Orientador: Ana Maria Pires Soubhia / Banca: Suzana Cantanhede Orsini Machado de Souza / Banca: Décio dos Santos Pinto Júnior / Resumo: A incidência mundial de câncer em jovens tem aumentado e estudos recentes mostram que o câncer de boca também segue esta tendência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e comparar as características clínicas, histopatológicas e imunoistoquímicas entre pacientes jovens, com idade igual ou inferior a 40 anos, e pacientes idosos, com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, diagnosticados com carcinoma espinocelular em língua. Foram selecionados 19 casos de pacientes jovens e 19 casos de pacientes idosos e coletados dados clínicos dos prontuários. A gradação histológica foi realizada utilizando os critérios de classificação de Bryne et al (1992), na região do fronte tumoral. Também foi analisada a expressão imunoistoquímica das proteínas Bcl-2, Cerb-b2 e Ki-67. Neste estudo foi observado maior número de carcinomas espinocelulares moderadamente e pobremente diferenciados no grupo de pacientes jovens enquanto que no grupo de idosos houve maior prevalência de carcinomas bem diferenciados. Houve também no grupo de pacientes jovens um aumento do infiltrado linfoplasmocitário. A expressão imunoistoquímica das proteínas Bcl-2, Cerb-b2 e Ki-67 não mostrou diferenças significantes no fronte tumoral entre pacientes jovens e idosos. Na amostra estudada, foram detectadas diferenças morfológicas entre o grupo de pacientes jovens e idosos, no entanto, estas diferenças não foram expressas de forma significativa na análise imunoistoquímica. / Abstract: The worldwide incidence of cancer in young is increasing and recent studies show that the oral cancer also follows this trend. The objective of this study was to evaluate and to compare the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical features between young patients, with 40 years old or less, and elderly patients, with 65 years old or a superior age, diagnosed with tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Nineteen cases of young patients and 19 cases of elderly patients were selected and clinical data were collected from medical records. The histological grading was carried out using the criteria of classification of Bryne et al (1992) in the tumoral front region. The immunohistochemical expression of the proteins Bcl-2, Cerb-b2 and Ki-67 was also analyzed. In the present study, the group of young patients presented a higher number of moderately and poor differentiated squamous cell carcinomas whereas the elderly group had a greater prevalence of well differentiated carcinomas. The group of young patients also showed an increase in the lympho-plasmacytic infiltration. The immunohistochemical expression of the proteins Bcl-2, Cerb-b2 and Ki-67 did not show significant differences in the tumoral front region between young and elderly patients. In the studied sample, morphological differences between the group of young and elderly patients were detected, however, these differences were not expressed in in the immunohistochemical analysis. / Mestre

Orientador: Janete Dias Almeida / Coorientador: Celina Faig Lima Carta / Banca: Emília Ângela Lo Schiavo Arisawa / Banca: Ana Lia Anbinder / Banca: Alberto José de Araújo / Banca: José Benedito Oliveira Amorim / Resumo: Os carcinógenos do tabaco estão relacionados a diversos tipos de câncer incluindo o carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) bucal. Aliado ao álcool, o tabaco contribui para o desfecho desfavorável destes casos. A susceptibilidade individual ao câncer pode estar relacionada a expressão das enzimas que metabolizam tais carcinógenos. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a expressão dos genes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2A6 e CYP2E1 no CCE bucal por meio de qPCR. Foram coletadas amostras de 32 indivíduos com CCE e de 15 controles submetidos a cirurgias bucais por lesões benignas. Foram constituídos quatro grupos: Grupo CCE fumante (n=26), Grupo CCE não fumante (n=6), Grupo controle fumante (n=9) e Grupo controle não fumante (n=6). O Teste de Fagerström para Dependência a Cigarros (TFDC) foi usado para avaliar a dependência nicotínica (DN) e AUDIT para avaliação do consumo de etílicos. Houve diminuição da expressão do gene CYP1B1 nos casos de CCE comparados aos controles. Foram encontradas diferenças estaticamente significativas de expressão gênica de CYP1B1 entre os Grupos CCE fumante e controle fumante (p=0,0018), Grupo CCE não fumante e controle não fumante (p=0,0079) e CCE fumante com CCE não fumante (p=0,0385) e entre os quatro grupos (p<0,0001). Houve diminuição da expressão do CYP2A6 no Grupo CCE fumante em relação ao Grupo controle, mas apenas um paciente do Grupo controle expressou este gene. Houve aumento da expressão de CYP2E1 entre os Grupos CCE fumante e controle fumante (p=0,0424... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Tobacco carcinogens are related to various types of cancer, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Allied to alcohol, tobacco contributes to the unfavorable outcome of the cases. Individual cancer susceptibility may be related to an expression of the enzymes that metabolize such carcinogens. The aim of this work is to evaluate the expression of the genes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 on OSCC by qPCR. Samples were collected from 32 individuals with OSCC and 15 controls submitted to oral surgeries due to benign lesions. There were four groups: Smoker SCC group (n = 26), nonsmoker SCC group (n = 6), Smoker control group (n = 9) and nonsmoker control group (n = 6). The Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (TFCD) was used to evaluate nicotinic dependence (ND) and AUDIT for the evaluation of alcohol consumption. There was a decrease in CYP1B1 gene expression in cases of SCC compared to controls. (P = 0.0018); smoker CCE and non-smoker control (p = 0.0079); smoker SCC with nonsmoker SCC (p = 0.0385) and between the four groups (p <0.0001). There was a decreased expression in CYP2A6 in the smoker SCC Group compared to the control group, but only one control group patient expressed this gene. There was an increased expression of CYP2E1 between the smoking and nonsmoking SCC groups (p = 0.0424). In conclusion, large interindividual variability was found in the study of the expression of the genes studied. There was greater expression of CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 in samples from... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2015-04-28T12:44:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Victor Miguel Coutinho Fernandes.pdf: 1491721 bytes, checksum: 2c2467271922975844f9dcc9fc53afb8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-28T12:44:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Victor Miguel Coutinho Fernandes.pdf: 1491721 bytes, checksum: 2c2467271922975844f9dcc9fc53afb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-24 / The Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common form of skin cancer in the white population worldwide. This carcinoma has shown steady increase in incidence worldwide. Thus, becoming an important public health problem because of its high morbidity and high health service costs. There are few studies evaluating the epidemiological profile of the SCC in the brazilian population and none has specifically been done in the state of Paraíba. OBJECTIVE: To verify the clinical and epidemiological profile of the SCC cases of patients treated at the main referral hospital for cancer treatment in the state of Paraiba from 2009 to 2011, taking into consideration peculiarities of the behavior of this tumor in males and females, as well as the regions the state is divided in. METHODS: A crosssectional study was conducted using secondary data such as sex, age, origin, degree of invasion and tumor differentiation, affected part of the body and largest tumor diameter. It was done a descriptive analysis and used the chi-square test, test to compare two percentages, U Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's multiple comparison tests. Association analyses were performed and comparison of percentages. The significance level was 5%. RESULTS: There were 1225 cases of SCC, with a 2:1 ratio between men and women (p<0,05), respectively. The average age was 69 years old and the majority of the cases ¿ 940 (77%) - occurred in patients over 60 years old. The sun-exposed regions of the body were the most affected ones with 996 (81,3%) tumors. The head and neck area was the most common place of SCC, with 900 (73,5%) lesions. Most of the identified tumors, i.e. 942 (77%), were of the invasive type; among these, 558 (59%) had moderate grade of differentiation. Men showed SCC in average four years earlier than women (68 vs 72 years). Their SCC was also more aggressive than those identified in women with a higher percentage of poorly differentiated tumors (8,0% vs. 4,2%) (p = 0,02). Besides, men showed a higher proportion of tumors than women when located in the ear (6,9% vs 3,1%) (p=0,048) and chest (15,9% vs 6,7%) (p<0,001). Women had a higher proportion of tumors than men in the lower limbs (7,0% vs 2,1%) (p <0,001). Most patients with tumors, i.e. 643 (52%), came from Zona da Mata ¿ the coastal area of the state. However, considering the regions of the state of Paraíba, there were no statistically significant differences regarding the size of tumors or the degree of invasion and histological differentiation. CONCLUSION: This study has a pioneer character considering it evaluated the profile of the SCC separately from Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) in the state of Paraíba. By doing this, it was possible to highlight clinical and epidemiological particularities of the SCC. Doctors and healthcare managers in the state of Paraiba may find the data produced through this study useful in order to take preventive, diagnostic and precocious treatment measures that may contribute to diminish the incidence and morbidity of this malignancy. / O Carcinoma Espinocelular Cutâneo (CEC) é a segunda forma de câncer de pele mais frequente na população branca mundial. Este tumor vem apresentando aumento crescente da incidência em todo o mundo, constituindo-se importante problema de saúde pública devido à sua alta morbidade e aos elevados custos aos serviços de saúde. Existem poucos estudos avaliando o perfil epidemiológico do CEC na população brasileira e nenhum, especificamente, no estado da Paraíba. OBJETIVO: Verificar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos casos de CEC dos pacientes atendidos no principal hospital de referência no tratamento do câncer do estado da Paraíba nos 2009 a 2011, observando peculiaridades do comportamento deste tumor nos sexos masculino e feminino, bem como nas mesorregiões que compõem o estado. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com dados secundários, analisando variáveis como: sexo, idade, procedência, grau de invasão e diferenciação histológica do tumor, local do corpo acometido e tamanho do tumor. Foi realizada análise descritiva e utilizado os testes de qui-quadrado, comparação entre duas porcentagens, teste U de Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e teste de comparações múltiplas de Dunn. O nível de significância foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 1225 casos de CEC, com uma relação de 2:1 entre homens e mulheres (p<0,05), respectivamente. A média das idades foi de 69 anos, com a maioria - 940 (77%) - dos casos ocorridos em pacientes com mais de 60 anos de idade. As regiões fotoexpostas foram as mais acometidas com 996 (81,3%) tumores. A região da cabeça e pescoço foi a mais comum para o CEC com 900 (73,5%) lesões. A maioria dos tumores identificados foram invasivos ¿ ou seja, 942 (77%) casos ¿ dentre esses, 558 (59%) tinham grau de diferenciação moderado. Os homens apresentaram CEC em média quatro anos antes que as mulheres (68 vs 72 anos). Seus CEC também foram mais agressivos com maior percentual de tumores pouco diferenciados (8,0% vs 4,2%) (p=0,02). Além disso, o sexo masculino apresentou maior proporção de tumores que mulheres quando localizados na orelha (6,9% vs 3,1%) (p=0,048) e no tórax (15,9% vs 6,7%) (p<0,001). As mulheres apresentaram maior proporção de tumores em membros inferiores (7,0% vs 2,1%) (p<0,001). A maioria dos tumores, isto é, 643 (52%) dos casos, veio da Zona da Mata, no litoral do estado. Entretanto, considerando as mesorregiões da Paraíba, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as mesmas quanto aos tamanhos de tumores, nem associação estatisticamente significante quanto aos graus de invasão e diferenciação histológica. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo foi pioneiro ao avaliar o perfil do CEC separadamente do Carcinoma Basocelular (CBC) no estado da Paraíba, o que permitiu constatar particularidades clínicas e epidemiológicas desse tumor. Espera-se que os dados obtidos sejam úteis às equipes médicas e aos gestores da saúde no estado da Paraíba para que sejam tomadas medidas de prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamentos precoces que contribuam para a diminuição da incidência e morbimortalidade desta neoplasia.

Du Jing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-89). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.IV / PUBLICATIONS --- p.V / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.VI / LIST OF TABLES --- p.VII / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.VIII / CONTENTS --- p.X / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE / Chapter 1.1 --- Laryngeal carcinoma and HPV --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- HPV --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Human papillomavirus E6 protein --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Transformation by HPV E6 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Inhibition of apoptosis by E6 --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Alteration of gene transcription --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- E6 interation with other proteins --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- E6 as a therapeutic target --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4 --- HPV E7 protein --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Regulation of viral life cycle by HPV E7 --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Degradation of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor by HPV E7 --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Inhibition of p53 by HPV E7 --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Interaction with other proteins by HPV E7 --- p.24 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objective --- p.26 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- GENERAL MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Materials for cDNA and RNA manipulation --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Culture media and transfection reagents --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Antibodies --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Materials for protein manipulation --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Kits --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Instrumentation --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Plasmid construction --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- DNA preparation --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- DNA ligation --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Transformation of competent E. coli --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Mini preparation --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Clone selection and confirmation --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Sequencing gel electrophoresis --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Cell culture and cytokine treatment --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Plasmid transfection --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Confirming construction of stable cell lines by RT-PCR --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.7.1 --- Total cellular RNA extraction --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.7.2 --- First strand cDNA synthesis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.7.3 --- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Fluorescence microscopy and imaging --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- DNA fragmentation assay --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Protein detection --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.10.1 --- Preparation of protein extract --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.10.2 --- SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and protein transfer --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.10.3 --- Immunoblotting analysis --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Statistical analysis --- p.48 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- RESULTS --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1 --- Plasmid construction --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2 --- Expression of HPV16 viral oncogenes in transfected UMSCC12 --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3 --- HPV16 E6 and E7 protect apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha and CHX --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4 --- Detection of apoptosis with fluorescence staining --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5 --- Regulation of the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins by E6 and E7 oncoproteins --- p.57 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- DISCUSSION --- p.59 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE --- p.68 / REFERENCES --- p.70 / APPENDIX DNA SEQUENCING RESULTS --- p.90

Fung Ka Lee. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-179). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.II / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.III / ABSTRACTS --- p.V / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.VIII / LIST OF TABLES --- p.IX / CONTENTS --- p.X / CONTENTS / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1. --- Review: Cellular mechanisms of drug resistance in cancer cells --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- Drug resistance by decrease of drug accumulation --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Drug resistance conferred by detoxification of drug in cells --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3. --- Drug resistance conferred by alteration of drug targets or by enhancement of target repair --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.4. --- Drug resistance conferred by genes alteration in apoptotic pathways --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2. --- Objective and review --- p.11 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- PROFILING AND IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES OF HUMAN SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA A431 CELLS BY mRNA DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY AND cDNA MICROARRAY / Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Changes in gene expression and drug resistance --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Current states of technologies in gene expression analysis --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.3. --- Monitoring the gene expression profile in the field of drug resistance by cDNA microarray --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.4. --- Monitoring the gene expression profile in the field of drug resistance by differential display --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2. --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Materials --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Methods / Chapter 2.2.2.1. --- Cell culture and cell lines --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.2.2. --- cDNA microarray / Chapter 2.2.2.2.1. --- RNA preparation --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.2.2.2. --- Differential hybridization of ResGen GenFilters Mammalian micro array --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.3. --- mRNA differential display / Chapter 2.2.2.3.1. --- RNA preparation --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2.3.2. --- RT-PCR based mRNA differential display --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2.3.3. --- Reamplification of cDNA probes --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.2.3.4. --- Subcloning of differentially expressed cDNAs / Chapter A. --- Preparation of ultra-competent E.coli cells for transformation --- p.33 / Chapter B. --- Preparation of cloning vector and DNA transformation --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2.3.5. --- Verification of cDNA expression by colony-PCR and cDNA probes / Chapter A. --- colony-PCR --- p.34 / Chapter B. --- Bacterial glycerol stock and plasmid preparation --- p.34 / Chapter C. --- cDNA probes preparation for Northern blot analysis --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2.3.6. --- Northern blot analysis --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2.3.7. --- Sequencing of cDNA cloned inserts --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3. --- Results / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Differential gene expression profile of A431 cells --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Identification of differentially expressed genes by mRNA differential display --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4. --- Discussion --- p.60 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES.。PART 1: THE ROLE OF VACUOLAR PROTON PUMP IN REGULATION OF DRUG SENSITIVITY AND APOPTOSIS IN A431 CELLS / Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction / Chapter 3.1.1. --- An overview of vacuolar proton pump/vacuolar-H+-ATPase (V-ATPase): Structure and function --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- V-ATPases and drug resistance mechanisms --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Objective --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2. --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Materials --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Methods / Chapter 3.2.2.1. --- Cell culture and cell lines --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.2.2. --- "RNA isolation, mRNA differential display, cDNA reamplification and colony-PCR verification" --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.2.3. --- Cellular pH measurement by flow cytometry --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.2.4. --- MTT Drug Sensitivity Assay --- p.76 / Chapter 3.2.2.5. --- DNA fragmentation assay --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3. --- Results / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Identification of cDNA band encoding vacuolar proton pump subunit c by differential display --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Effect of bafilomycin A1 (BAF) and concanamycin A (CON) on DOX- and CP-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis ' --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Elevation of cellular pH in cisplatin-resistant cells correlated with cisplatin resistance mechanism of A431 cells --- p.94 / Chapter 3.4. --- Discussion --- p.98 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES。PART 2: IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL cDNA OVEREXPRESSED IN HUMAN SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA A431 PARENT CELLS / Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2. --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Materials --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Methods / Chapter 4.2.2.1. --- Cell culture and cell lines --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.2.2. --- "RNA isolation, mRNA differential display, cDNA reamplification and colony-PCR verification" --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.2.3. --- Northern blot analysis --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2.2.4. --- Human tissue distribution of clone PA-8P19 --- p.107 / Chapter 4.3. --- Results / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Identification of novel cDNA clone PA-8P19 in A431 cells by differential display --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- Gene expression profile of clone PA-8P19 in human tissues and other tumor cell lines --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Regulation of PA-8P19 expression by DNA damaging agents --- p.117 / Chapter 4.4. --- Discussion --- p.122 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- PROFILING OF DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSED PROTEINS BY TWO-DIMENSIONAL GEL ELECTPOPHORESIS / Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction / Chapter 5.1.1. --- Protein analysis on proteomic scale --- p.125 / Chapter 5.1.2. --- Protein expression profiling for studying drug resistance by Two- dimensional gel electrophoresis --- p.127 / Chapter 5.2. --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 5.2.1. --- Materials --- p.130 / Chapter 5.2.2. --- Methods / Chapter 5.2.2.1. --- Cell culture and cell lines --- p.132 / Chapter 5.2.2.2. --- Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis / Chapter I. --- Sample preparation --- p.132 / Chapter II. --- First-dimensional gel: isoelectric focusing (IEF) --- p.133 / Chapter III. --- Second-dimensional gel: Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.134 / Chapter IV. --- Protein visualization and image analysis --- p.134 / Chapter V. --- In-gel digestion --- p.135 / Chapter VI. --- Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and database search --- p.136 / Chapter 5.2.2.3. --- Western blot analysis --- p.137 / Chapter 5.3. --- Results / Chapter 5.3.1. --- Identification of differentially expressed proteins in A431 cells by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis --- p.140 / Chapter 5.4. --- Discussion / Chapter 5.4.1. --- Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis as a powerful tool for identification of differential protein expression in A431 cells --- p.150 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX: --- GENERAL CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES --- p.155 / REFERENCES --- p.159

Submitted by Fabíola Silva (fabiola.silva@famerp.br) on 2016-06-22T15:03:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 vitorrafafelregiani_dissert.pdf: 1149352 bytes, checksum: 542e5f6273639354b00db640f941c027 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T15:03:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vitorrafafelregiani_dissert.pdf: 1149352 bytes, checksum: 542e5f6273639354b00db640f941c027 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-25 / Introduction: DNA methylation plays an important role in regulating gene expression. During tumorigenesis, the hypermethylation of CpG-rich islands in promoter regions (Cytosine phosphodiester Guanine) is a mechanism that can inactivate tumor suppressor genes and contribute to the development of cancer. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the methylation of promoter regions of tumor suppressor genes RASSF1A (Ras association domain family member 1) and MGMT (O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Methods: The methylation analysis of promoter regions of RASSF1A and MGMT genes was performed using the High Resolution Melting (HRM) in 42 and 37 tumor tissue samples, respectively. Samples of tissue adjacent to the tumor or peripheral blood were used as controls. Results: For the RASSF1A gene, 50% (21 of 42) of tumor tissue samples analyzed were methylated, whereas for MGMT of 37 tumor tissue samples analyzed, 17 (46%) showed methylation. Statistical analysis between pairs of tumor samples and controls (tissue adjacent to the site of tumor and peripheral blood) showed significant differences in the presence of methylation for the RASSF1A gene (P = 0.027, Chi-square test) and the MGMT gene (P = 0.002, Chi-square test). The evaluation of the presence of methylation between tumor tissue and surrounding tissue showed no significant difference for RASSF1A genes (P = 1.0) and MGMT (P = 0.38). For the subset of tumor tissue and peripheral blood statistic was significant for RASSF1A (P = 0.005) and MGMT (P = 0.002) genes. Analysis of the presence of methylation in tumors relative to non-tumor tissues (tissues adjacent to tumor or peripheral blood) in different anatomical sites of primary occurrence showed that in oral cavity and pharynx no statistically significant difference for the RASSF1A gene (P = 0.233) relative to non-tumor samples; MGMT gene statistical results were significant (P = 0.033). In the larynx, the statistical results were significant for the RASSF1A gene (P = 0.04) compared to non-tumor samples, while for the MGMT gene, the result was not statistically significant (P = 0.998). The presence of the methylation of the MGMT gene in both genes simultaneously, RASSF1A and MGMT, were associated with the category N (P = 0.045 and P = 0.035, respectively). For the RASSF1A gene was not observed this association (P = 0.093). The analysis by multiple logistic regression of the influence of epidemiological factors (gender and age), risk factors (smoking and drinking) and clinical parameters of the tumor for the presence of methylation showed no significant association for these variables. Conclusions: The prevalence presence of methylation in the promoter region of RASSF1A and MGMT genes in tumor tissue of the pairs of samples (tumor and non-tumor tissue) suggests the involvement of these genes in the process of squamous cells carcinoma of the head and neck, in particular of the MGMT gene in tumors of the oral cavity and pharynx and RASSF1A gene in larynx tumors. No was observed association between methylation of RASSF1A and MGMT genes and age, gender, the tobacco and alcohol consumption and clinical tumor parameters. / Introdução: A metilação do DNA desempenha um papel importante na regulação da expressão gênica. Durante a tumorigênese, a hipermetilação em regiões promotoras ricas em ilhas CpG (Cytosine phosphodiester Guanine) é um mecanismo que pode inativar genes supressores de tumor e contribuir para o desenvolvimento do câncer. Objetivo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a metilação das regiões promotoras dos genes supressores de tumor RASSF1A (Ras association domain family member 1) e MGMT (O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) em carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço. Casuística e Métodos: A análise de metilação das regiões promotoras dos genes RASSF1A e MGMT foi realizada pela técnica High Resolution Melting (HRM) em 42 e 37 amostras de tecidos tumorais, respectivamente. Amostras de tecido adjacente ao tumor ou de sangue periférico foram utilizadas como controle. Resultados: Para o gene RASSF1A, 50% (21 de 42) das amostras de tecidos tumorais analisadas foram metiladas, enquanto para o MGMT, das 37 amostras de tecidos tumorais analisadas, 17 (46%) apresentaram metilação. A análise estatística entre os pares de amostras tumorais e controles (tecido adjacente ao tumor e sangue periférico) mostrou diferença significante quanto à presença de metilação para o gene RASSF1A (P=0,027, teste de Qui-quadrado) e para o gene MGMT (P=0,002, teste de Qui-quadrado). A avaliação da presença de metilação entre subgrupos de tecido tumoral e tecido adjacente não mostrou diferença significante para os genes RASSF1A (P=1,0) e MGMT (P=0,38). Para o subgrupo de tecido tumoral e sangue periférico o resultado estatístico foi significante para os genes RASSF1A (P=0,005) e MGMT (P=0,002). A análise da presença de metilação nos tumores em relação aos tecidos não tumorais (tecidos adjacentes ou sangue periférico) nos diferentes sítios anatômicos de ocorrência primária mostrou que, em cavidade oral e faringe não houve diferença estatística significante para o gene RASSF1A (P=0,233) em relação às amostras não tumorais; para gene MGMT o resultado estatístico foi significante (P=0,033). Em laringe, o resultado estatístico foi significante para o gene RASSF1A (P=0,04) em relação às amostras não tumorais, enquanto para o gene MGMT, o resultado estatístico não foi significante (P=0,998). A presença de metilação no gene MGMT bem como em ambos os genes concomitantemente, RASSF1A e MGMT, foi associada com a categoria N (P=0,045 e P=0,035, respectivamente). Para o gene RASSF1A não foi observada tal associação (P=0,093). A análise por meio da regressão logística múltipla da influência dos fatores epidemiológicos (gênero e idade), dos fatores de risco (tabagismo e etilismo) e parâmetros clínicos do tumor quanto à presença de metilação não mostrou associação significante para essas variáveis. Conclusões: A presença de metilação nas regiões promotoras dos genes RASSF1A e MGMT apenas no tecido tumoral da maioria dos pares de amostras (tecido tumoral e não tumoral) sugere o envolvimento desses genes no processo neoplásico de cabeça e pescoço, em especial do gene MGMT em tumores da cavidade oral e faringe e do gene RASSF1A na laringe. Não há associação entre metilação dos genes RASSF1A e MGMT e a idade, o gênero, os hábitos tabagista e etilista e os parâmetros clínicos do tumor.

Resumo: O líquen plano (LP) é caracterizado como uma doença crônica de cunho autoimune que apresenta prevalência estimada de 2% na população em geral. Há grande controvérsia quanto à classificação da Organização Mundial de Saúde de que este seria uma desordem potencialmente maligna. O presente trabalho tem como proposição avaliar a expressão das proteínas p53, MDM2 e SUMO-1 em lesões de LP bucal e comparar a expressão destas proteínas com a observada em displasia epitelial (DE) bucal e carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) bucal. A amostra por interesse foi constituída por cinco grupos de lesões em mucosa jugal. O primeiro grupo foi constituído por amostras de mucosa com aspecto clínico de normalidade (MN), o segundo por hiperplasia fibrosa inflamatória (HFI), o terceiro por LP, o quarto por DE e o quinto grupo por CCE. Estas amostras teciduais foram submetidas a exame histoquímico pela técnica da hematoxilina-eosina e exame imunoistoquímico para anticorpo anti-p53, anti-MDM2 e anti-SUMO-1. Os dados foram tabulados e tratados pelos testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e exato de Fisher. Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante da expressão de p53 quando comparado LP com DE (p=0.2042) e com CCE (p=0.0656), esta diferença estava presente quando o LP foi comparado a HFI (p=0.00001) e a MN (p=0.0007). A diferença na expressão da MDM2 não foi estatisticamente significante quando comparado LP com DE (p=1.0) e com CCE (p=0.9972), mas não estava presente quando o LP foi comparado a HFI (p=0.0005) e a MN (p=0.0052). Em relação à proteína SUMO-1, houve diferença estatisticamente significante quando comparado LP com DE (p=0.0492) e com CCE (p=0.0001), na comparação de LP com HFI (p=1.0) e com MN (p=0.8302) não houve diferença estatisticamente significante. Conclui-se pela necessidade de estudos para esclarecer... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic autoimmune disease with an estimated prevalence of 2% in the general population. Controversy exists regarding the World Health Organization classification of LP as a potentially malignant disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of proteins p53, MDM2 and SUMO-1 in oral LP lesions and to compare the expression of these proteins between LP and oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The sample consisted of the following five groups of cheek mucosa lesions was studied: normal oral mucosa (NM), inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (IFH), LP, OED, and OSCC. The tissue samples were stained with hematoxylineosin for histochemical analysis and submitted to immunohistochemistry using anti-p53, anti-MDM2 and anti-SUMO-1 antibodies. The results were analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Fisher's exact test. No significant difference in the expression of p53 was observed between LP and OED (p=0.2042) or OSCC (p=0.0656). However, there was a significant difference when LP lesions were compared to IFH (p=0.00001) and NM (p=0.0007). Expression of MDM2 differed significantly between LP and IFH (p=0.0005) and NM (p=0.0052), but not between LP and OED (p=1.0) or OSCC (p=0.9972). A significant difference in the expression of SUMO-1 was observed between LP lesions and OED (p=0.0492) and OSCC (p=0.0001), but not between LP and IFH (p=1.0) or NM (p=0.8302). Further studies are needed to determine the role of inflammation as a possible malignant transformation in cases of LP. / Orientador: Janete Dias Almeida / Coorientador: Fabio Daumas Nunes / Banca: Adriana Aigotti Haberbeck Brandão / Mestre

Choi, Siu Cheong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-148). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Abbreviation --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.xii / Table of Content --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter 1: --- General Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Treatment resistance in cancer --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1.1 --- Surgery --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1.2 --- Chemotherapy --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1.3 --- Radiotherapy --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1.4 --- Hormonal therapy --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Hypoxia/reoxygenation and its correlation with treatment resistance --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Aim of the study --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- The drug sensitivity in HepG2 cells and A431 cells / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Treatment of cancer --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Drug resistance --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Cell culture --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Drugs --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- MTT assay --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- The drugs to which G10HR and G20HR cells were more resistant --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- "The drugs of which GP, G10HR and G20HR cells have similar response" --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- The drugs to which A10HR and A20HR cells were more resistant --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- The drugs to which A10HR and/or A20HR cells were more sensitive --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- "The drugs which AP, A10HR and A20HR cells have similar response" --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Camptothecin and 10-hydroxy camptothecin --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Etoposide --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Hydrogen peroxide --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Interferons --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.4.1 --- Interferon alpha --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.4.2 --- Interferon gamma --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Methotrexate --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Vincristine --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- The resistance mechanism of doxorubicin in A431 cells / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chemotherapeutic resistance --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Tumor hypoxia --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Structure and function of doxorubicin --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Clinical use of doxorubicin --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Mechanisms of doxorubicin resistance --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Structure and function of P-glycoprotein --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Drug resistance contributed by P-glycoprotein and the solution --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Epigenetic modulation of mdr1 --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cell culture --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- MTT assay --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Western blot analysis --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Doxorubicin efflux assay --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Drug sensitivity of A431 cells treated with verapamil --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Drug sensitivity of A431 cells treated with 5-Aza-dC --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.10 --- Bisulfite genomic DNA sequencing --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Drug sensitivity of A431 cells to doxorubicin --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Expression profile of mdrl and P-glycoprotein in A431 cells --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Dox efflux-pump activity in A431 cells --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Drug sensitivity of A431 cells in the presence of verapamil --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Expression profile of mdrl in A431 cells in the presence of 5- Aza-dC --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Drug sensitivity of A431 cells in the presence of 5-Aza-dC --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Methylation status of mdrl promoter region --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Bisulfite genomic DNA sequencing of the mdrl promoter --- p.64 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.67 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- The resistance mechanism of cisplatin in HepG2 cells / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Tumor hypoxia and chemotherapeutic resistance --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Cisplatin and its action mechanism --- p.71 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Mechanisms of cisplatin resistance --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Mismatch repair genes --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Epigenome and drug resistance in cancer --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Cell culture --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- MTT assay --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Oligonucleotide transfection --- p.85 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Drug sensitivity of HepG2 cells treated with 5-Aza-dC --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitor --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Drug sensitivity of HepG2 cells treated with TSA --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Drug sensitivity of HepG2 cells to cisplatin --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Expression profile of the MMR genes in HepG2 cells --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Drug sensitivity of HepG2 cells to cisplatin after the knock- down of PMS2 --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Expression profile of MMR genes in the presence of 5-Aza-dC --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Drug sensitivity of HepG2 cells to cisplatin after the addition of 5-Aza-dC --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Expression profile of MMR genes in the presence of trichostatin A --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- Sensitivity of HepG2 cells to cisplatin after the addition of trichostatin A --- p.98 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.101 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- The role of PMS2 in cisplatin-induced apoptosis / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.105 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Apoptosis --- p.105 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Extrinsic pathway of apoptosis --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Cisplatin-induced apoptosis --- p.107 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- MMR and apoptosis --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.111 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Cell culture --- p.111 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis --- p.111 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Oligonucleotide transfection --- p.111 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Western blot analysis --- p.111 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Drug and antibodies --- p.112 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Cisplatin induced apoptosis --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Knockdown of PMS2 by siRNA --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Cisplatin-induced apoptosis involved caspases --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Protein expressions of anti-apoptotic genes --- p.119 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Protein expressions of pro-apoptotic genes --- p.119 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Protein expressions of apoptotic proteins after knockdown of PMS2 --- p.122 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.124 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- General discussion and conclusion / Chapter 6.1 --- Diverse sensitivity for hypoxia/reoxygenation treated cells to anticancer drugs --- p.128 / Chapter 6.2 --- Resistance mechanism of doxorubicin in A10HR and A20HR cells --- p.129 / Chapter 6.3 --- Resistance mechanism of cisplatin in G10HR and G20HR cells --- p.129 / Chapter 6.4 --- The role of PMS2 as a direct signaling molecule and the alteration of apoptotic proteins in cisplatin-induced apoptosis --- p.130 / Chapter 6.5 --- Future work --- p.131 / References --- p.132

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 10, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

The Tumour-Node-Metastasis (TNM) classification system of tumour stage does not always reflect the actual tumour mass present at diagnosis. Recent reports propose that volumetric analysis may allow improved stratification of disease recurrence and survival in head and neck squamous cell cancer (SCC). This study aims to assess the prognostic value of tumour volume on the outcome of patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal SCC. / A retrospective review of 73 patients was completed. Tumours were outlined semi-automatically in digitized computed tomography scans, and volumes computed based on surface triangulations of three-dimensional reconstructions with novel software developed at McGill. / Results illustrate significant interstage variability within the current TNM model. Moreover, in oral cavity and oropharyngeal SCC, tumour volume as well as T-stage are significant and independent predictors of disease free survival and overall survival.