Les données industrielles offrent un matériau pour la prise de décision. Les travaux présentés concernent la transformation de données brutes en connaissances, pour contribuer au système de connaissances d’une organisation et améliorer son système décisionnel. Un processus d’aide à la décision est proposé. Il implique les acteurs de l’organisation et l’emploi de méthodes formelles. D’abord, il analyse et formalise les problématiques décisionnelles. Ensuite, il construit une aide la décision quantitative. Cette méthodologie est appliquée à un problème particulier : la gestion des capacités des TI d’une usine de STMicroelectronics. En effet, les managers doivent assurer un équilibre entre le coût de l’infrastructure TI et le niveau de service offert. Notre processus offre une aide pertinente. Il permet de surmonter deux enjeux, fréquents lors de la gestion des capacités : la complexité des systèmes IT et la prise en compte de l’activité métier. Situant ces travaux dans le cadre du référentiel ITIL, l’application du processus permet de constituer des modèles prédictifs, mettant en relation l’activité des serveurs informatiques et l’activité industrielle. Cette application permet aussi de contrôler dynamiquement la validité des modèles, ainsi que l’activité quotidienne du SI. Nos travaux formalisent quantitativement des connaissances, en favorisent l’utilisation dans les processus décisionnels, et en assurent l’évolution dans le temps. Nos recherches posent des fondations pour un plus large recours plus à l’exploitation des données issues des systèmes de production, dans le cadre du développement de systèmes de support à la décision et de perspectives Big Data. / A proper analysis of industrial data can provide material for decision making. The research work presented deals with the question: how can one convert raw data into useable information, to contribute to the knowledge management of an organization and improve its dynamic decision making? A decision-aid process is proposed. It implies actors of the organization and use of formal methods. Firstly, it analyses and formalizes decisional problems. Then, it develops an appropriate decision-aid on the basis of statistics. Our methodology is applied to a specific issue: capacity management of IT of a STMicroelectronics plant. This application raises a decision issue: managers have to ensure the right balance between infrastructure cost and service level offered. We demonstrate that the process may provide relevant support. This negates two managerial dilemmas, usually encountered when managing capacity: complexity of IT systems and incorporation of the business activity. Our application has been developed in the scope of the ITIL framework. It will be shown how the process builds predictive models, which link the activity of hardware servers to the industrial activity. Methods are also proposed, to monitor daily the quality of these models, as well as the overall activity of the IS. This work helps at formalizing quantitatively organizational knowledge, facilitating its use in decisional processes, but also ensuring its positive change over time. We hope this research is laying some foundations for a broader exploitation of the data stored in modern manufacturing systems, through future development of decision-support systems and Big Data initiatives.

Variations can have substantially negative effects on performance and it is therefore important to investigate how the variations can be reduced or absorbed in an appropriate way for competitiveness. Manufacturing companies are daily exposed to variations and operations managers need to take capacity management decisions with this in mind to secure the delivery capability. The current body of knowledge mainly focus on techniques for root cause analysis for reducing variations, especially in the manufacturing processes, neglecting the fact that both internally and externally generated variations are more or less possible to affect. Buffers are traditionally associated with waste and unfavourable performance, while the right buffers can be of strategic importance. The purpose of this research is therefore to increase the understanding of causes for variations, actions to reduce variations and how buffers can be used to mitigate negative effects of variations related to capacity management in a manufacturing context. Three research studies have been conducted, including four appended papers, to fulfil the purpose. These studies encompassed different combinations of traditional literature reviews, conceptual research with logical reasoning and case study research. The findings demonstrate that working on mitigating negative effects of variations is a complex challenge and not just about choosing to reduce or absorb the variations. In general, it is concluded that the variation management and buffer management include several aspects to consider with implications for the capacity management. In addition, the results indicate that the decisions in manufacturing companies tend to be based on intuition and previous experience due to a lack of decision support. Furthermore, the participating companies perceive that several of their internal routines contribute to their prevailing variations. This research contributes to an awareness of causes for variations that are possible to affect, possible actions to reduce the variations and the purposes of different buffers to absorb variations. This is sought to facilitate a systematic way of working with reducing and absorbing variations, creating support in the variation management and the buffer management from a capacity management perspective. / Variationer kan medföra negativa effekter för en verksamhets prestation och det är därmed viktigt att utforska hur variationerna kan reduceras eller absorberas på lämpligt sätt för att verksamheten ska vara konkurrenskraftig. Tillverkande företag är dagligen exponerade för variationer och produktionschefer behöver beakta detta i kapacitetsadministrationen för att säkerställa leveransförmågan. Befintlig litteratur fokuserar främst på tekniker för att analysera grundorsaker inom tillverkningsprocesserna och ignorerar det faktum att både internt och externt genererade variationer är mer eller mindre påverkbara. Buffertar associeras traditionellt med oönskat slöseri fastän rätt buffertar kan vara av strategisk betydelse. Syftet med denna forskning är därmed att öka förståelsen för orsaker till variationer, åtgärder för att reducera variationer och hur buffertar kan tillämpas för att överkomma negativa effekter av variationer i relation till kapacitetsadministration inom en tillverkningskontext. Tre forskningsstudier, innefattande fyra publikationer, har genomförts för att uppfylla syftet. Dessa studier består av en kombination av traditionella litteraturstudier, konceptuell forskning med logiska resonemang och fallstudier i tillverkande företag. Resultaten visar att arbetet med att hantera negativa effekter av variationer är en komplex utmaning som stäcker sig bortom valet av att reducera eller absorbera variationerna. Generellt dras slutsatsen att det är flertalet aspekter att beakta för variationsadministration och buffertadministration med implikationer för kapacitetsadministrationen. Det visade sig att besluten tenderar att vara baserat på intuition och erfarenheter i tillverkande företag, mycket till följd av en avsaknad av beslutsstöd. Vidare framgår det att de medverkande företagen upplever att flera av deras interna rutiner bidrar till upphovet av variationer. Denna forskning bidrar till en ökad medvetenhet om orsaker till variationer som är påverkbara inom företag, möjliga åtgärder för att reducera variationerna och syftet med olika buffertar för att absorbera variationer. Detta är avsett att underlätta ett systematiskt arbetssätt för att reducera och absorbera variationer, samt utgöra ett stöd för variationsadministration och buffertadministration från ett kapacitetsadministrationsperspektiv. / KOPability

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No. of bitstreams: 1 20180705 - Operacoes-Marmo-Dissertacao_final.pdf: 4751437 bytes, checksum: aa09035b7b8668a465698d55769d6bfc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-13 / O presente estudo trata o tema sobre estratégias para o gerenciamento da capacidade e demanda em serviços de transportes que possuem restrições de capacidade e limitações operacionais. Nesse sentido, apresenta e discute as diferentes práticas encontradas na literatura com a aplicação específica em um sistema aquaviário de transporte de passageiros no estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, utilizou como modelo a análise do eventual impacto da aplicação de tais práticas de gestão da capacidade e demanda nos serviços oferecidos. Atualmente, o desequilíbrio entre oferta e demanda e a falta de incentivos para a diversificação da matriz modal de transportes nos grandes centros urbanos acabam impactando diretamente na qualidade dos serviços de transportes prestados em todos os modais. O sistema aquaviário de transporte de passageiros do estado de São Paulo não destoa do cenário nacional descrito, em que a diferença entre oferta e demanda acaba por sobrecarregá-lo em rotas específicas e causa redução na qualidade do serviço prestado, dessa forma, traduzindo-se em extensas filas aos usuários. Considerando as particularidades da oferta e demanda do serviço de balsas, bem como o elevado custo fixo e a estrutura tarifária pouco flexível, surgiu o seguinte questionamento desta pesquisa: como a aplicação de estratégias específicas de gestão da capacidade e demanda pode impactar na qualidade percebida pelos usuários de uma rota do sistema de travessias litorâneas? Objetivando, então, alcançar uma resposta, este estudo intencionou compreender quais estratégias poderiam impactar na qualidade percebida pelos usuários, com enfoque no tempo de espera, de uma rota específica do sistema. Para isso, o trabalho adotou uma abordagem qualitativa, baseada na estratégia de estudo de caso aplicado, fundamentada pela análise de documentos do sistema de travessias litorâneas e análise de conteúdo das entrevistas. O resultado do estudo indicou quais estratégias podem apresentar um impacto positivo na qualidade da rota, com redução do tempo de fila, além de individuar eventuais desafios, restrições e práticas que auxiliem na futura aplicação dessas estratégias. / The present study aims to address strategies for capacity and demand management in transportation services which have restrictions and operational limitations. It presents and discusses the different practices found in literature with specific application to a passengers waterway transportation system in São Paulo State. For this, it uses as model the impact’s analysis of such practices application of capacity and demand management in the offered services. Nowadays, the unbalance between supply and demand plus lack of incentives to diversify the modal matrix of transport in large urban centers, have a direct impact on transport services quality provided in all modal. The waterway passengers transportation system of São Paulo State does not deviate from described national scenario, where the difference between supply and demand end up overloading it on specific routes, causing service’s quality reduction and translating into extensive queues to users. Considering the particularities of supply and demand of ferries’ service, as well as the high fixed cost and the inflexible tariff structure, emerged the following question of this study: how the specifics strategies application from capacity and demand management can impact the quality perceived by users of a coastal crossing system route? In order to reach an answer, this study aimed to understand which strategies could impact the quality perceived by users, focusing on waiting time, in an specific route of the system. For this, the work adopted a qualitative approach, based on the strategy of applied case study, grounded on documental analysis of the coastal crossing system and interviews content analysis. The outcome of the study indicated which strategies may have a positive impact on route quality, with a reduction in queuing time, besides identifying possible challenges, restrictions and practices that may help in future application of these strategies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:31:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gerson Luis Russo Moyses.PDF: 1823083 bytes, checksum: e67dbecac4ede2927a680c9325ad2a4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-03 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The demand management is an emerging theme in the chain management knowledge field. What is aimed with the demand management is the fast and adequate integration of the needs originated from the market to the suppliers in a way to strategically balance and align the demand with the operacional capacity throught the supply chain and, consequently, the competitive advantage. However, with the market dynamic in which the clients are even more demanding and the commercial exchange regulations are less restrict, the alignment of the demand with the supply chain progressively face progressive difficulties. Because of that, this research had as an objective to verify alignment among the demand management, operational capacity and financial and operational performance variables, in hotel companies of national and international funds, in operation in Brazil. For that, a theoretical model was developed, that considered these variables. The research was achieved in two stages. In the first one, considered exploratory and qualitative, the focus group technic was used to data collection. The data collection was treated by the contend analysis. With the results of this first step a questionnaire was elaborated, which was used in the next stage. In the second stage, through the data collection by means of a structured questionnaire it was intended to characterize the demand management, capacity management and the imediate chain variables in the searched hotels. From the total of sent questionnaires, 121 answers were turned back. The obtained data were treated by the descriptive statistics and by the tests: a) Kolmogorov-Smirnov, to verify the sample normality; b) Spearman s bivariated correlation analysis, in order to verify the alignment among the variables and; c) Mann-Whitney, to find if the variables that pertained to groups of hotels were distinct. The data which was submitted to the statistic treatment showed the following results: 1) when it was used the descriptive statistics, the luxury group hotels presented a higher frequency of answers, in the agreeable side of the scale and superior financial and operational performance if compared to the economic group hotels; 2) when it was used the bivariated correlation, the luxury group hotels showed a higher number of demand management, operational capacity and financial and operational performance variables, correlated, and financial and operational performance which was superior to the economic group hotels; 3) when it was used the added scale, the luxury group hotels superiority prevailed again, not only in management variables but also in achievement in relation to the economic group and; 4) besides, it was evidenced that 46,4% from the total of analyzed variables differed a group from the other. Considering these results, it can be concluded that there is evidence that the luxury hotels predominance offers a better feed back to the investors, demanding a more efficient management. At last, given the hospitality market dynamicity, it is suggested, to the continuity of this study, the deepening in the variable measures research that compound the demand management, operational capacity immediate supply chain and performance, in order to know exactly the hospitality service nuances, in the different categories. / A gestão da demanda é um tema emergente no campo de conhecimento da gestão da cadeia de suprimentos. O que se busca com a gestão da demanda é a rápida e adequada integração das necessidades originadas do mercado na direção dos fornecedores, de modo a balancear e alinhar estrategicamente a demanda com a capacidade operacional ao longo da cadeia de suprimentos e, por conseqüência, a vantagem competitiva. Não obstante, com a dinâmica dos mercados em que os clientes estão cada vez mais exigentes e as regulamentações das trocas comerciais menos restritivas, o alinhamento da demanda com a cadeia de suprimentos enfrentam dificuldades progressivas. Por conta disso, essa pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar o alinhamento entre as variáveis da gestão da demanda, capacidade operacional, cadeia de suprimentos imediata e desempenho financeiro e operacional em empresas hoteleiras de capital nacional e internacional, em operação no Brasil. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um modelo teórico em que se considerou essas variáveis. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, considerada exploratória e qualitativa, foi utilizada a técnica do grupo focal para a coleta de dados. Os dados coletados foram tratados pela análise de conteúdo. Com os resultados desta primeira etapa elaborou-se o questionário, utilizado na etapa seguinte. Na segunda etapa, mediante a coleta de dados por meio de questionário estruturado, procurou-se caracterizar as variáveis da gestão da demanda, capacidade operacional e da cadeia imediata nos hotéis pesquisados. Do total de questionários enviados aos gestores de hotéis, retornaram 121 respostas. Os dados coletados foram tratados pela estatística descritiva e pelos testes: a) Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar a normalidade da amostra; b) análise de correlação bivariada de Spearman para verificar o alinhamento entre as variáveis e; c) Mann-Whitney para verificar se as variáveis pertenciam a grupos de hotéis eram distintas. Os dados submetidos aos tratamentos estatísticos revelaram os seguintes resultados: 1) quando se utilizou da estatística descritiva, os hotéis do grupo luxo apresentaram maior freqüência de respostas, no lado concordante da escala e desempenho financeiro e operacional superior aos hotéis do grupo econômico ; 2) quando se utilizou da correlação bivariada, os hotéis do grupo luxo que apresentaram maior número de variáveis da gestão da demanda, capacidade operacional e imediata, correlacionadas e desempenho financeiro e operacional superior aos hotéis do grupo econômico ; 3) quando se utilizou da escala somada, novamente prevaleceu a superioridade dos hotéis do grupo luxo , tanto em variáveis de gestão como de desempenho em relação ao grupo econômico e; 4) além disso, foram evidenciados que 46,4% do total de variáveis analisadas diferenciavam um grupo de hotéis do outro. Por conta desses resultados pode-se concluir que existe evidência de que o predomínio de investimentos dos hotéis de luxo oferece maior retorno aos investidores, demandando uma administração mais eficiente. Por fim, dada a dinamicidade do mercado hoteleiro, sugere-se para a continuidade desse estudo, o aprofundamento na pesquisa das medidas das variáveis que compõem a gestão da demanda, capacidade operacional, cadeia de suprimento imediato e desempenho, para se conhecer exatamente as nuances do serviço hoteleiro, nas diferentes categorias.

Diplomová práce se zabývá jednak popisem stavu letecké dopravy a to zejména co se týče její bezpečnosti, plynulosti, propustnosti a kapacity. Výše uvedené je poté zhodnoceno v části věnující se aspektům nebezpečnosti vzdušného prostoru v jednotlivých fázích letu.

在新製造環境下，由於昂貴自動化設備之引進及人工成本之提高，因而設備成本及人工成本於產品成本中所佔之比率亦相對地重要，然而若是採用了不恰當的產能觀念與數據，其所造成對產品成本分攤比率的影響非常大，亦即將設備及人力閒置產能（idle capacity）的成本分攤至完成的產品上，也就造成了成本資訊的扭曲。而缺乏有效地結合產能成本的產能管理制度，其結果導致多數的企業均忽略其重要性或是將無附加價值的產能成本（capacity cost）分攤於產品成本之中，造成企業於制定價格決策或選擇訂單決策時，引用了不恰當的資訊，並減低了企業之競爭力。 本研究的目的，擬針對產能成本及產能管理作進一步探討，瞭解其對企業界之決策方面的影響程度。本研究係以國內一通信電纜公司作為研究對象，並以個案及田野研究的方式來探討產能成本及產能管理之相關議題，以提供給相同產業的其他公司，或其他產業作為採行此技術時的參考。 本研究之研究主題包括下列二大項： 一、 建立一套作業制成本制觀念下的產能成本制度，並依據作業制成本制的架構來計算產能成本。 二、 運用所建立的產能成本制度及其所提供的產能成本資訊來協助產能管理。 本研究採用個案研究之方式，將產能成本管理制度之整體架構實施於個案公司內，期能透過此研究方法瞭解產能成本管理之整體架構，以彌補目前文獻中偏重理論探討而缺乏實務研究之缺點。 本研究透過作業制成本制度的適當設計，企業可以獲致設備與人員方面的產能成本，使得管理當局得以瞭解各作業之產能成本，再根據設備與人員方面不同的特性加以妥善管理，可獲致排程管理、閒置產能開發、產品定價決策、提昇產品附加價值（value added）及加強生產管理等效益。 因此，在產能成本管理制度所提供的產能成本資訊中，管理當局除了可以看出各作業尚有多少閒置產能改善的空間之外，尚可於生產之前即可得知瓶頸部門之所在，藉以預先進行生產排程管理，俾降低瓶頸部門之影響；另外，對於資本決策方面所需的資訊，亦可由本制度的資訊中獲得，避免不必要之資本支出；本研究對於日益競爭的產業環境而言，實為一不可或缺之管理工具，藉由本研究所提出之產能成本管理制度的設計與實施，不僅可提升產能管理決策、瓶頸部門管理、資本決策、定價決策等之決策品質，並可間接地降低成本，達到提昇企業競爭力之目的。 / In today’s manufacturing environment, the percentage of equipment cost and labor cost of product cost have became very important, because of expensive auto-machine and high labor cost. If introduce incorrect concept and information of capacity, it would influence the allocation of product cost, that is, allocate the idle capacity cost of equipment and labor to the cost of finished goods. Fail to link capacity cost to capacity management system, it would allocate the non-value-added capacity cost to product cost, and would lead business to “death spiral” because of using incorrect-information for pricing-decision and order-selection-decision. The purpose of the study is to research the influences of business decision-making with the information of capacity cost and capacity management. The research method that I used is case study and field study in a communication cable manufacturing company. The study includes two themes: 1. Building a capacity oriented Activity-Based Costing system, and calculating capacity cost according the ABC system. 2. Using the information of capacity cost system to assist the management of capacity. The study is case study and performs the designed capacity cost management system to the company, I expect to understand the frame of capacity cost management and expand existing literatures that focus on theoretical research to applied research. Through the designed capacity-oriented ABC system, business could get the information of capacity cost between equipment and employee. Using the information of capacity cost, business could get the advantages of order-scheduling management、idle-capacity management、pricing-decision、promoting value-added of products and strengthening production management. Finally, management team could understand the unused-capacity of each activity from the capacity-oriented ABC system, and could predict the bottle-neck department before manufacturing. Management team could reduce the influence of bottle-neck through order-scheduling management. And, management team could avoid unnecessary capital expenditure from the system. For today’s competitive environment, the capacity-oriented ABC system was very important for management, it could promote the quality of decision-making of capacity management、bottle-neck management、capital management、pricing management, and then, increase the competition advantages by reducing product cost indirectly.

Thesis presents description of the air traffic safety, efficiency, capacity and preferences of navigation equipment. Those aspect are further used to suggestion of future advancement airspace, which occur during almost all phases of the flight.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In today's internet world with such a high traffic, it becomes inevitable to have multiple servers representing a single logical server to share enormous load. A very common network configuration consists of multiple servers behind a load balancer. The load balancer determines which server would service a clients request or incoming load from the client. Such a hardware is expensive, runs a fixed policy or algorithm and is a single point of failure. In this paper, we will implement and analyze an alternative load balancing architecture using OpenFlow. This architecture acquires flexibility in policy, costs less and has the potential to be more robust. This paper also discusses potential usage of OpenFlow based load balancing for media gateway selection in SIP-PSTN networks to improve VoIP performance.