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U.S. Federal regulations requiring on-board diagnostics of diesel particulate filters have created a demand for compact, inexpensive, fast, and accurate sensors for measuring the particulate matter (PM) content of diesel exhaust. An electronic sensor capable of measuring the carbonaceous fraction (soot) of PM has been developed at The University of Texas at Austin. The behavior and performance of this sensor was characterized in both an older style non-emission controlled diesel engine and a modern heavy-duty diesel certified in 2008 to meet current federal emissions standards. The ability of the sensor to detect particulates at the regulated level of 15 mg/bhp-hr downstream of a leaking particulate filter was demonstrated. Under optimal conditions, the sensor was shown to have a resolution of 0.003 mg/bhp-hr, or 0.005 mg/m3. The sensor operated by measuring the flux of charged particles, ions, and electrons to an electrode immersed in an exhaust gas flow. Two distinct modes of operation were demonstrated. In the first, the sensor detected particles carrying residual charge from the combustion process. In this mode, the sensor was shown to be relatively insensitive to particle morphology and to be sensitive to exhaust gas velocity. In the second, charge carriers (particles, electrons, and ions) were created in the strong electric field produced by a second electrode at high voltage. In this mode, the sensor was found to be relatively insensitive to exhaust gas velocity, but quite sensitive to the orientation of the sensor in the exhaust flow. The size and number density of the particles was found to have a strong influence on the sensor sensitivity: as number density increased with increasing load or decreasing EGR rate, so did sensor sensitivity. Thus, as changes in engine operating condition affect particle morphology, the behavior of the sensor changes. A numerical model of the discharge mechanism in the form of an atmospheric pressure glow discharge was implemented to model the charge creation and transport. The model accurately predicted the nanoamp-level electrode currents produced in a real sensor to within a half order of magnitude with no empirical fits. The model tended to over-predict the sensitivity of sensor output to applied voltage but matched the observed sensitivity within an order of magnitude. Due to the lack of modeling flow field effects it predicted a 250% increase in sensitivity for a gap width reduced by 50% where a comparison of real sensors showed a decrease in sensitivity of 25% with a 50% reduction in gap width. / text

La pompe de gavage ou pompe à carburant est un organe auxiliaire nécessaire au bon fonctionnement d’un véhicule. Elle permet d’acheminer le carburant du réservoir vers les systèmes d’injections du moteur. Cette pompe, constituée d’un moteur électrique entraînant une turbine, permet la mise en mouvement du carburant. Le passage du courant est assuré entre le stator et le rotor par le biais du contact frottant entre deux balais fixes et un collecteur tournant en composite graphite/polymère, immergé en milieu carburant. Ces travaux ont pour but de contribuer à la compréhension de ce contact glissant électrifié immergé. Un tribomètre spécifique a été développé afin de tester différents couples de matériaux balais-collecteur dans des conditions mécaniques, électriques et physico-chimiques variées, tout en mesurant l’usure, l’effort de frottement et la résistance électrique du double contact. De nouvelles nuances de matériaux carbonés s’adaptant aux contraintes chimiques des nouveaux biocarburants présents sur le marché automobile ont été testées et ont mis en évidence différents comportements tribologiques. L’usure observée est principalement due au passage du courant sous forme d’arcs électriques modifiant ainsi la topographie des surfaces. Deux endommagements distincts sont visibles : le cratère et la bosse dont les volumes augmentent avec l’énergie développée par l’arc et sont reliés à la présence subsurfacique de polymère. A partir de ces conclusions expérimentales, un modèle phénoménologique du comportement à l’usure a été proposé. Il permet d’apporter une aide à la compréhension des mécanismes complexes et nombreux, présents dans le frottement des balais et du collecteur. / The fuel pump, an automotive part, is used to transfer the fuel from the tank to the engine injection systems. This pump consists of an electric motor driving a turbine: this induces the fuel flow. The current flow is realized between the stator and the rotor thanks to the friction of two fixed brushes against a slip ring. All elements are made of graphite/polymer composites and are immersed into fuel. The aim of this work is to contribute to the understanding of immersed electrical sliding contacts. A specific tribometer was developed in order to mimic the fuel pump. It allows simultaneous measurement of friction forces, wear and electrical contact resistance for various mechanical, electrical and physicochemical conditions. New carbonaceous materials, specifically designed for new biofuel, exhibited different tribological behaviour. The wear observed is mainly due to the current flow, electrical arcs in particular, which modifies the surface topography. Two kinds of damage were depicted: craters and bumps whose volume increases with the arc-produced energy as a function of the presence of polymer at the vicinity of the surface. Issued from these experimental results, a phenomenological model of the wear behaviour was proposed. It brings new insights into the complex and numerous mechanisms occurring during the friction of the brushes and commutator.

A significativa emissão veicular na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), com mais de 7 milhões de veículos e uma população da ordem de 18 milhões de habitantes, fazem desta uma área crítica do ponto de vista de níveis de poluentes atmosféricos. Neste trabalho foi obtida a determinação quantitativa de fontes de poluentes atmosféricos na RMSP, em particular do material carbonáceo na fração fina (PM2.5) do aerossol atmosférico, focando na componente veicular. Como parte do projeto FONTES, coordenado pela Petrobrás, PUC-Rio e IFUSP, foram operadas por 1 ano quatro estações de amostragem localizadas em Congonhas (CGH), Ibirapuera (IBP), Cerqueira César (FSP) e Instituto de Física da USP (IFP), no período entre agosto de 2011 e janeiro de 2014. A concentração em massa de material particulado fino (PM2.5), grosso (PM2.5-10), e inalável (PM10) foi determinada através de análise gravimétrica. Íons solúveis foram determinados por cromatografia iônica (IC), elementos traços por fluorescência de raios-X (XRF) e as concentrações de black carbon equivalente por refletância ótica. As componentes de carbono orgânico (OC) e carbono elementar (EC), bem como as diversas frações carbonáceas foram determinadas por análises termo-ópticas em equipamento da Sunset Inc., seguindo vários protocolos analíticos. As concentrações de gases tais como CO, NOx, e O3 foram fornecidas por estações de monitoramento da CETESB. Modelos receptores tais como APFA (Absolute Principal Factor Analysis) foram usados na determinação quantitativa de fontes de poluentes. Observou-se uma grande similaridade nas concentrações medidas nas estações, indicando uma homogeneidade nas concentrações e composição de aerossóis da moda fina (PM2.5) na RMSP. Nas estações amostradoras IFP, FSP e IBP foram observadas concentrações entre 10 e 12g m-3 na fração fina e na faixa de 16 a 18 g m-3 na fração grossa. Em CGH, observou-se uma concentração média de 34 g m-3, para PM10. O balanço químico de massa mostrou, na fração fina, impacto predominante de aerossóis orgânicos (~50%), EC (~20%) e sulfato (~20%). Na fração grossa verificaram-se concentrações dominantes de aerossóis de poeira do solo (~40%). A APFA identificou e quantificou o impacto das componentes veicular (~60%), ressuspensão de solo (~10%), emissões industriais e de sulfato (~20%), aerossol marinho (~5%) e aerossol secundário (~5%). O impacto da componente veicular é dominante na RMSP. A aplicação dos modelos receptores forneceu a caracterização do material carbonáceo de acordo com as fontes de emissões e um perfil de volatilidade do material carbonáceo. / The large vehicle fleet in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (RMSP), with more than 7 million vehicles and a population of about 18 million people, make this a critical area from the point of view of atmospheric pollutants levels. This work focused on the quantitative determination of air pollutant sources, focusing at the vehicular component and the carbonaceous material in the fine fraction (PM2.5) of the atmospheric aerosol of RMSP. As part of the FONTES research project, coordinated by Petrobrás, PUC-Rio and IFUSP, it was operated for 1 year four sampling stations located in Congonhas (CGH), Ibirapuera (IBP), Cerqueira César (FSP) and the Institute of Physics at USP (IFP) during the period from August 2011 to January 2014. The mass concentrations of fine (PM2.5), coarse (PM2.5-10) and inhalable (PM10) particulate matter was determined by gravimetric analysis. Soluble ions were determined by ion chromatography (IC), trace elements by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and equivalent black carbon (EBC) concentration by optical reflectance. The organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) components, as well as several carbonaceous fractions were determined by thermo-optical analysis using a Sunset Inc. equipment, following various analytical protocols. The concentration of gases such as CO, NOx, and O3 were obtained from CETESB air pollution monitoring stations. Receptors models such APFA (Absolute Principal Factor Analysis) were used for the quantification of the impacts of polluting sources. It was observed similar concentrations in the several sampling stations, showing uniformity in the concentrations and aerosol composition of PM2.5 in the RMSP. For the sites IFP, FSP and IBP were observed concentrations between 10 and 12 g m-3 in the fine fraction and in the range from 16 to 18 g m-3 in the coarse fraction. In the CGH site, there was an average concentration of 34 g m-3 of PM10. The chemical mass balance showed large presence of organic aerosols (~50%), EC (~20%) and sulfate (~20%) in the fine mode fraction. In the coarse fraction soil dust aerosols (~40%) dominates. The APFA identified and quantified the impact of vehicular components (~60%), soil dust (~10%), industrial emissions and sulfate (~20%), marine aerosol (~5%) and secondary aerosol (~5%). Vehicular emissions is the major air pollution component at the RMSP. The application of receptor models has provided the source characterization of carbonaceous material according to their volatility profile.

Fossil fuel combustion produces fly-ash particles that are released into the atmosphere and deposited in the environment. A particularly characteristic kind of fly-ash is spheroidal carbonaceous particles. They are composed of an amorphous carbon matrix in which other elements are dispersed. The elemental carbon content makes them very resistant to chemical degradation and these particles can be relatively easily extracted from sediment and soil samples using a method described in this thesis. The distribution of spheroidal carbonaceous particles in lake sediment profiles, surface sediments and forest soils has been studied. Cores from several Swedish lakes have been analysed and, although the lakes are from different parts of the country, consistent trends in the deposition of the carbonaceous particles have been found. The analyses of dated cores show that the carbonaceous particle deposition in the sediments follows the same general pattern as statistics for Swedish coal and oil combustion over the last two centuries. This indicates that the sediment records reflect the history of the atmospheric deposition of particulate pollutants from fossil fuel combustion. Analysis of surface sediment samples provides an integrated picture of the deposition over the preceding few years and can be used to indicate the contemporary geographical pattern of deposition from the atmosphere. Two sets of surface sediment samples (0-1 cm) were analysed. One comprised samples from 66 lakes around Sweden's second largest city, Gothenburg, and showed very high carbonaceous particle concentrations within a distance of 50 to 100 km from the city. The second set comprised surface sediment samples from 114 lakes distributed all over Sweden. This survey of Sweden demonstrated a geographical north-south gradient with more than a hundred times higher particle concentrations in the south than in the north. This distribution is similar to the distribution of other air pollutants (data obtained from a moss survey and an air monitoring program) and suggests that carbonaceous particles in palaeolimnological investigations of air pollution, can be used as tracers for pollutants that are otherwise difficult to determine in lake sediments. Spheroidal carbonaceous particles also accumulate in soils, and forest soil samples can be used for geographical surveys of particle deposition. In Swedish podzol soils the particles mainly accumulate in the thin organic horizon and concentrations in this layer reflect the total deposition since industrialisation, although most will have been deposited during the last few decades. Since the spheroidal carbonaceous particle record in Swedish lake sediments has a characteristic temporal pattern, carbonaceous particle profiles can be used for indirect dating of recent sediment cores. Analyses of multiple sediment cores from three lakes demonstrate that carbonaceous particles can also be used for studies of sediment distribution in lake basins. Results from Gårdsjön indicate that the acidification of the lake changed sediment distribution processes from a normal sediment focusing regime to a more even distribution of sediments over the lake bottom. Liming of the lake seems to have restored normal sedimentation processes. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1992, Härtill 8 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

La formation des planètes a laissé derrière elle des matériaux dont la nature primordiale a été préservée. Ces astéroïdes primitifs de la ceinture principale sont aujourd'hui échantillonnés par la diversité de météorites chondritiques dans nos collections qui nous permettent d'étudier les premiers instants du Système Solaire. Cependant, beaucoup d'entre elles présentent des traces d'altération hydrothermale qui ont modifié leur minéralogie, et ainsi occulté ces informations primordiales. Ce processus de modification de la roche via l'interaction avec un fluide a été grandement étudié au cours des dernières décennies, notamment dans les chondrites carbonées de type CM, dont la minéralogie témoigne de plusieurs épisodes d'altération dans différents degrés d'intensité. Comprendre l'évolution de l'eau ainsi que l'influence de ce processus sur la matière organique dans ces astéroïdes est essentiel du fait de leur éventuelle contribution à l'origine de la vie sur Terre. Afin de mieux contraindre les conditions géochimique et chronologique dans lesquelles est survenu ce processus, les travaux de cette thèse ont été focalisés sur les chondrites de type CM et les phases secondaires qu'ils contiennent. Des mesures in situ des isotopes de l'oxygène dans les carbonates des CM nous ont permis de développer une méthode d'estimation de leurs températures de précipitation. Nos résultats indiquent une gamme de températures bien plus étendue que celles estimées auparavant, s'étalant de -50 à environ 300 °C avec une température moyenne de 113 +/- 54°C (2σ). Afin d'approfondir notre étude des conditions géochimiques de l'altération nous avons conduit une étude détaillée de la chondrite de Boriskino. La texture atypique de cette chondrite, due à ses nombreux clastes aux frontières nettes et aux degrés d'altération variables, nous a permis d'explorer l'hypothèse d'un lien entre les processus à l'origine de la formation des brèches et l'altération hydrothermale. L'utilisation de notre nouvelle méthode sur les carbonates de cette chondrite a mis en évidence un rôle secondaire de la température dans l'intensité du processus d'altération. De plus, nos travaux suggèrent que les épisodes d'altération sont antérieurs à la formation du corps-parent final et que la quantité de glace initialement accrétée peut être le facteur dominant de l'efficacité du processus d'altération. Néanmoins cette hypothèse ne prend pas en compte l'influence que peut avoir la durée d'exposition de la roche au fluide. Afin de tester cette dernière hypothèse, notre dernier projet devait permettre d'estimer l'âge des carbonates dans des CM présentant différents degrés d'altération. La datation de ces objets repose sur la décroissance radioactive du radioisotope 53Mn en 53Cr. Cependant, l'absence de standards de carbonates adéquats pour ces mesures nous a conduit dans un premier temps à les synthétiser. Pour ce faire nous avons abordé le problème en nous éloignant des méthodes traditionnelles de précipitation de carbonates sur substrat ayant conduit à des minéraux très hétérogènes, et nous avons effectué nos synthèses à haute pression et haute température grâce à une presse piston-cylindre. / Chondrites are leftover solids from the evolution of the solar protoplanetary disk that enable for its primordial conditions to be studied. However, many chondrites have seen their mineralogy modified by the circulation of fluids during hydrothermal alteration events, thereby blurring the primordial informations retained in it. CM carbonaceous chondrites have been extensively studied, mainly because of the various episodes and extent of hydrothermal alteration they exhibit. The understanding of the evolution of water and the influence of alteration on organic matter in those asteroids is essential as they might be the source of life on Earth. In order to better understand the geochemical conditions and the chronology of this process in carbonaceous asteroids, we focused this project on CM chondrites and the secondary phases they contain. We developped a methodology to estimate the precipitation temperatures of carbonates in CM chondrites relying only on in situ measurements of their O-isotopic composition. Our results yield precipitation temperatures in a larger range than what has previsouly been estimated, i.e. from -50 to approximatively 300°C with an average temperature of 113 +/- 54°C (2σ). To further our study of the geochemical conditions of hydrothermal alteration we extensively studied the CM of Boriskino. The peculiar texture of this meteorite, due to its numerous clasts with sharp boundaries and their various degrees of aqueous alteration, enable to investigate the reccurent question of a genetic link between brecciation and aqueous alteration. Using the same methodology as in our first project we concluded that temperatures in which the process took place could not account for the various extent of aqueous alteration that we observe. In addition, Our work suggest that aqueous alteration in this chondrite was discontinuous and preceeded brecciationand that instead the initial quantity of accreted ice could be the controlling parameter of aqueous alteration. However, this study neglect the contribution of the duration of exposure of the rock to the fluid to the extent of aqueous alteration. Therefore, our last project was to determine the age of carbonates in several CM chondrites of various degrees of aqueous alteration. The datation of these minerals in chondrites relies on the radiochronometer 53Mn-53Cr. However, the lack of a suitable carbonate standard for these SIMS analyses pushed us to synthetize carbonates with the adequat cristallinity and chemical composition first. To do so, we experimentated at high pressure and high temperature using a piston-cylinder apparatus.

A significativa emissão veicular na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), com mais de 7 milhões de veículos e uma população da ordem de 18 milhões de habitantes, fazem desta uma área crítica do ponto de vista de níveis de poluentes atmosféricos. Neste trabalho foi obtida a determinação quantitativa de fontes de poluentes atmosféricos na RMSP, em particular do material carbonáceo na fração fina (PM2.5) do aerossol atmosférico, focando na componente veicular. Como parte do projeto FONTES, coordenado pela Petrobrás, PUC-Rio e IFUSP, foram operadas por 1 ano quatro estações de amostragem localizadas em Congonhas (CGH), Ibirapuera (IBP), Cerqueira César (FSP) e Instituto de Física da USP (IFP), no período entre agosto de 2011 e janeiro de 2014. A concentração em massa de material particulado fino (PM2.5), grosso (PM2.5-10), e inalável (PM10) foi determinada através de análise gravimétrica. Íons solúveis foram determinados por cromatografia iônica (IC), elementos traços por fluorescência de raios-X (XRF) e as concentrações de black carbon equivalente por refletância ótica. As componentes de carbono orgânico (OC) e carbono elementar (EC), bem como as diversas frações carbonáceas foram determinadas por análises termo-ópticas em equipamento da Sunset Inc., seguindo vários protocolos analíticos. As concentrações de gases tais como CO, NOx, e O3 foram fornecidas por estações de monitoramento da CETESB. Modelos receptores tais como APFA (Absolute Principal Factor Analysis) foram usados na determinação quantitativa de fontes de poluentes. Observou-se uma grande similaridade nas concentrações medidas nas estações, indicando uma homogeneidade nas concentrações e composição de aerossóis da moda fina (PM2.5) na RMSP. Nas estações amostradoras IFP, FSP e IBP foram observadas concentrações entre 10 e 12g m-3 na fração fina e na faixa de 16 a 18 g m-3 na fração grossa. Em CGH, observou-se uma concentração média de 34 g m-3, para PM10. O balanço químico de massa mostrou, na fração fina, impacto predominante de aerossóis orgânicos (~50%), EC (~20%) e sulfato (~20%). Na fração grossa verificaram-se concentrações dominantes de aerossóis de poeira do solo (~40%). A APFA identificou e quantificou o impacto das componentes veicular (~60%), ressuspensão de solo (~10%), emissões industriais e de sulfato (~20%), aerossol marinho (~5%) e aerossol secundário (~5%). O impacto da componente veicular é dominante na RMSP. A aplicação dos modelos receptores forneceu a caracterização do material carbonáceo de acordo com as fontes de emissões e um perfil de volatilidade do material carbonáceo. / The large vehicle fleet in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (RMSP), with more than 7 million vehicles and a population of about 18 million people, make this a critical area from the point of view of atmospheric pollutants levels. This work focused on the quantitative determination of air pollutant sources, focusing at the vehicular component and the carbonaceous material in the fine fraction (PM2.5) of the atmospheric aerosol of RMSP. As part of the FONTES research project, coordinated by Petrobrás, PUC-Rio and IFUSP, it was operated for 1 year four sampling stations located in Congonhas (CGH), Ibirapuera (IBP), Cerqueira César (FSP) and the Institute of Physics at USP (IFP) during the period from August 2011 to January 2014. The mass concentrations of fine (PM2.5), coarse (PM2.5-10) and inhalable (PM10) particulate matter was determined by gravimetric analysis. Soluble ions were determined by ion chromatography (IC), trace elements by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and equivalent black carbon (EBC) concentration by optical reflectance. The organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) components, as well as several carbonaceous fractions were determined by thermo-optical analysis using a Sunset Inc. equipment, following various analytical protocols. The concentration of gases such as CO, NOx, and O3 were obtained from CETESB air pollution monitoring stations. Receptors models such APFA (Absolute Principal Factor Analysis) were used for the quantification of the impacts of polluting sources. It was observed similar concentrations in the several sampling stations, showing uniformity in the concentrations and aerosol composition of PM2.5 in the RMSP. For the sites IFP, FSP and IBP were observed concentrations between 10 and 12 g m-3 in the fine fraction and in the range from 16 to 18 g m-3 in the coarse fraction. In the CGH site, there was an average concentration of 34 g m-3 of PM10. The chemical mass balance showed large presence of organic aerosols (~50%), EC (~20%) and sulfate (~20%) in the fine mode fraction. In the coarse fraction soil dust aerosols (~40%) dominates. The APFA identified and quantified the impact of vehicular components (~60%), soil dust (~10%), industrial emissions and sulfate (~20%), marine aerosol (~5%) and secondary aerosol (~5%). Vehicular emissions is the major air pollution component at the RMSP. The application of receptor models has provided the source characterization of carbonaceous material according to their volatility profile.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao MARCOS MOURA SILVA.pdf: 1156096 bytes, checksum: fba27f9f64081930b5c5d7149906ff4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The use of certified reference materials is an alternative that laboratories have to ensure the quality of their analyzes. Many laboratories have been investing in the production of their own reference materials in-house. This study presents the application of an interlaboratory test on the certification of Fe, Ca, Si, Ni, Na, P and V in a sample of carbon electrodes candidate reference material in-house, from an aluminum industry in Brazil. The sample was crushed, milled and quartered. Subsequently, the material was filled into 128 botlles. Homogeneity tests were conducted on material that testified that the material remained homogeneous after preparation and stable over time of study. The material certification was made through a collaborative program which included the participation of seven laboratories in different locations. After applying the Cochran and Grubbs tests the values provided by laboratories certified values in ppm were: 589.08 ± 25.28 for Fe, 142.89 ± 12.03 for Ca; 332.03 ± 20.55 to V, 178.07 ± 9.26 for Ni, 326.11 ± 24.07 for Na; 134.17 ± 6.59 for Si and 7.38 ± 1.97 for P. Finally, the laboratories were compared using the z-score test and was observed satisfactory performance, except for the the laboratory 1 for Si analysis, which showed discrepant deviation of the others. The application of variance analysis led to the conclusion that the material was homogeneous and stable enough to be used as a reference material for quality control procedure. / O uso de materiais de referências certificados é uma alternativa que os laboratórios têm para garantir a qualidade de suas análises, razão pela qual muitos deles vêm investindo na produção de seus próprios materiais de referências in-house. Este trabalho apresenta aplicação de um ensaio interlaboratorial na certificação de Fe, Ca, Si, Ni, Na, P e V em uma amostra de eletrodos de carbono, candidata a material de referência in-house, de uma indústria de alumínio no Brasil. Amostras britadas, moídas e quarteadas foram envasadas em 128 frascos. Testes de homogeneidade e estabilidade atestaram que o material manteve-se homogêneo após o envase e estável na sua composição ao longo do tempo de estudo. A certificação do material se deu através de um programa de interlaboratorial que contou com a participação de sete laboratórios em diferentes locais. Após a aplicação dos testes de Cochran e Grubbs aos valores fornecidos pelos laboratórios, os valores certificados em ppm foram: 589,08 ± 25,28 para Fe; 142,89 ± 12,03 para Ca; 332,03 ± 20,55 para V; 178,07 ± 9,26 para Ni; 326,11 ± 24,07 para Na; 134,17 ± 6,59 para Si e 7,38 ± 1,97 para o P. Por fim, os laboratórios foram comparados por meio do teste z-score e observou-se desempenho satisfatório, exceto para o laboratório 1, nas análises de Si, que apresentou desvio discrepante dos demais A aplicação da análise de variâncias aos valores reportados levou a conclusão de que o material era homogêneo e estável o suficiente para ser usado como um material de referência para controle de qualidade interno.

Polymer brush patterns were prepared by a combination of electron beam induced damage in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), creating a stable carbonaceous deposit, and consecutive self-initiated photografting and photopolymerization (SIPGP). This newly applied technique, reactive writing (RW), is investigated with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane SAM (PF-SAM) on silicon oxide, which, when modified by RW, can be selectively functionalized by SIPGP. With the monomer N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), we demonstrate the straightforward formation of polymer brush gradients and single polymer lines of sub-100 nm lateral dimensions, with high contrast to the PF-SAM background. The lithography parameters acceleration voltage, irradiation dose, beam current and dwell time were systematically varied to identify the optimal conditions for the maximum conversion of the SAM into a carbonaceous deposit. The results of this approach were compared to patterns prepared by carbon templating (CT) under analogous conditions, revealing a dwell time dependency, which differs from earlier reports. This new technique expands the range of CT by giving the opportunity to not only vary the chemistry of the created polymer patterns with monomer choice but also vary the chemistry of the surrounding substrate.

Für PEM-Brennstoffzellen-Mikro-BHKW mit integrierter Dampfreformierung ist die Verwendung von LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) bei fehlender Erdgasinfrastruktur interessant. Grundlage der BHKW-Effizienz ist eine optimale wärmetechnische Verschaltung, durch die u.a. das LPG/H2O-Gemisch effektiv auf die Reaktionstemperatur (700 °C) der Dampfreformierung vorgewärmt wird. In Abhängigkeit von der Verweilzeit, der das Gemisch ausgesetzt wird, können signifikante Mengen ungesättigter Kohlenwasserstoffe (C3H6, C2H4, C2H2) pyrolytisch gebildet werden, C3H6 kann des Weiteren bereits im LPG enthalten sein. Bei der katalytisch unterstützten Dampfreformierung fördert dies die Bildung verschiedenartiger kohlenstoffhaltiger Ablagerungen, wodurch eine vorzeitige Deaktivierung eintritt. In der Arbeit wird das Spaltpotenzial numerisch und experimentell untersucht. Durch Anwendung von Temperatur-Programmierter-Methanisierung und Ramanspektroskopie wird ferner der negative Einfluss bereits geringer C3H6-Anteile an einem Katalysator gezeigt. Aus den Ergebnissen werden abschließend Maßnahmen zur Minimierung kohlenstoffhaltiger Ablagerungen abgeleitet. / The use of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is an alternative for PEM fuel cell micro-CHP systems with integrated steam reforming in the absence of natural gas infrastructure. An optimized thermo technical interconnection is the basis of the CHP efficiency, whereby, among other things, the LPG/H2O-mixture is preheated to the steam reforming reaction temperature (700 °C). Significant amounts of unsaturated hydrocarbons (C3H6, C2H4, C2H2) can be formed pyrolytically depending on the residence time for preheating the mixture; furthermore, C3H6 can be already a component of LPG. These species promote the formation of different carbon containing deposits on the reforming catalyst whereby a premature deactivation occurs. The thesis deals with the investigation of the pyrolysis potential using numerical as well as experimental methods. Furthermore, the negative effect of already low amounts of unsaturated hydrocarbons on a catalyst is shown by using Temperature-Programmed-Methanation and Raman spectroscopy. Finally, actions for avoiding the production of carbon containing deposits are derived from the results.