Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1990. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [146]-163).

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A Atresia de esÃfago (AE) à uma anomalia estrutural que acontece em fetos quando nÃo ocorre a septaÃÃo completa do septo esofagotraqueal. Estudou-se a repercussÃo da AE induzida por Doxorrubicina (Doxo) na contratilidade in vitro do esÃfago distal e fundo de estÃmago. 26 Ratas wistar (267 g), com acasalamento controlado, nos dias 8 e 9 de gestaÃÃo receberam 2,2 mg/Kg de Doxo intraperitonealmente, enquanto 13 ratas controle receberam o mesmo volume de NaCl 0,9%. No dia 21,5 as ratas foram submetidas a cesariana, anÃlise dos fetos para confirmaÃÃo da AE e divisÃo em 3 grupos: controle, cujas mÃes receberam apenas NaCl 0,9%; Doxo sem AE, cujas mÃes receberam Doxo, mas nÃo desenvolveram AE; e Doxo com AE, os que desenvolveram AE. Foram montados em sistema para banho de ÃrgÃo isolado os anÃis de fundo de estÃmago dos fetos e em sistema miÃgrafo de agulha os segmentos de esÃfago distal, ambos contendo soluÃÃo fisiolÃgica Tyrode a 37 ÂC, pH 7,4 e oxigenaÃÃo constante, tensÃo basal de 1 g para estÃmago e 8 mN para esÃfago. Realizou-se curva concentraÃÃo-efeito ao agonista colinÃrgico Carbacol (CCh) (0,01 â 300 &#956;M) em ambos os tecidos nos 3 grupos. Em seguida, agora apenas nos segmentos de esÃfago isolado, foi construÃda uma curva concentraÃÃo-efeito ao KCl (10 â 100 mM), em que a contraÃÃo se deve prioritariamente à entrada de cÃlcio do meio extracelular por meio de canais operados por voltagem (VOC). A anÃlise estatÃstica foi determinada utilizando two-way anÃlise de variÃncia (ANOVA) e a significÃncia foi testada pelo Student-Newman-Keuls test. No fundo de estÃmago nÃo houve diferenÃa estatÃstica entre os grupos na resposta contrÃtil ao CCh (p>0,05, ANOVA), os valores da CE50 dos animais controle foram 2,17 [1,03 â 4,58] &#956;M e Emax 0,084  0,016 g/mg de tecido (n=7); Doxo sem AE 1,47 [0,83 â 2,61] &#956;M e 0,068  0,006 g/mg de tecido (n=12); Doxo com AE 3,26 [1,90 â 5,60] &#956;M e 0,070  0,022 g/mg de tecido (n=6). No esÃfago, animais controle com Emax 5,97  0,58 mN (n=11) foram estatisticamente diferentes (p<0,05, ANOVA) dos grupos Doxo sem AE 4,48  0,34 mN (n=11) e Doxo com AE 4,42  0,68 mN (n=8), enquanto a CE50 nÃo apresentou diferenÃa estatÃstica significativa entre os grupos (p>0,05, ANOVA) controle 190 [96 â 379] nM, Doxo sem AE 228 [125 â 418] nM e Doxo com AE 439 [206 â 936] nM, quanto a resposta contrÃtil ao CCh. Na resposta ao KCl houve incremento de tensÃo inferior ao observado com CCh sem diferenÃa entre os trÃs grupos (p>0,05, ANOVA), 8 valores de Emax foram no controle 1,31  0,14 mN (n=5), Doxo sem AE 1,27  0,42 mN (n=7) e Doxo com AE 1,21  0,20 mN (n=7). Concluiu-se que o tratamento de ratas com Doxo durante o perÃodo gestacional leva a uma diminuiÃÃo da contratilidade de esÃfago isolado de seus fetos, independente do desenvolvimento de AE. Aparentemente, essa diminuiÃÃo nÃo se deve a uma menor funcionalidade dos canais VOC. O fundo de estÃmago isolado nÃo apresentou alteraÃÃes da resposta contrÃtil. / Esophageal atresia (EA) is a structural anomaly that results from an incomplete esophago-traqueal septation in the fetus during intrauterine development. The in vitro contractility of the distal esophagus and gastric fundus of fetuses with esophageal atresia induced by Doxorubicin (Doxo) was studied. 26 Female Wistar rats (267 g), were subjected to date-controlled mating, subsequently receiving 2.2 mg/kg Doxo intraperitoneally on days 8 and 9 of pregnancy, while a controlled group of 13 rats received the same volume of 0.9% NaCl. On day 21.5 the pregnant rats were submitted to a cesarean surgery, with the fetuses analysed to confirm EA and thereafter divided into 3 groups: control, whose mothers received only 0.9% NaCl; Doxo without EA, whose mothers received Doxo but not developed EA; Doxo with EA, who developed EA. After being sacrificed, ring-strips of the gastric fundus were obtained from the fetuses and mounted in isolated organ bath, while the distal esophageal strips were mounted in wire myograph system; both strips contained a standard Tyrode solution maintained at 37 ÂC, pH 7.4, in addition to constant oxygenation and a basal tension of 1 g for the fundic strips and 8 mN for the esophagus. For each set up, we carried out a cholinergic-agonist concentration- effect curve with Carbachol (CCh) (0.01 â 300 &#956;M) in both tissue in the three groups. The participation of voltage-operated channels (VOCs) was studied; a KCl- concentration-effect curve (10 â 100 mM) was conducted on isolated esophageal strips. Collected data was subjected to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significance was tested using Student-Newman-Keuls test. There was not significant statistical difference in fundic stripsâ contractility in response to CCh (p>0.05, ANOVA), the EC50 values of the control animals were 2.17 [1.03 â 4.58] &#956;M and Emax 0.084  0.016 g/mg tissue (n=7); Doxo without EA 1.47 [0.83 â 2.61] &#956;M and 0.068  0.006 g/mg tissue (n=12); Doxo with EA 3.26 [1.90 â 5.60] &#956;M and 0.070  0.022 g/mg tissue (n=6). However, significant statistical difference was noted (p<0.05, ANOVA), in esophageal stripsâ contractility in response to CCh in the Emax value of control 5.97  0.58 mN (n=11), vs Doxo without EA 4.48  0.34 mN (n=11) and Doxo with EA 4.42  0.68 mN (n=8), while there was not significant statistical difference (p>0.05, ANOVA) in the EC50 value of control 190 [96 â 379] nM, Doxo without EA 228 [125 â 418] nM and Doxo with EA 439 [206 â 936] nM. Tensional response to KCl were present in all groups, though lower than that seen in response &#65532;to CCh, however not statistically different when comparing all the three groups (p>0.05, ANOVA), Emax of control was 1.31  0.14 mN (n=5), Doxo without EA 1.27  0.42 mN (n=7) and Doxo with EA 1.21  0.20 mN (n=7). It is possible to conclude that the treatment of rats with Doxo during pregnancy leads to decrease contractility of isolated esophagus of their fetuses, independent of the development of EA. Apparently, such a decrease is not due to a lower functionality of VOC channels. The isolated gastric fundus strips showed no change in contractile response.

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), the cholinergic arm of the reticular activating system (RAS), is known to modulate waking and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. REM sleep decreases between 10 and 30 days postnatally in the rat, with the majority occurring between 12 and 21 days. We investigated the possibility that changes in the cholinergic, muscarinic and/or nicotinic, input to PPN neurons could explain at least part of the developmental decrease in REM sleep. We recorded intracellularly from PPN neurons in 12-21 day rat brainstem slices maintained in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) and found that application of the nicotinic agonist 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium iodide (DMPP) depolarized PPN neurons early in development, then hyperpolarized PPN neurons by day 21. Most of the effects of DMPP persisted following application of the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX), and in the presence of glutamatergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic and GABAergic antagonists, but were blocked by the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine (MEC). The mixed muscarinic agonist carbachol (CAR) hyperpolarized all type II (A current) PPN cells and depolarized all type I (low threshold spike-LTS current) and type III (A + LTS current) PPN cells, but did not change effects during the period known for the developmental decrease in REM sleep. The effects of CAR persisted in the presence of TTX but were mostly blocked by the muscarinic antagonist atropine (ATR), and the remainder by MEC. We conclude that, while the nicotinic inputs to the PPN may help modulate the developmental decrease in REM sleep, the muscarinic inputs appear to modulate different types of cells differentially.

Signal transduction via the phosphoinositide (PI) second messenger system has key roles in the development and plasticity of the neocortex. The present study localized PI responses to individual cortical layers in slices of developing rat somatosensory cortex. The acetylcholine agonist carbachol and the glutamate agonist trans-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (ACPD) were used to stimulate PI turnover. The PI responses were compared to the distribution of the corresponding PI-linked receptors in order to investigate the regional ontogeny of PI coupling to receptors in relation to neural development. The method for assessing PI turnover was modified from Hwang et al. (1990). This method images the PI response autoradiographically through the localizaton of [3H]cytidine that has been incorporated into the membrane-bound intermediate, cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol. In each age group (postnatal days 4-30), carbachol resulted in more overall labeling than ACPD. For both agonists, the response peaked on postnatal day 10 (P10) and was lowest in the oldest age group. The laminar distribution of the carbachol PI response from P4-P16 corresponded fairly well with the laminar distribution of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding (Fuchs, 1995). However, in the subplate layer the carbachol response was strong while receptor binding was minimal. The carbachol response decreased after postnatal day 10, while the overall levels of receptor binding continued to increase. From P5 - P14, PI-linked metabotropic glutamate receptors are most concentrated in layer IV (Blue et al., 1997), whereas only on P6 was there a correspondingly high ACPD-initiated PI response in this layer. Unlike receptors, the PI response was strong in upper V (P4 - P12) and within layers II/III (P8 - P16). From P4 - P21, the subplate showed relatively high PI labeling compared to receptor binding. The several differences between the distribution of PI response and receptors suggest spatiotemporal heterogeneity of receptor coupling to second messenger systems.

Thesis (M.S.) --University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at San Antonio, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Des études récentes ont montré que les produits de glycation avancée (AGE) pouvaient jouer un rôle dans la pathogénèse des troubles vasculaires en insuffisance rénale. Nous avons alors émis l’hypothèse que l’augmentation de la concentration des AGE observé dans le cas d’insuffisance rénale joue un rôle important dans la pathogenèse de l’hypertension artérielle, entre autres, en aggravant la dysfonction endothéliale et les dommages vasculaires. De plus, nous croyions que les effets des AGE sur la dysfonction endothéliale sont causés par l’activation des récepteurs RAGE sur les cellules vasculaires. Pour vérifier ces hypothèses nous avons étudié dans un premier temps l’effet du S100b, un agoniste des récepteurs des AGE (RAGE), sur la réponse vasodilatatrice dépendante de l’endothélium au carbachol et la réponse vasoconstrictrice à la phényléphrine et l’ET-1 sur des segments d’aorte de rats in vitro montés dans des bains à organe, et, dans un deuxième temps, l’effet du S100b sur la fonction endothéliale, notamment l’expression de la NO synthase endothéliale (eNOS) et la production des radicaux libres de l’oxygène (ROS). Les résultats obtenus indiquent que le S100b induit une diminution de la réponse vasorelaxante dépendante du NO au carbachol. Par contre, le S100b entraine une augmentation de la réponse vasoconstrictrice à la phényléphrine. Ce dernier effet n’est pas modifié dans les vaisseaux dénudés de l’endothélium, ni l’inhibition de la production de NO dans les vaisseaux intacts. L’effet du S100b est néanmoins atténué en présence d’indométacine, un inhibiteur de la cyclo-oxygénase, suggérant que l’activation des RAGE module la production de certaines eicosanoides. Enfin, le S100b induit une diminution de la réponse vasoconstrictrice à l’ET-1 qui est bloquée en présence de L-NAME, un inhibiteur de la production de NO. Ces derniers résultats indiquent que l’effet du S100b sur la réponse vasoconstrictrice à l’ET-1 dépend de la relâche de NO. Par ailleurs les résultats obtenus sur des segments d’aorte de rats et des cellules endothéliales en culture indiquent que le S100b n’affecte pas la production de ROS dans les segments d’aorte, bien qu’il stimule leur production dans les cellules endothéliales isolées. Par contre, le S100b tend à augmenter l’expression de la eNOS dans l’endothélium des vaisseaux en culture. En conclusion, la stimulation des RAGE avec le S100b affecte la réponse aux agents vasoconstricteurs et vasodilatateurs sur des segments d’aorte de rats normaux de façon dépendante et, possiblement, indépendante de l’endothélium. Ces effets seraient causés, en partie, par la modulation de la relâche de NO et de l’expression de la eNOS, ainsi que par la production d’eicosanoides et de ROS et, possiblement, l’activation du système endothélinergique. Ainsi, les AGE peuvent affecter le tonus vasculaire en modifiant la fonction endothéliale. / Recent studies suggest that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) could play an important role in vascular pathogenesis in kidney disease. We hypothesized that increased AGEs concentrations in kidney disease play an important role in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension, by increasing endothelial dysfunction and vascular damages. Furthermore, we believe that the effects of AGEs on endothelial dysfunction are caused by the activation of AGEs receptors (RAGE) on vascular cells. To test this hypothesis, we studied first the effect of S100b, an AGEs receptor agonist, on the endothelium dependent vasodilatation response to carbachol and the vasoconstriction response to phenylephrine and ET-1 on rats thoracic aorta segments in vitro placed in organ bath, and, secondly, the effect of S100b on the endothelial function, especially the expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our results indicate that S100b induces a decrease in the NO dependent vasodilatation response to carbachol, but an increase in the vasoconstriction response to phenylephrine. This effect of S100b on phenylephrine response is not modified in vessels without endothelium, nor following the inhibition of the NO production in intact vessels. The effect of S100b is however decreased with indometacine, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, suggesting that RAGE activation modulates the production of eicosanoids. Finally, S100b induces a decrease in the vasoconstriction response to ET-1 that is blocked in presence of L-NAME, a NO production inhibitor. These results indicate that the effect of S100b on the vasoconstriction response to ET-1 is dependent on NO release. In addition, results obtained on cultured rat aorta segments and endothelial cells indicate that S100b does not affect the production of ROS althouch it stimulates their production in isolated endothelial cells. Otherwise, S100b tend to increase the expression of eNOS in the endothelium of cultured vessels. In conclusion, the stimulation of RAGE by S100b affects the response to vasoconstrictors and vasodilators agents on intact rat thoracic aorta segments in an endothelium dependant and, possibly, independent manner. These effects may be related, in part, to the modulation of NO release and eNOS expression, the production of eicosanoids and ROS, and, possibly, the activation of the endothelinergic system. Thus, AGEs could affect vascular tone through the modulation of the endothelial function.

The muscarinic agonist carbachol stimulates a rapid increase in ^32Pi incorporation into phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) in calcium tolerant myocytes prepared from heart tissue. The density of muscarinic receptors, determined by [^3H]-QNB binding, is greater in the atria than in the ventricles. 250 uM carbachol decreased specific [^3H]-QNB binding to muscarinic receptors on myocyte membranes by fifty percent. Trifluoperazine, also a phospholipase C inhibitor, inhibited the carbachol stimulated increase in ^32Pi incorporation into PA and PI and did not interfere with muscarinic receptor binding. Therefore, isolated canine myocytes provide a suitable model system to further study the muscarinic receptor stimulated phospholipid effect, and its role in mediating biochemical processes and physiological function in the heart.

Aims: To study the β-adrenoceptor subtypes involved in the relaxation responses to (-)-isoprenaline in carbachol-pre-contracted (CCh) mouse detrusor muscle with intact and denuded mucosa. Methods: Isolated muscle strips from the urinary bladder of male C57BL6 mice or β2-adrenoceptor knockout mice were pre-contracted with CCh, 1 µM and relaxed with increasing concentrations of the β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) agonist (-)-isoprenaline and forskolin. For estimating the β-AR subtypes involved, subtype-selective receptor blockers were used, that is, CGP 20712A (β1-ARs), ICI 118,551 (β2-ARs), and L748,337 (β3-ARs). Results: Unlike in KCl-pre-contracted muscle, the mucosa did not affect the sensitivity of the relaxation response to (-)-isoprenaline in CCh-pre-contracted murine detrusor strips. Increasing concentrations of (-)-isoprenaline produced a biphasic concentration-relaxation response without any difference both during the presence and absence of mucosa. The relaxation fraction produced by low (-)-isoprenaline concentrations was mediated by β2-AR as evidenced by a shift of the concentration-response curve to higher concentrations with ICI 118,551, but not with CGP 20712A and L748,337, and by the absence of this fraction in β2-AR-KO mice. The relaxation response with low sensitivity to (-)-isoprenaline was not affected by any of the β-AR subtype-selective blockers and was the only response detected in detrusor strips from β2-AR-KO mice. Conclusions: In CCh-pre-contracted mouse detrusor, β2-ARs are responsible for the relaxation component with high sensitivity to (-)-isoprenaline as indicated by the conversion of a biphasic into a monophasic CRC with ICI 118,551 or by its absence in β2-AR KO mice. The mucosa does not impair relaxation under these conditions. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6151.pdf: 1975366 bytes, checksum: 23b842452d75ee4bd80f5408eccc025c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-26 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Sodium intake is induced by facilitatory signals, such as angiotensin II (ANG II) and aldosterone. Hyperosmolarity and central cholinergic activation, classic antinatriorexigenic stimuli, also induce NaCl intake when the inhibitory mechanisms of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) are deactivated. In the present study, we investigated the possible interaction between osmoreceptors and cholinergic and angiotensinergic mechanisms in the control of water and NaCl intake induced by different dipsogenic and/or natriorexigenic stimuli combined with the blockade of LPBN inhibitory mechanisms. Rats with stainless steel cannulas implanted in the lateral ventricle (LV) or subfornical organ (SFO) and bilaterally into the LPBN were used to study the effects of injections of atropine (muscarinic cholinergic antagonist), losartan or ZD 7155 (AT1 receptor antagonists) into the LV or SFO on water and 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by bilateral injections of moxonidine (&#945;2- adrenoceptor/imidazoline agonist) into the LPBN combined with a) plasma hyperosmolarity induced by intragastric (ig) 2 M NaCl; b) injections of carbachol (cholinergic agonist) into the LV or SFO; c) subcutaneous injections of furosemide (FURO) and captopril (CAP); d) injection of ANG II into the LV. Additionally, we also investigated whether acute application of osmotic, angiotensinergic and cholinergic stimuli would activate cultured SFO dissociated cells and if the same cell would be activated by different stimuli. In rats treated with ig 2 M NaCl, injections of moxonidine (0.5 nmol/0.2 &#956;l) into the LPBN increased water and 0.3 M NaCl intake. Injections into the LV or SFO of atropine (20 nmol/1.0 &#956;l and 2 nmol/0.1 &#956;l, respectively) or losartan (100 &#956;g/1.0 &#956;l and 1 &#956;g/0.1 &#956;l, respectively) abolished water and 0.3 M NaCl intake in rats treated with ig 2 M NaCl combined with moxonidine into the LPBN. Moxonidine injected into the LPBN also increased water and 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by FURO + CAP, injections of ANG II (50 ng/1.0 &#956;l) and carbachol (4 nmol/1.0 &#956;l) into the LV or carbachol (0.5 nmol/0.1 &#956;l) into the SFO. The blockade of AT1 receptors with injections of losartan into the LV or ZD 7155 (1 &#956;g/0.1 &#956;l) into the SFO abolished water and 0.3 M NaCl intake in rats treated with carbachol into the LV or SFO combined with LPBN injections of moxonidine. However, atropine injected into the LV, despite reducing water intake, did not change 0.3 M NaCl intake in rats treated with FURO + CAP or injection of ANG II into the LV combined with injections of moxonidine into the LPBN. Injections of losartan into the LV reduced 0.06 M sucrose intake, but did not change food intake induced by 24 h of food deprivation. Finally, in vitro studies showed that osmotic, angiotensinergic and cholinergic stimuli activate SFO dissociated cells and that different stimuli can activate the same SFO cell. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that different stimuli, such as hyperosmolarity and central cholinergic activation, facilitate NaCl intake through activation of central angiotensinergic mechanisms. / A ingestão de sódio é induzida por sinais facilitatórios, como angiotensina II (ANG II) e aldosterona. A hiperosmolaridade e a estimulação colinérgica central, estímulos classicamente considerados antinatriorexigênicos, também induzem ingestão de NaCl quando os mecanismos inibitórios do núcleo parabraquial lateral (NPBL) são bloqueados. No presente estudo, investigamos a possível interação entre osmorreceptores e mecanismos colinérgicos e angiotensinérgicos centrais no controle da ingestão de água e NaCl induzida por diferentes estímulos dipsogênicos e/ou natriorexigênicos combinados com bloqueio dos mecanismos inibitórios do NPBL. Em ratos com cânulas de aço inoxidável implantadas no ventrículo lateral (VL) ou órgão subfornical (OSF) e bilateralmente no NPBL, foram estudados os efeitos de injeções de atropina (antagonista colinérgico muscarínico), losartan ou ZD 7155 (antagonistas de receptores AT1) no VL ou diretamente no OSF na ingestão de água e NaCl 0,3 M induzida por injeções bilaterais de moxonidina (agonista adrenérgico &#945;2/imidazólico) no NPBL combinadas com: a) hiperosmolaridade plasmática induzida por sobrecarga intragástrica de NaCl 2 M; b) injeções de carbacol (agonista colinérgico) no VL ou OSF; c) injeções subcutâneas de furosemida (FURO) e captopril (CAP); d) injeção de ANG II no VL. Adicionalmente, também foi investigado se a aplicação aguda de estímulos osmóticos, angiotensinérgico e colinérgico ativariam neurônios dissociados do OSF mantidos em cultura e se um mesmo neurônio seria ativado por diferentes estímulos. Em ratos tratados com NaCl 2 M ig, injeções de moxonidina (0,5 nmol/0,2 &#956;l) no NPBL aumentaram a ingestão de água e NaCl 0,3 M. Injeções no VL ou OSF de atropina (20 nmol/1,0 &#956;l e 2 nmol/0,1 &#956;l, respectivamente) ou losartan (100 &#956;g/1,0 &#956;l e 1 &#956;g/0,1 &#956;l, respectivamente) aboliram a ingestão de água e NaCl em ratos tratados com NaCl 2 M ig que receberam injeções de moxonidina no NPBL. Injeções de moxonidina também aumentaram a ingestão de água e NaCl 0,3 M induzida por FURO + CAP, injeções de ANG II (50 ng/1,0 &#956;l) e carbacol (4 nmol/1,0 &#956;l) no VL ou carbacol (0,5 nmol/0,1 &#956;l) no OSF. O bloqueio de receptores AT1 com injeções de losartan no VL ou ZD 7155 (1 &#956;g/0,1 &#956;l) no OSF aboliu a ingestão de água e NaCl 0,3 M em ratos tratados com injeção de carbacol no VL ou OSF combinada com injeções de moxonidina no NPBL. No entanto, injeção de atropina no VL, apesar de reduzir a ingestão de água, não alterou a ingestão de NaCl 0,3 M em ratos tratados com FURO + CAP ou injeção de ANG II no VL combinados com injeções de moxonidina no NPBL. Injeções de losartan no VL reduziram a ingestão de sacarose 0,06 M, mas não alteraram a ingestão de ração induzida por privação alimentar por 24 h. Finalmente, os estudos in vitro mostraram que estímulos osmóticos, angiotensinérgico e colinérgico ativam as células dissociadas do OSF e que diferentes estímulos podem ativar uma mesma célula do OSF. Portanto, os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que diferentes estímulos, tais como hiperosmolaridade e ativação colinérgica central, facilitam a ingestão de NaCl através da ativação de mecanismos angiotensinérgicos centrais.

Aims: To study the β-adrenoceptor subtypes involved in the relaxation responses to (-)-isoprenaline in carbachol-pre-contracted (CCh) mouse detrusor muscle with intact and denuded mucosa. Methods: Isolated muscle strips from the urinary bladder of male C57BL6 mice or β2-adrenoceptor knockout mice were pre-contracted with CCh, 1 µM and relaxed with increasing concentrations of the β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) agonist (-)-isoprenaline and forskolin. For estimating the β-AR subtypes involved, subtype-selective receptor blockers were used, that is, CGP 20712A (β1-ARs), ICI 118,551 (β2-ARs), and L748,337 (β3-ARs). Results: Unlike in KCl-pre-contracted muscle, the mucosa did not affect the sensitivity of the relaxation response to (-)-isoprenaline in CCh-pre-contracted murine detrusor strips. Increasing concentrations of (-)-isoprenaline produced a biphasic concentration-relaxation response without any difference both during the presence and absence of mucosa. The relaxation fraction produced by low (-)-isoprenaline concentrations was mediated by β2-AR as evidenced by a shift of the concentration-response curve to higher concentrations with ICI 118,551, but not with CGP 20712A and L748,337, and by the absence of this fraction in β2-AR-KO mice. The relaxation response with low sensitivity to (-)-isoprenaline was not affected by any of the β-AR subtype-selective blockers and was the only response detected in detrusor strips from β2-AR-KO mice. Conclusions: In CCh-pre-contracted mouse detrusor, β2-ARs are responsible for the relaxation component with high sensitivity to (-)-isoprenaline as indicated by the conversion of a biphasic into a monophasic CRC with ICI 118,551 or by its absence in β2-AR KO mice. The mucosa does not impair relaxation under these conditions. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.