As membranas amnióticas humana, felina e canina representam uma boa fonte de célulastronco mesenquimais multipotentes. Sua obtenção não causa conflitos éticos, pois o âmnio é comumente descartado após o nascimento do indivíduo. Devido à característica inovadora da utilização de células-tronco na medicina regenerativa, diversos testes estão sendo realizados a fim de sanar dúvidas sobre possíveis complicações de seu emprego, tais como: infecções no ato da aplicação, deterioração da função tecidual e principalmente sobre o potencial tumorigênico das linhagens celulares. O teste tumoral foi negativo nas espécies felina e humana, viabilizando a utilização deste tipo de célula nestas espécies, porém, o mesmo teste foi realizado em cães anteriormente com resultado positivo para formação tumoral. A proposta deste estudo é traçar um perfil comparativo sobre as características de cultivo, marcadores moleculares e ensaio tumoral na membrana amniótica canina e felina. Para a obtenção das células, foram utilizadas placentas oriundas de 9 gestações caninas nas idades entre 35 a 45 dias, 1 gestação canina de 25 dias e 3 gestações felinas nas idades de 35 a 45 dias por procedimento de cesariana seguida de castração em clínicas da região de Pirassununga. O âmnio foi separado manualmente das outras membranas fetais e acondicionado em placas de Petri, submetido à maceração manual, para posterior cultivo em meio adequado para cultura de células mesenquimais. Após o estabelecimento do cultivo, foram realizadas análises de imunocitoquímica para marcadores mesenquimais (CD73, CD90 e CD105) e tumoral (CD30) sendo que as células de origem canina mostraram-se positivas para os marcadores mesenquimais CD73, CD90 e para o marcador tumoral CD30 e as de origem felina mostraram-se positivas para os marcadores mesenquimais CD73, CD90 e CD105. O ensaio in vivo realizado com a inoculação das CT\'s canina e felina em camundongos imunossuprimidos (Balb/c NUDE) pelas vias subcutânea, intramuscular e intraperitoneal não demonstrando formação tumoral após 60 dias da inoculação. Foram realizadas análises de citometria de fluxo onde as maiores quantificações nas células caninas foram os marcadores de pluripotência (OCT-4 e SOX2, com 59,4% e 34,35% respectivamente), e felinas foram os marcadores mesenquimais (CD73 e CD90, com 32,58% e 23,48%). A análise de qPCR das células felinas demonstrou baixa, expressão de todos os genes testados (mesenquimais, pluripotência, hematopoiético e teratogênico). Já as células de origem canina, demonstraram expressão maior do gene mesenquimal (CD90) e do gene de pluripotência (SOX2 e OCT4). Os achados deste estudo demonstraram por ambas as técnicas (citometria e qPCR) que as células da membrana amniótica felina tem um potencial mesenquimal mais evidente do que as caninas e ambas não apresentaram potencial tumorigênico quando submetidas ao ensaio in vivo. / Human, feline and canine amniotic membranes are a good source of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. The obtaining does not cause ethical conflict because the amnion is usually discarded after the birth. Due to the innovative feature of the use of stem cells in regenerative medicine, several tests are being conducted to answer some questions about possible complications of its use, such as infections during application, deterioration of tissue function and particularly on the carcinogenic potential of amniotic stem cells. Teratoma formation assays were proved negative in feline and human species, enabling the use of this type of cell in these species, however, the same test was performed in dogs previously and was positive for teratomas, condemning its application. The purpose of this study is to trace a molecular profile and detailed teratogenic test, comparing the canine and feline amniotic membrane model, since the experiments were favorable to the feline model, in order to find out where they differ to justify the new data to counteract the results of previous studies using canine amnion. To obtain cells, it were used placentas from 9 pregnant canines between 35 to 45 days of gestation, one placenta at 25 days from canine and 3 placentas from feline at 35 to 45 days. It was realized caesarean and followed ovarian salpingo hysterectomy at veterinarian clinics on Pirassununga region. The amnion was manually separated from the other fetal membranes and placed on Petri dishes. Then was made a manual maceration, later to be cultivated. After culture establishment were performed immunocytochemical analyzes for mesenchymal (CD73, CD90 and CD105) and teratogenic (CD30) markers. The canine cells were positive to the following markers: CD73, CD90 and CD30 and the feline cells were positive for CD73, CD90 and CD105. Teratogenic test was conducted by subcutaneous, intramuscular and intraperitoneal inoculation of the canine and feline stem cells, in immunosuppressed mice (Balb/c NUDE)and was not observed tumor formation after 60 days of inoculation. Flow cytometry analyzes were performed where the largest quantifications in canine cells were the genes of pluripotency (Oct-4 and Sox2, 59.4% and 34.35% respectively), and the feline were performed at the mesenchymal genes (CD73 and CD90, with 32.58% and 23.48%). PCR analysis of feline cells demonstrated low expression of all markers tested (mesenchymal, pluripotency, hematopoietic and teratogenic). The cells of canine origin, showed higher expression of mesenchymal gene (CD90) and pluripotencys genes (SOX2 and OCT4). The findings of this study demonstrated for both techniques (flow cytometry and qPCR) that feline amniotic membrane cells has a more potential than the canine amniotic membrane cells. Both showed no tumorigenic potential when submitted to in vivo test.

No município de Ribeirão Preto - SP, a qualidade das águas subterrâneas está diante de uma ameaça potencial por vazamento dos diversos tanques de armazenamento de combustíveis. O abastecimento público de água é realizado totalmente a partir do manancial subterrâneo. Tendo em vista a toxidade de muitos dos componentes de derivados de petróleo, é de elevada importância a avaliação do risco de contaminação por tais substâncias, que é alvo do estudo aqui proposto. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as distribuições espaciais e temporais das concentrações de hidrocarbonetos em torno dos poços de bombeamento ativados e delinear as áreas de proteção em torno dos poços de abastecimento público de água susceptíveis à contaminação por hidrocarbonetos. Para execução do objeto da presente pesquisa foram utilizados modelos semi-analíticos, através do software Well Head Protection Area (WHPA) e modelos da API (American Petroleum Institute), como SESOlL, AT123D e JURY, contidos no pacote DSS (Decision Support System), APIDSS. Foram aplicados os modelos SESOlL (zona não saturada) e AT123D (zona saturada) e avaliadas as concentrações nos pontos receptores (poços tubulares em operação). Também foi aplicado o módulo de entrada química para cálculo do risco para saúde humana para estes modelos tendo sido utilizadas as rotas de exposição de ingestão de água contaminada, inalação durante o banho e contato dermal com água contaminada. Analisou-se a sensibilidade dos modelos do APIDSS, simulando vazamentos baseados no trabalho de OLIVEIRA (1992) para valores de dispersividade longitudinal de 15 m e 20 m. A etapa seguinte foi a identificação dos pontos de maior risco e delimitação das Áreas de Proteção de Poços (APPs) através do software WHPA. A seguir estas áreas foram sobrepostas à carta de vulnerabilidade à contaminação das águas subterrâneas na região de Ribeirão Preto - SP (FERREIRA, 1992). Em torno dos poços de abastecimento de água foram observadas concentrações de BTEX fazendo-se uso do fotoionizador modelo DL-101. / In the city of Ribeirão Preto - SP, the quality of groundwater is in front of a potential threat by leaching of several fuels storage tanks. The public supply is fully performed from ground source. In the view of toxility of many of components of petroleum deriveds, it is high importance the assessment of risk of contamination by such substances, that is target of study intended here. The goal of this work was to assess the spatial and time distribution of hydrocarbons concentrations around the actived pumping wells and to outline the well head protection area around the public supply wells susceptibles to contamination by hyclrocarbons. For to perform the goal this research were used semi analytical models, by software well head protection area (WHPA) and API\'s models (American Petroleum Institute), like SESOIL, AT123D and Jury, inside of DSS package (Decision Support System) , APlDSS. It were applied the SESOIL (non satured) and AT123D (satured zone) models and assessed the receiver points concentrations. Also it were applied the chemical input module for risk assessment for human health for that models had been used contaminated water intake, inhalation during shower and dermal contact with contaminate water routes of exposition. It was assessed the sensibility of APIDDS\'s models, simulating leaching based on work of OLIVEIRA (1992) for values of longitudinal dispersivities of 15 and 20 meters. The following stage was the identification of greatest risk points and delimitation of well heads protection areas (WHPAs) throught software WHPA. Following these areas were puted on to vulnerability chart to groundwater contamination at the region of Ribeirão Preto - SP (FERREIRA, 1992). Around these water supply wells were observated BTEX concentrations throught use of photoionizatior DL-101.

As membranas amnióticas humana, felina e canina representam uma boa fonte de célulastronco mesenquimais multipotentes. Sua obtenção não causa conflitos éticos, pois o âmnio é comumente descartado após o nascimento do indivíduo. Devido à característica inovadora da utilização de células-tronco na medicina regenerativa, diversos testes estão sendo realizados a fim de sanar dúvidas sobre possíveis complicações de seu emprego, tais como: infecções no ato da aplicação, deterioração da função tecidual e principalmente sobre o potencial tumorigênico das linhagens celulares. O teste tumoral foi negativo nas espécies felina e humana, viabilizando a utilização deste tipo de célula nestas espécies, porém, o mesmo teste foi realizado em cães anteriormente com resultado positivo para formação tumoral. A proposta deste estudo é traçar um perfil comparativo sobre as características de cultivo, marcadores moleculares e ensaio tumoral na membrana amniótica canina e felina. Para a obtenção das células, foram utilizadas placentas oriundas de 9 gestações caninas nas idades entre 35 a 45 dias, 1 gestação canina de 25 dias e 3 gestações felinas nas idades de 35 a 45 dias por procedimento de cesariana seguida de castração em clínicas da região de Pirassununga. O âmnio foi separado manualmente das outras membranas fetais e acondicionado em placas de Petri, submetido à maceração manual, para posterior cultivo em meio adequado para cultura de células mesenquimais. Após o estabelecimento do cultivo, foram realizadas análises de imunocitoquímica para marcadores mesenquimais (CD73, CD90 e CD105) e tumoral (CD30) sendo que as células de origem canina mostraram-se positivas para os marcadores mesenquimais CD73, CD90 e para o marcador tumoral CD30 e as de origem felina mostraram-se positivas para os marcadores mesenquimais CD73, CD90 e CD105. O ensaio in vivo realizado com a inoculação das CT\'s canina e felina em camundongos imunossuprimidos (Balb/c NUDE) pelas vias subcutânea, intramuscular e intraperitoneal não demonstrando formação tumoral após 60 dias da inoculação. Foram realizadas análises de citometria de fluxo onde as maiores quantificações nas células caninas foram os marcadores de pluripotência (OCT-4 e SOX2, com 59,4% e 34,35% respectivamente), e felinas foram os marcadores mesenquimais (CD73 e CD90, com 32,58% e 23,48%). A análise de qPCR das células felinas demonstrou baixa, expressão de todos os genes testados (mesenquimais, pluripotência, hematopoiético e teratogênico). Já as células de origem canina, demonstraram expressão maior do gene mesenquimal (CD90) e do gene de pluripotência (SOX2 e OCT4). Os achados deste estudo demonstraram por ambas as técnicas (citometria e qPCR) que as células da membrana amniótica felina tem um potencial mesenquimal mais evidente do que as caninas e ambas não apresentaram potencial tumorigênico quando submetidas ao ensaio in vivo. / Human, feline and canine amniotic membranes are a good source of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. The obtaining does not cause ethical conflict because the amnion is usually discarded after the birth. Due to the innovative feature of the use of stem cells in regenerative medicine, several tests are being conducted to answer some questions about possible complications of its use, such as infections during application, deterioration of tissue function and particularly on the carcinogenic potential of amniotic stem cells. Teratoma formation assays were proved negative in feline and human species, enabling the use of this type of cell in these species, however, the same test was performed in dogs previously and was positive for teratomas, condemning its application. The purpose of this study is to trace a molecular profile and detailed teratogenic test, comparing the canine and feline amniotic membrane model, since the experiments were favorable to the feline model, in order to find out where they differ to justify the new data to counteract the results of previous studies using canine amnion. To obtain cells, it were used placentas from 9 pregnant canines between 35 to 45 days of gestation, one placenta at 25 days from canine and 3 placentas from feline at 35 to 45 days. It was realized caesarean and followed ovarian salpingo hysterectomy at veterinarian clinics on Pirassununga region. The amnion was manually separated from the other fetal membranes and placed on Petri dishes. Then was made a manual maceration, later to be cultivated. After culture establishment were performed immunocytochemical analyzes for mesenchymal (CD73, CD90 and CD105) and teratogenic (CD30) markers. The canine cells were positive to the following markers: CD73, CD90 and CD30 and the feline cells were positive for CD73, CD90 and CD105. Teratogenic test was conducted by subcutaneous, intramuscular and intraperitoneal inoculation of the canine and feline stem cells, in immunosuppressed mice (Balb/c NUDE)and was not observed tumor formation after 60 days of inoculation. Flow cytometry analyzes were performed where the largest quantifications in canine cells were the genes of pluripotency (Oct-4 and Sox2, 59.4% and 34.35% respectively), and the feline were performed at the mesenchymal genes (CD73 and CD90, with 32.58% and 23.48%). PCR analysis of feline cells demonstrated low expression of all markers tested (mesenchymal, pluripotency, hematopoietic and teratogenic). The cells of canine origin, showed higher expression of mesenchymal gene (CD90) and pluripotencys genes (SOX2 and OCT4). The findings of this study demonstrated for both techniques (flow cytometry and qPCR) that feline amniotic membrane cells has a more potential than the canine amniotic membrane cells. Both showed no tumorigenic potential when submitted to in vivo test.

In work entitled CHANGE, I return in my memories to my home region, a town where I have lived and lived most of my life and which has been nicknamed the "Triangle of Death" for decades. This time period has had and continues to have a significant impact on my existence. In the first phase of the timeline of creating the topic of the diploma thesis, are my returns through induction and deduction. I approach my father's illness, which is not uncommon in my homeland. I connect connections leading to finding out the causes of origin and occurrence. Subsequently, I recall memories related to the stories heard from people about the factory, which was supposed to be and perhaps was the livelihood for the inhabitants of the poor eastern Slovakia, as well as the production of PCBs. I create, compile and depict images hidden in the memory of moments from my lived childhood. I depict the Chemko Strážske factory, which at that time was a kind of illusion of a happy life. I am looking for a way of acceptance and ways of reconciliation using painting techniques, through the representation of symbols and the central characters that represent it all.

Malignant melanoma is an invasive type of skin cancer with high mortality rates, if not detected promptly. The mortality trends are generally linked to multiple dysplastic nevi, positive family history, genetic susceptibility and phenotypic features including fair skin, freckles, numerous atypical nevi, light coloured hair and eyes, inability to tan and prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation B (UVB). To date, the major anti-cancer therapeutics for melanoma include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Recently, extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes, have been highlighted for their therapeutic benefits in numerous chronic diseases such as cancer. Exosomes display multifunctional properties, including inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and initiation of apoptosis. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of cord blood stem cell-derived (CBSC) exosomes on 6 samples of peripheral blood lymphocytes taken from healthy individuals and melanoma patients and on 3 samples of melanoma (CHL-1) cells. The limited number of samples was due to the time limitations and restrictions that were in place due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this in vitro study, the optimal concentration of CBSC-derived exosomes (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 μg/ml protein at 24, 48 and 72h treatments) was confirmed by the CCK-8 assay. CBSC exosomes (300 μg/ml) were used to treat lymphocytes and CHL-1 cells in the Comet assay and evaluated using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting (WB). The data of the CCK-8 and Comet assays illustrated that exosomes exerted genotoxic effects on CHL-1 cells (CCK-8 assay, ****p < 0.0001), (Comet assay, *p <0.05, **p < 0.01). However, the data portraying a reduction in the viability of lymphocytes needs further investigation as the number of samples was limited, therefore, further clarification is required. Importantly, no significant adverse effect was observed in healthy lymphocytes when treated with the same exosomes (p = ns). When further challenged with UVA+B radiation, the exosomes did not induce any genoprotective effect on ROS-induced CHL-1 cells, compared to the positive control (p = ns). Our data insinuates that the damage might be caused by inducing apoptosis. The anti-tumourigenic potential of exosomes was observed by activating the p53-mediated apoptotic pathway in CHL-1 cells, up-regulating p53, p21 and caspase 3 and down-regulating BCL-2 at mRNA (**p < 0.01, ***p <0.001, ****p <0.0001) and protein levels (*p < 0.05, **p <0.01). The potency of CBSC exosomes in inhibiting cancer progression in CHL-1 cells whilst causing no harm to the healthy lymphocytes makes it an ideal potential candidate for anti-cancer therapy. More samples are required to evaluate the therapeutic effect of exosomes on lymphocytes from cancer patients to fully understand their mechanism of action.

Trabalhadores da área da saúde, em laboratórios, hospitais e/ou outros locais, estão potencialmente expostos a numerosos riscos ocupacionais. A ampla e crescente utilização de fármacos antineoplásicos, na quimioterapia, é considerada um importante risco químico para o pessoal envolvido no preparo e na administração destas substâncias. O manuseio destes fármacos sem cuidados pode levar a inúmeros efeitos tóxicos. Alguns destes fármacos foram classificados pela IARC como carcinógenos e provavelmente carcinógenos para humanos. Para tais fármacos é difícil atingir uma dose de não efeito observado, pois a patologia provocada por eles é considerada multifatorial. Este estudo objetivou validar método para a determinação de ciclofosfamida, um dos fármacos mais utilizados e, classificado como carcinógeno para humanos, para posterior aplicação em amostras coletadas em situação de real exposição. O analito foi identificado e quantificado por CG-EM após extração do analito em fase sólida e derivação com anidrido trifluoroacético. A ifosfamida foi utilizada como padrão interno e o fármaco foi determinado em amostras provenientes de wipe test e luvas, coletadas em quatro hospitais italianos, dentro de um intervalo de calibração de 1 a 100 ng/mL. Os intervalos de coeficiente de variação obtidos, no ensaio da precisão do método, foram entre 0,5 e 10% (intra-ensaio) e O e 19% (interensaio). Amostras contendo ciclofosfamida foram analisadas durante um mês, sem perda significativa do analito. A porcentagem de recuperação foi 98,9%. Os valores de ciclofosfamida nas 176 amostras coletadas variaram de inferior ao limite de quantificação (1,0 ng/mL) a 141.186 ng. Os resultados, bem correlacionados com aqueles relatados na literatura, sugerem que o método pode ser utilizado na identificação da ciclofosfamida em diversas superfícies e materiais e pode ser considerado ferramenta útil na monitorização da exposição ocupacional à esta substância. / Workers in laboratories and hospitals have potential exposure to numerous occupational hazards. The widespread use of antineoplastic drugs in chemotherapy is considered an important risk to staff involved in the preparation and administration to these drugs. Careless handling may lead toxic effects among the occupational exposure subjects. Some antineoplastic drugs were classified by IARC as carcinogenic and probably carcinogenic for humans. For carcinogenic agents the absence of a no-adverse-effect-Ievel is supposed. In this study cyclophosphamide was quantified adapting a previous analytical method by gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after solid phase extraction and derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride. This drug in fact is one of the most frequently used alkylating antineoplastic agent for different types of tumors and classified as human carcinogen. The ifosfamide was used as internal standard and the drug was measured by analysis in wipe samples and gloves, collected from four different hospitals, within a range from 1 to 100 ng/mL. The values of variation coefficient varied from 0.5 to 10% (intra-assay) and from 0 to 19% (interassay). Frozen reference wipe samples containing cyclophosphamide were analysed over one month and no significant loss was observed. The range obtained for bias assay was 83-116% and the recovery was 98.9%. The cyclophosphamide was measured in 176 samples with values ranging from below limit of quantification (1.0 ng/mL) to 141186 ng. The results, well related with those reported in literature, suggest that this method can be used to identify the cyclophosphamide from surfaces and materials samples and can be considered useful in exposure assessment to this drug.

Trabalhadores da área da saúde, em laboratórios, hospitais e/ou outros locais, estão potencialmente expostos a numerosos riscos ocupacionais. A ampla e crescente utilização de fármacos antineoplásicos, na quimioterapia, é considerada um importante risco químico para o pessoal envolvido no preparo e na administração destas substâncias. O manuseio destes fármacos sem cuidados pode levar a inúmeros efeitos tóxicos. Alguns destes fármacos foram classificados pela IARC como carcinógenos e provavelmente carcinógenos para humanos. Para tais fármacos é difícil atingir uma dose de não efeito observado, pois a patologia provocada por eles é considerada multifatorial. Este estudo objetivou validar método para a determinação de ciclofosfamida, um dos fármacos mais utilizados e, classificado como carcinógeno para humanos, para posterior aplicação em amostras coletadas em situação de real exposição. O analito foi identificado e quantificado por CG-EM após extração do analito em fase sólida e derivação com anidrido trifluoroacético. A ifosfamida foi utilizada como padrão interno e o fármaco foi determinado em amostras provenientes de wipe test e luvas, coletadas em quatro hospitais italianos, dentro de um intervalo de calibração de 1 a 100 ng/mL. Os intervalos de coeficiente de variação obtidos, no ensaio da precisão do método, foram entre 0,5 e 10% (intra-ensaio) e O e 19% (interensaio). Amostras contendo ciclofosfamida foram analisadas durante um mês, sem perda significativa do analito. A porcentagem de recuperação foi 98,9%. Os valores de ciclofosfamida nas 176 amostras coletadas variaram de inferior ao limite de quantificação (1,0 ng/mL) a 141.186 ng. Os resultados, bem correlacionados com aqueles relatados na literatura, sugerem que o método pode ser utilizado na identificação da ciclofosfamida em diversas superfícies e materiais e pode ser considerado ferramenta útil na monitorização da exposição ocupacional à esta substância. / Workers in laboratories and hospitals have potential exposure to numerous occupational hazards. The widespread use of antineoplastic drugs in chemotherapy is considered an important risk to staff involved in the preparation and administration to these drugs. Careless handling may lead toxic effects among the occupational exposure subjects. Some antineoplastic drugs were classified by IARC as carcinogenic and probably carcinogenic for humans. For carcinogenic agents the absence of a no-adverse-effect-Ievel is supposed. In this study cyclophosphamide was quantified adapting a previous analytical method by gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after solid phase extraction and derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride. This drug in fact is one of the most frequently used alkylating antineoplastic agent for different types of tumors and classified as human carcinogen. The ifosfamide was used as internal standard and the drug was measured by analysis in wipe samples and gloves, collected from four different hospitals, within a range from 1 to 100 ng/mL. The values of variation coefficient varied from 0.5 to 10% (intra-assay) and from 0 to 19% (interassay). Frozen reference wipe samples containing cyclophosphamide were analysed over one month and no significant loss was observed. The range obtained for bias assay was 83-116% and the recovery was 98.9%. The cyclophosphamide was measured in 176 samples with values ranging from below limit of quantification (1.0 ng/mL) to 141186 ng. The results, well related with those reported in literature, suggest that this method can be used to identify the cyclophosphamide from surfaces and materials samples and can be considered useful in exposure assessment to this drug.

Today the large scale introduction of biomass gasification is hampered by health, safety and environmental issues which present a major barrier in the deployment of this technology. The condensate in particular resulting from producer gas cooling before use in gas engines is highly toxic and carcinogenic which, if not adequately controlled, can lead to detrimental impacts on human health and the environment. The study was therefore aimed at assessment of pollution levels resulting from biomass gasification organic condensates. The study involved assessing the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and BTEX (i.e. benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) in the condensate deemed toxic and carcinogenic, mention their impact on human health and the environment as well as recommend measures aimed at minimizing pollution levels resulting from biomass gasification.   The gasifier installation at Makerere University was run in downdraft mode using maize cobs as biomass fuel. The producer gas was cooled using a water cooled condenser connected to the exhaust pipe of the gasifier. The condensate was then transferred into sampling bottles made of opaque glass to minimize photochemical reactions in water samples and preserved in a cooler at 2oC to 6oC until the time for analysis to minimize volatilization and bacterial degradation of the hydrocarbons. The capillary gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detector (CGCMSD) was used to analyze the condensate for the selected hydrocarbons. The procedures involved preparation of PAHs and BTEX standard solutions using standard mixtures and internal standards, calibration of the CGCMSD, extraction of the aromatic hydrocarbons using hexane, performing a surrogate analysis to assess percent recoveries and injecting a 2 µl aliquot of the final solution of each test sample in a CGCMSD for analysis. Identification of targeted hydrocarbons was based on the retention time match and mass spectra match against the calibration standards while quantitation was done by use of internal standards.   The average concentration of naphthalene was 204.3 mg/m3, benzene-16.8 mg/m3,toluene-105.5 mg/m3, ethylbenzene-200.9 mg/m3, 1,2-dimethyl benzene-209.5 mg/m3 and 1,3+1,4-dimethyl benzene-790.4 mg/m3. Acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene and anthracene were not detected in the condensate by the CGCMSD due to their concentration levels being below the detection limit of the CGCMSD. The concentrations of naphthalene and xylene were considerably high compared to the recommended permissible exposure limits thus posing risks on both human health and the environment. It is therefore important to treat the condensate before disposal to the environment. On the other hand, the concentrations of benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene were below the permissible exposure limit and therefore for this study, the liquid effluent was considered to meet the regulatory standards. The recommendations aimed at minimizing pollution levels during biomass gasification were also discussed.

Groundwater is one of the main sources for water supply for domestic use, irrigation, aquaculture and industry in Mekong Delta. With rapidly increasing in human population, groundwater becomes more important for social and economic activities. This study evaluated the quality of groundwater using data from the eight monitoring wells over the period of 2009 - 2016. Human health risk was assessed for the population consuming groundwater contaminated with arsenic. The findings indicated that groundwater wells in An Giang province were contaminated with microorganisms. The total dissolved solids (TDS) and hardness in Phu Tan (PT) and Cho Moi (CM) wells were significant higher than the national technical regulations on groundwater quality (QCVN 09-MT:2015/BTNMT). In addition, groundwater wells in some small islands of An Giang were seriously contaminated with organic matters and arsenic. The mean arsenic concentration was up to 0.55 ± 1.21 mg/L. Estimation of carcinogenic risk for human population showed that the cancer risks ranged from medium (8.66 x 10-4) to high (8.26 x 10-2) for both children and adults. Alternative water supply sources should be offered for the population at risk. Besides, regular health check is essential for local people in the arsenic contaminated groundwater. / Nước ngầm là một trong những nguồn cung cấp nước chính cho sinh hoạt, tưới tiêu, nuôi trồng thủy sản và công nghiệp ở Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long. Cùng với sự gia tăng dân số, nước ngầm ngày càng đóng vai trò quan trọng hơn trong các hoạt động phát triển kinh tế - xã hội. Nghiên cứu đã tiến hành đánh giá diễn biến chất lượng nước ngầm thông qua số liệu của tám giếng quan trắc trong giai đoạn từ năm 2009 – 2016. Kết hợp với đánh giá rủi ro sức khỏe của người dân khi sử dụng nước ngầm chứa arsenic. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy các giếng nước ngầm ở tỉnh An Giang đã bị nhiễm vi sinh. Tổng chất rắn hòa tan (TDS) và độ cứng ở trạm Phú Tân và Chợ Mới phân tích được cao hơn quy chuẩn cho phép (QCVN 09-MT:2015/BTNMT). Các giếng nước ngầm ở một số khu vực cù lao của tỉnh An Giang đã bị ô nhiễm hữu cơ và arsenic nghiêm trọng. Nồng độ arsenic trong nước ngầm có thể dao động lên đến 0.55 ± 1.21 mg/L. Rủi ro ung thư ở hai đối tượng người lớn và trẻ em khi sử dụng nước ngầm nhiễm arsenic dao động từ trung bình (8 người trong 1.000 người) tới cao (8 người trong 100 người). Cung cấp nguồn nước thay thế là giải pháp khả thi để giảm rủi ro sức khỏe cho con người trong trường hợp này. Ngoài ra, người dân địa phương cần được khám sức khỏe thường xuyên để kịp thời phát hiện và sớm điều trị bệnh.

My PhD study 'Educational application of models of complex biochemical processes' discusses the possibility of integrating simple bioorganic teaching experiments, modelling complex biochemical processes in living systems into a curriculum of secondary schools, and universities, and even elementary schools in some cases. The aim of these experiments is simplified, but illustrative and appropriate for approaching complex problems of biochemical processes in a transparent experiment, running in spite of conditions comparable to real natural clauses in a living system. The theoretical part is divided into three thematic circuits: biochemistry and bioorganic chemistry, bioorganic models and their characteristics and selected specific forms of applying bioorganic models into teaching chemistry. The next part dealing with bioorganic models and their characteristics is further divided on the base of some specific models. These are consisted of models of enzymes and their catalytic activity, models of biochemical reactions and antidotal and toxic substances affecting life-forms and their carcinogenic efficiency. The practical part contains methodic treatment of six selected models that demonstrate specific biochemical processes or structure of complex organic compounds. These models include modeling biuret...