP-1 interacts with the CTCF protein using the yeast two-hybrid system, pulldown and co-localization assays and have further analyzed the impact of CTSP-1 overexpression on the expression of CT genes mediated by CTCF and on the cell cycle progression. Using the CT antigen NY-ESO-1 as a model, we showed that the CTSP-1 overexpression does not alter the endogenous levels of NY-ESO-1 in the tumor cell line H1299. On the other hand, we observed that the overexpression of CTSP-1 in H1299 cells 48h after the transfections induces a cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and reduces the clonogenic capacity of these cells by a mechanism dependent on the CTSP-1 expression levels. Similar results were not observed for cell clones stably overexpressing CTSP-1, suggesting that these clones have arisen from cells that managed to escape cell cycle arrest in G0/G1. Preliminary results suggest that the reduced clonogenic capacity of H1299 cells expressing CTSP-1 and analyzed 48h after the transfections is not associated with cell death by apoptosis.

Cancer testis antigens (CTA) represent attractive targets for targeted radiotherapy and imaging as their expression is restricted to cancer and germ cells. NY-ESO-1, a member of the CTA family, is highly immunogenic and expressed in multiple tumor types including carcinoma of bladder, liver lung. The aim of this study was to develop radioimmunoconjugates (RIC) to target NY-ESO-1 protein in cancer cells. Anti-NY-ESO-1 antibodies were modified by addition of DTPA for 111In-labelling or, in the presence of Iodogen, were 123I-labelled. Delivery of radiolabeled immunoconjugates across the cell membrane was achieved using a protein transfection (PT) reagent (SAINT-PhD) and by chemical linkage with the cell-penetrating and nuclear-localizing peptide, TAT (YGRKKRRQRRR). Cellular internalization, distribution and efflux of 111In-DTPA-anti-NY-ESO-1-TAT-PT and 123I-anti-NY-ESO-1-TAT-PT were investigated in cell fractionation and retention assays. It was shown that protein transfection reagent has promoted the cellular uptake of RICs into SK-MEL-37 and both of 111In-DTPA-anti-NY-ESO-1-TAT-PT and 123I-anti-NY-ESO-1-TAT-PT was retained longer in SK-MEL-37 cells in comparison to their isotope control RIC. In clonogenic assays, 111In-DTPA-anti-NY-ESO-1-TAT-PT significantly reduced surviving fraction of SK-MEL-37 cells. Cytotoxicity was inversely proportional to specific activity and the concentration of cells exposed to 111In-DTPA-anti-NY-ESO-1-TAT-PT. siRNA knock down of NY-ESO-1 resulted in partial reversal of 111In-DTPA-anti-NY-ESO-1-TAT-PT associated cytotoxicity. These promising results obtained from the in vitro study has brought the probe further into in vivo study. In preliminary biodistribution studies in SK-MEL-37 xenograft-bearing mice, tumour:muscle ratio for 111In-DTPA-anti-NY-ESO-1-TAT-PT was statistically significant compared to the control RIC 48 h post injection. This clearly indicated that the probe can be delivered into tumour in in vivo model and the successful uptake of radioactivity increased the chance of causing cytotoxicity to tumour cells through DNA damage. All of these findings have suggested that intracellular cancer associated antigen NY-ESO-1 can be reached by protein transfection reagent and cell penetrating peptide and initiates DNA damage through radio-isotope mediated cytotoxicity. Therefore, it represents a novel approach to the treatment of CTA-expressing cancers.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-25 / Os antígenos cancer/testículo (CTAs) são considerados promissores alvos para abordagens de imunoterapia em câncer devido à sua alta imunogenicidade e padrão de expressão praticamente restrito a tecidos tumorais (estão também expressos em células germinativas do testículo, placenta e ovário fetal). Apesar do padrão de expressão dos CTAs estar bem estabelecido em carcinomas, pouco se sabe sobre a expressão desses antígenos em neoplasias linfóides como Linfomas de Hodgkin (LH) e Linfomas não-Hodgkin (LNH). Objetivo: Avaliar o potencial desses antígenos específicos tumorais como candidatos à imunoterapia em linfomas, através da análise de expressão protéica dos CTAs e avaliação da resposta imune humoral espontânea contra esses antígenos, correlacionando os achados com os dados clínicos e prognóstico. Métodos: Três blocos de Tissue Microarray (TMA) foram construídos a partir de 38 amostras teciduais de LH clássico e 106 de LNH obtidos nos arquivos do Departamento de Anatomia Patológia da UNIFESP. As lâminas de TMA foram submetidas a um painel de imunohistoquímica para 9 CTAs, a saber: MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-A10, CT7, CT10, NY-ESO-1, LAGE e GAGE. A avaliação da imunidade humoral espontânea foi realizada em 97 amostras de soro de pacientes com LNH ao diagnóstico (59 dos quais foram incluídos na casuística do TMA), utilizando-se a técnica de ELISA em um painel mais amplo de CTAs (MAGEA1, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, MAGE-A10, NY-ESO-1, CT7, CT10, CT24, CT45, CT46, CT47, CT63, CT83, SSX-1, SSX-2, SSX-4, LAGE-1, GAGE-2, SAGE-1, XAGE-1). Resultados: De forma global, houve baixa expressão de CTAs nas amostras analisadas, visto que apenas 21,1% das amostras de LH e 11,3% das amostras de LNH apresentaram positividade para pelo menos 1 dos CTAs incluídos no painel de imunohistoquímica. MAGE-A (18,4%) e CT7 (13,2%) foram os CTAs mais frequentemente expressos em LH, enquanto MAGE-A (6,6%), GAGE (5,7%) e NY-ESO-1 (4,8%) foram os mais expressos em LNH. Apesar de não ter sido encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante na expressão de CTAs entre os subgrupos clínicos de LH, houve maior frequência de positividade nos pacientes com estadiamento avançado (28,6%), comparado àqueles com estadiamento inicial (11,8%). Nos subgrupos clínicos de LNH, a frequência de expressão de CTAs foi maior nos linfomas agressivos (14,9%) em relação aos indolentes (3,1%), nos linfomas difusos de grandes células B (LDGCB) (16,1%) comparado aos não-LDGCB (6,0%) e no subgrupo que não atingiu resposta completa (15,0%) comparado àqueles que obtiveram resposta completa (6,8%). Entretanto, as diferenças não foram estatisticamente significantes em nenhum desses subgrupos. Um achado inesperado no presente estudo foi a expressão mais frequente de CTAs no subgrupo de LNH com estadiamento inicial (I e II) comparado ao subgrupo com estadiamento avançado (III e IV). Apesar da diferença encontrada na análise de sobrevida entre o grupo de pacientes que não apresentaram expressão de CTA (sobrevida mediana de 65 meses) e aqueles que apresentaram expressão de pelo menos 1 CTA (sobrevida mediana de 11 meses), a diferença não foi estatisticamente significante (p=0.0947). A resposta humoral espontânea contra pelo menos 1 CTA do painel foi encontrada em 19,6% dos pacientes com LNH. CT47 foi o CTA mais frequentemente expresso (7.2%), seguido do CT45 (5.1%), NY-ESO-1 (5.1%) e MAGE-A4 (5.1%). Os CTAs foram mais frequentemente expressos em LNH de células B (21.2%) comparado aos LNH de células T (6.2%) (p=0.048). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na resposta humoral anti-CTAs em qualquer dos outros subgrupos clínicos de LNH. Conclusão: De forma geral, houve baixa expressão protéica de CTAs em nossa casuística de LH e LNH com o painel utilizado. Apesar dos limitados dados disponíveis na literatura, esses achados são concordantes com a maioria dos estudos realizados utilizando RT-PCR e/ou imunohistoquímica. Não houve correlações estatisticamente significantes entre expressão de CTAs e parâmetros clínicos ou prognósticos no presente estudo. A reatividade sérica contra os CTAs testados ocorreu em níveis semelhantes ao da expressão protéica em LNH, sugerindo que os pacientes com LNH são capazes de montar resposta imune humoral específica contra CTAs. / Cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) are expressed in a variety of malignant tumors but in normal adult tissues solely in testicular germ cells. Based on this tumor-associated expression pattern, these antigens are potential targets for immunotherapy. Though carcinomas have been extensively analyzed, less is known about lymphoid malignancies such as lymphomas. Aims: To evaluate the potential of tumor specific antigens as candidates for immunotherapy in lymphomas throughout CTA protein expression and spontaneous humoral immune response analyses. We also aim to investigate clinical correlations and prognostic impact of CTAs expression in lymphomas. Methods: Tissue microarray was generated from 38 Hodgkin´s lymphoma (HL) and 106 non- Hodgkin´s lymphoma (NHL) archival cases. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was done using a panel of 9 monoclonal antibodies against CTAs. Spontaneous humoral immune response analysis against a larger CTA panel was performed in 97 untreated NHL patient samples, including 59 cases from the TMA cohort, using ELISA technique. Results: We found overall low expression of CTAs in our series of HL (21.1%) and NHL (11.3%) TMAs, being MAGE-A (18.4%) and CT7 (13.2%) the most frequently expressed CTAs in HL, and MAGE-A (6.6%), GAGE (5.7%), NY-ESO-1 (4.8%) and CT7 (4.8%) the most frequently expressed CTAs in NHL. Although we did not find statistically significant difference in CTA expression among the clinicopathological subgroups of HL, CTA positivity was higher in advanced stage (28.6%) compared to early stage patients (11.8%). Among NHL, we found higher CTA expression in aggressive lymphomas (14.9%) compared to indolent lymphomas (3.1%), DLBCL (16.1%) compared to non-DLBCL (6.0%) and in non-complete response group (15.0%) compared to those who achieved complete response (6.8%), but it was not statistically significant. Unexpectedly, early stage disease (19.5%) had higher CTA expression than advanced stage NHL (6.2%). Despite the difference found in survival analysis between NHL patients that presented no CTAs expression (median OS 65 months) and those who expressed at least one CTA (median OS 11 months), it did not reach statistically significant difference (p=0.0947). Serum reactivity against at least 1 CTA was observed in (19.6%) of NHL patients, being more frequent in B-cell lymphomas (21.2%) then T-cell lymphomas (6.2%) (p=0.048). CT47 was the most frequently expressed CTA (7.2%), followed by CT45 (5.1%), NY-ESO-1 (5.1%) and MAGE-A4 (5.1%). Grouping the MAGE-A family similarly to the TMA analysis, we found positivity in 8.2% of NHL serum samples. Among DLBCL, CT45 and NY-ESO-1 were the most frequently expressed CTAs, being positive in 4/50 (8.0%) and 3/50 (6.0%), respectively. Conclusion: We found overall low expression of CTAs in our series of HL and NHL TMAs, and low reactivity against CTA in our serum samples. Our results demonstrated a slightly higher frequency of humoral response against most CTAs included in both TMA and ELISA panel compared to their expression by TMA. Considering that generally a small proportion of patients expressing CTAs develop specific humoral response, it is possible that CTA expression by TMA could be underestimated due to the focal expression pattern in some patients. Therefore, using an extensive panel of antibodies and large TMA and serum cohorts of lymphoma patients, we could not identify CTA candidates for immunotherapy in HL and NHL. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women and the most common gynecological malignancy. While patient outcome has improved for the majority of cancers, the outlook for endometrial cancer has steadily decreased. In order to address this problem, we must better understand the different mechanisms involved in endometrial cancer development and progression. To this end, we quantified expression of 667 miRNAs in four endometrioid adenocarcinoma and four serous adenocarcinoma using Taqman Low Density Arrays (TLDAs). miR-888 was one of the most highly overexpressed miRNAs in both endometrial cancer subtypes. Analysis of miR-888 expression across multiple cancer types using the The Cancer Genome Atlas database revealed that miR-888 was selectively expressed in endometrial cancer, with a significant association to invasive and high grade tumors. In addition, miR-888 was most predominantly expressed in endometrial carcinosarcoma, a rare but deadly form of endometrial cancer. Therefore, we conclude that miR-888 expression marks an aggressive endometrial tumor phenotype. One of the top predicted targets of miR-888 by TargetScan is the progesterone receptor (PR). PR is a potent tumor suppressor of the endometrium whose expression is often lost in advanced endometrial cancers. We quantified PR mRNA expression in a panel of endometrial tumors and found a statistically significant, negative correlation between miR-888 and PR mRNA expression. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-888 in endometrial cancer cell lines was capable of decreasing PR at the protein level. To determine if miR-888 directly targets PR, we cloned each of the four miR-888 binding sites downstream of Renilla luciferase into the psiCHECK2 reporter vector. miR-888 overexpression was capable of decreasing luciferase activity for all four binding sites, with the second and third binding sites producing the most prominent results. Here we describe a novel mechanism by which miR-888 inhibits PR mRNA translation to negatively regulate PR expression in endometrial tumors. To determine the endogenous function of miR-888 in human cells, we quantified miR-888 in a panel of 21 normal human tissues. Interestingly, miR-888 was highly expressed in testes, with minimal or absence of expression in all other tissues investigated. The restricted expression pattern of miR-888 in testes and cancer suggested that miR-888 may qualify as a novel cancer-testis (CT) antigen. CT-antigens are a large class of genes that demonstrate selective expression normally in testes germ cells and abnormally in various types of cancer. Furthermore, CT-antigen genes are predominantly located on the X chromosome and are part of evolutionarily novel multicopy gene families. Indeed, miR-888 is part of a multicopy, primate-specific miRNA gene family located on the X-chromosome. Furthermore, miRNA in situ hybridization localized miR-888 expression to the early stages of spermatogenesis, as is often observed for CT antigens. Together, these data identify miR-888 as the first miRNA CT antigen and expand the CT antigen field to noncoding RNAs.

Au cours de la maturation des gamètes mâles a lieu un événement unique : les structures classiques qui ordonnent l'ADN sont complètement bouleversées et remplacées par une nouvelle, de composition et d'agencement différents, qui permet au noyau du spermatozoïde final une compaction qui n'est retrouvée nulle part ailleurs. Les signaux épigénétiques ainsi que les événements qui se déroulent alors au niveau moléculaire ne sont pas encore bien élucidés. C'est dans l'optique d'une meilleure compréhension de ce phénomène que la protéine Atad2 a été identifiée et caractérisée. Ce facteur, qui possède un bromodomaine ainsi qu'un domaine AAA, est retrouvé sous deux formes chez la souris. La plus courte, strictement testiculaire, est capable de se lier à la chromatine acétylée. De plus, comme les autres membres de la famille des AAAATPases, Atad2 est capable de se multimériser. Cette multimérisation régule son affinité à la chromatine. Des études plus poussées ont montré un rôle dans l'activité transcriptionnelle ainsi que dans la stabilité des structures basales d'ordonnancement de l'information génétique, les nucléosomes. De plus, chez l'humain, Atad2 a été retrouvé exprimé de façon aberrante dans certaines tumeurs. L'élucidation du rôle de cette protéine dans les cellules germinales et somatiques apportera ainsi des informations sur le changement complet de la nature chromatinienne au cours de la spermatogenèse, et peut-être permettra peut-être une meilleure appréhension de l'activité génomique ayant lieux dans les cellules tumorales.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The use of ontologies in the mapping of gene expression events provides an effective and comparable method to determine the expression profile of an entire genome across a large collection of experiments derived from different expression sources. In this dissertation I describe the development of the developmental human and mouse eVOC ontologies and demonstrate the ontologies by identifying genes showing a bias for developmental brain expression in human and mouse, identifying transcription factor complexes, and exploring the mouse orthologs of human cancer/testis genes.Model organisms represent an important resource for understanding the fundamental aspects of mammalian biology. Mapping of biological phenomena between model organisms is complex and if it is to be meaningful, a simplified representation can be a powerful means for comparison. The implementation of the ontologies has been illustrated here in two ways.Firstly, the ontologies have been used to illustrate methods to determine clusters of genes showing tissue-restricted expression in humans. The identification of tissue restricted genes within an organism serves as an indication of the finetuning in the regulation of gene expression in a given tissue. Secondly, due to the differences in human and mouse gene expression on a temporal and spatial level, the ontologies were used to identify mouse orthologs of human cancer/testis genes showing cancer/testis characteristics. With the use of model systems such as mouse in the development of gene-targeted drugs in the treatment of disease, it is important to establish that the expression characteristics and profiles of a drug target in the model system is representative of the characteristics of the target in the system for which it is intended.

Chacune de nos cellules possède l'information génétique nécessaire à la constitution de l'organisme entier, mais les cellules différenciées n'expriment qu'un répertoire restreint de gènes. Le contrôle des expressions des gènes apparaît fondamental dans la mise en place et le maintien de l'identité cellulaire. Le contrôle transcriptionnel, premier niveau de régulation de l'expression des gènes, est basé sur l'intégrité de la séquence génique et sur son accessibilité, elle-même conditionnée par les mécanismes épigénétiques contrôlant la dynamique chromatinienne. Dans un contexte pathologique, des altérations génétiques et/ou épigénétiques pourront alors être à l'origine de dérégulations géniques et mener à des fonctions cellulaires altérées. Lors du développement d'un carcinome bronchique, les cellules pulmonaires acquièrent une capacité de prolifération incontrôlée et une résistance accrue à l'apoptose. Ces caractéristiques phénotypiques, bases de la croissance tumorale, sont le reflet des anomalies qui s'accumulent dans le génome des cellules cancéreuses. Aux altérations génétiques somatiques (mutations ponctuelles, remaniements chromosomiques) s'ajoute un bouleversement global du paysage épigénétique, le tout conduisant une crise de l'identité cellulaire et à des dérégulations massives des expressions géniques. Alors que la répression aberrante de gènes (notamment des gènes suppresseurs de tumeur) a été largement étudiée, l'activation ectopique de gènes normalement silencieux demeure un aspect plus méconnu. Notre hypothèse de travail est que les expressions hors-contexte de gènes tissu-spécifiques puissent être non seulement impliquées dans le phénomène de cancérogenèse, mais également constituer des biomarqueurs tumoraux ou cibles thérapeutiques innovantes. Dans cette thèse, notre attention s'est portée sur le gène PRL codant la prolactine, normalement exprimée dans l'hypophyse et absente du poumon non tumoral. Nous avons détecté une activation ectopique du gène PRL dans 10% des tumeurs pulmonaires, principalement des tumeurs neuroendocrines. Nous avons observé que l'expression de PRL est associée à des tumeurs particulièrement agressives et à un pronostic sombre pour les patients. Nous avons également démontré que l'expression de PRL confère aux cellules cancéreuses pulmonaires une résistance accrue à un stress génotoxique. De manière inattendue, nos résultats suggèrent que l'effet oncogène de l'expression de PRL ne repose pas sur les mécanismes d'action classique de la prolactine et nous avons dû remettre en question l'hypothèse initiale d'une sécrétion de l'hormone par les cellules cancéreuses pulmonaires et d'une action autocrine/paracrine au sein de la tumeur via l'activation du récepteur à la prolactine. Le récepteur est en effet absent des cellules cancéreuses pulmonaires et le transcrit PRL exprimé est dépourvu de ses premiers exons, ce qui pourrait conduire à la production d'une protéine tronquée de son peptide signal, incapable d'emprunter la voie de sécrétion classique, et par conséquent retenue à l'intérieur de la cellule cancéreuse pulmonaire. Même si les mécanismes d'action in cellulo de la prolactine restent à décrypter, nos données suggèrent que l'expression ectopique de PRL pourrait constituer une nouvelle cible thérapeutique dans le traitement des tumeurs pulmonaires agressives. Ce travail de thèse, incluant également des résultats complémentaires obtenus sur trois gènes spécifiques du testicule exprimés de manière aberrante dans les tumeurs pulmonaires (BRDT, SOX30 et SPATA22) met en lumière l'intérêt des expressions ectopiques. Celles-ci peuvent en effet fournir de nouveaux outils de diagnostic et de pronostic aux cliniciens, mais également de nouvelles approches ciblées en complément des thérapies classiques qui ne suffisent pas à limiter la mortalité importante due aux néoplasies pulmonaires.

Chacune de nos cellules possède l’information génétique nécessaire à la constitution de l’organisme entier, mais les cellules différenciées n’expriment qu’un répertoire restreint de gènes. Le contrôle des expressions des gènes apparaît fondamental dans la mise en place et le maintien de l’identité cellulaire. Le contrôle transcriptionnel, premier niveau de régulation de l’expression des gènes, est basé sur l’intégrité de la séquence génique et sur son accessibilité, elle-même conditionnée par les mécanismes épigénétiques contrôlant la dynamique chromatinienne. Dans un contexte pathologique, des altérations génétiques et/ou épigénétiques pourront alors être à l’origine de dérégulations géniques et mener à des fonctions cellulaires altérées. Lors du développement d’un carcinome bronchique, les cellules pulmonaires acquièrent une capacité de prolifération incontrôlée et une résistance accrue à l’apoptose. Ces caractéristiques phénotypiques, bases de la croissance tumorale, sont le reflet des anomalies qui s’accumulent dans le génome des cellules cancéreuses. Aux altérations génétiques somatiques (mutations ponctuelles, remaniements chromosomiques) s’ajoute un bouleversement global du paysage épigénétique, le tout conduisant une crise de l’identité cellulaire et à des dérégulations massives des expressions géniques. Alors que la répression aberrante de gènes (notamment des gènes suppresseurs de tumeur) a été largement étudiée, l’activation ectopique de gènes normalement silencieux demeure un aspect plus méconnu. Notre hypothèse de travail est que les expressions hors-contexte de gènes tissu-spécifiques puissent être non seulement impliquées dans le phénomène de cancérogenèse, mais également constituer des biomarqueurs tumoraux ou cibles thérapeutiques innovantes. Dans cette thèse, notre attention s’est portée sur le gène PRL codant la prolactine, normalement exprimée dans l’hypophyse et absente du poumon non tumoral. Nous avons détecté une activation ectopique du gène PRL dans 10% des tumeurs pulmonaires, principalement des tumeurs neuroendocrines. Nous avons observé que l’expression de PRL est associée à des tumeurs particulièrement agressives et à un pronostic sombre pour les patients. Nous avons également démontré que l’expression de PRL confère aux cellules cancéreuses pulmonaires une résistance accrue à un stress génotoxique. De manière inattendue, nos résultats suggèrent que l’effet oncogène de l’expression de PRL ne repose pas sur les mécanismes d’action classique de la prolactine et nous avons dû remettre en question l’hypothèse initiale d’une sécrétion de l’hormone par les cellules cancéreuses pulmonaires et d’une action autocrine/paracrine au sein de la tumeur via l’activation du récepteur à la prolactine. Le récepteur est en effet absent des cellules cancéreuses pulmonaires et le transcrit PRL exprimé est dépourvu de ses premiers exons, ce qui pourrait conduire à la production d’une protéine tronquée de son peptide signal, incapable d’emprunter la voie de sécrétion classique, et par conséquent retenue à l’intérieur de la cellule cancéreuse pulmonaire. Même si les mécanismes d’action in cellulo de la prolactine restent à décrypter, nos données suggèrent que l’expression ectopique de PRL pourrait constituer une nouvelle cible thérapeutique dans le traitement des tumeurs pulmonaires agressives. Ce travail de thèse, incluant également des résultats complémentaires obtenus sur trois gènes spécifiques du testicule exprimés de manière aberrante dans les tumeurs pulmonaires (BRDT, SOX30 et SPATA22) met en lumière l’intérêt des expressions ectopiques. Celles-ci peuvent en effet fournir de nouveaux outils de diagnostic et de pronostic aux cliniciens, mais également de nouvelles approches ciblées en complément des thérapies classiques qui ne suffisent pas à limiter la mortalité importante due aux néoplasies pulmonaires. / Each human cell contains a genome carrying all the genetic information necessary for the constitution of the whole organism. However, differentiated cells express only a restricted repertoire of genes. The control of gene expressions is fundamental for the establishment and maintenance of cell identity. The first level of gene expression regulation, the transcriptional control, is based on the integrity of the gene sequence but also on its accessibility, itself dependent on a set of epigenetic mechanisms that control chromatin dynamics. In a pathological context, genetic and epigenetic alterations can lead to gene deregulations and altered cellular functions. During the bronchial carcinogenesis, lung cancer cells acquire a capacity of uncontrolled proliferation and an increased resistance to cell death. These phenotypic characteristics, favoring tumor growth, result from abnormalities that accumulate in the genome of cancer cells. These are somatic genetic alterations, from point mutations to large-scale chromosomal rearrangements, but also a global disruption of the epigenetic landscape – both leading to an identity crisis and to gene deregulations. While the phenomenon of aberrant gene repression (including repression of tumor suppressor genes) has been extensively studied, ectopic activation of normally silent genes remains poorly understood. Our hypothesis is that the “out of context” expression of tissue-specific genes not only could be involved in carcinogenesis, but could also be of high interest as tumor biomarkers or novel therapeutic targets. In this work, we focused on the prolactin-encoding PRL gene, normally mainly expressed in the pituitary gland and absent from non-tumor lung. We detected an ectopic PRL gene activation in 10% of lung tumors, mainly neuroendocrine tumors. We observed that PRL expression is associated with aggressive tumors and a poor prognosis for patients. We also found that the expression of PRL is associated with an increased resistance of lung cancer cells to a genotoxic stress. Unexpectedly, our data suggest that the oncogenic action of PRL expression is not based on the conventional mechanisms of prolactin action, and we did not confirm the initial hypothesis of a secretion by lung cancer cells of the prolactin hormone, and its action in an autocrine/paracrine loop within the tumor through the activation of the prolactin receptor. Indeed, the receptor is absent in lung cancer cells and the transcribed PRL mRNA is missing its first exons, possibly leading to the production of a truncated prolactin protein, without a functional signal peptide, therefore unable to follow the classical secretion pathway and retained inside the cancer cell. Although the detailed mechanisms of prolactin action in lung cancer remain to be deciphered, our study suggests that the ectopic expression of PRL could be used as a new therapeutic target in the treatment of aggressive lung tumors. This work, also including additional results on three testis-specific genes aberrantly expressed in lung tumors (BRDT, SOX30 and SPATA22) highlights the interest of studying ectopic gene expressions in tumor cells, which can provide new diagnosis and prognosis tools for clinicians as well as new targeted approaches that could be used in addition to conventional lung cancer therapies, which are presently insufficient to limit the high mortality due to lung neoplasms.