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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Eventos arrítmicos em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico: correlações eletrocardiográficas e laboratoriais / Arrhythmic events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: electrocardiographic and laboratory correlations

Teixeira, Ricardo Alkmim 10 June 2009 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: O Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES) é uma doença inflamatória crônica que pode acometer qualquer órgão ou sistema. O acometimento do coração pode ocorrer em até 50% dos casos e não existem estudos de prevalência de eventos arrítmicos (EA) em pacientes com LES, nem de correlações laboratoriais preditoras de sua ocorrência. OBJETIVOS: Estabelecer a taxa de ocorrência de EA e identificar variáveis laboratoriais preditoras de sua ocorrência em pacientes com LES em seguimento em ambulatório de hospital terciário; estabelecer a associação entre o uso de cloroquina com a ocorrência de EA e óbitos (tipo, número e tempo de seguimento). MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo clínico descritivo, observacional e aberto com pacientes em seguimento ambulatorial no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo que foram submetidos a avaliação clínica, exames laboratoriais, ECG de repouso e Holter de 24h. A associação entre as variáveis e os EA foi avaliada por meio dos testes qui-quadrado, razão de verossimilhança, teste exato de Fisher, teste t-Student, teste não-paramétrico de Mann-Whitney, regressão logística múltipla e curva ROC. RESULTADOS: Entre agosto/2005 e agosto/2006 foram estudados 325 pacientes consecutivos, sendo 8 excluídos. A idade média foi de 40,25 anos, 91% mulheres. O tempo médio do diagnóstico de LES foi de 11,36 anos e apenas 6 pacientes apresentaram critérios para atividade do LES (escore SLEDAI). Duzentos e vinte e um pacientes estavam em uso de cloroquina. Alterações ao ECG ocorreram em 66 pacientes (20,82%): 5 bloqueios atrioventriculares de 1º grau; 4 bradicardias sinusais; 4 taquicardias sinusais e 1 supraventricular; 6 bloqueios do ramo direito (BRD); 2 bloqueios do ramo esquerdo (BRE); 45 QT prolongados. Ao Holter foram identificados 4 pacientes com pausas > 2,0 segundos; 45 com FC mínima < 50bpm; 90 com extrassístoles supraventriculares (ESV); 26 com taquiarritmias supraventriculares (FA/TA); 65 com extrassístoles ventriculares (EV). Foram registrados 7 óbitos (2,47%). Idade acima de 40 anos foi preditora da ocorrência de EA (p=0,002; OR=2,523; IC 95%= 1,389-5,583). A presença do anticorpo anticardiolipina foi preditora da ocorrência de BRD/BRE (p = 0,005; OR 3,989; IC 95% = 1,615-9,852). Títulos de C3 abaixo de 105mg% foram preditores de menor probabilidade de ocorrência de FC mínima < 50bpm (p=0,016; OR=1,018; IC 95%=1,003-1,033). Os preditores para a ocorrência de EV foram a idade (p=0,002; OR=1,051; IC95%=1,018-1,085) e a duração do QRS (p=0,005; OR=1,061; IC95%=1,018-1,106); quanto mais avançada a idade e quanto mais largo o QRS, maior a probabilidade de ocorrência de EV. Para a ocorrência de TA/FA, os preditores foram a idade (p<0,001; OR=1,100; IC95%=1,050-1,154) e o tempo de uso cloroquina (p=0,035; OR=0,921; IC95%=0,853-0,994); quanto mais avançada a idade e quanto menor o tempo de uso de cloroquina, maior a probabilidade de ocorrência de TA/FA. Pacientes com mais de 50 anos e tempo de uso de cloroquina inferior a 8 anos tiveram mais TA/FA. CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo, que avaliou pacientes com LES em seguimento ambulatorial em hospital terciário, a taxa de ocorrência de EA foi elevada; a sua correlação com variáveis laboratoriais identificou como preditores de maior ocorrência: idade acima de 40 anos, título de C3 abaixo de 105mg% e presença de anticorpo anticardiolipina. A cloroquina demonstrou efeito protetor cardíaco sobre a evolução da doença. / INTRODUCTION: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory illness that can affect any organ and system. Up to 50% of patients have their heart affected and there are no prevalence studies of arrhythmic events (AE) in SLE patients and laboratory predictors are also unknown. OBJECTIVES: To establish the rate of occurrence of AE and to identify laboratory predictors in outpatients with SLE; to establish the association between chloroquine use and the occurrence of AE and death (type, number and time of follow-up). METHODS: A descriptive, observational and opened clinical study was carried out with SLE oupatients selected from the Rheumatology clinic of São Paulo University Medical School, Brazil. They were submitted to clinical evaluation, laboratory exams, resting-ECG and 24-hour Holter monitoring. Statistics: The association between the variables and the occurrence of AE was assessed by chi-square, likelihood ratio, Fishers test, t-Student, Mann-Whitney, ROC curve and logistic regressions. RESULTS: Between august/05-august/06, 325 consecutive patients were studied. Resting-ECG abnormalities were found in 66 patients, rate of 20.82%. The average age was 40.25yo, 91% female. The average time of SLE diagnosis was of 11.36y and only 6 presented criteria for diseases activity (SLEDAI score). There were 221 patients using chloroquine. ECG disturbances found: 5 1st degree AV-block; 4 sinus bradycardia; 4 sinus tachycardia and 1 supraventricular tachycardia; 6 RBBB; 2 LBBB; 45 long QT. At Holter monitoring: 4 pauses>2.0s; 45 HR<50bpm; 90 atrial ectopies; 26 atrial tachyarrhythmia; 65 ventricular ectopies. Seven death were registered (2.47%). Age above 40yo was predictor of AE (p=0.002; OR=2.5; 95%IC=1.4-5.6). Presence of anticardiolipine antibody was predictor of QRS>120ms occurrence (p = 0.005; OR 3.989; IC 95% = 1.615-9.852). C3 level bellow 105mg% was predictor of non-occurrence of HR<50bpm (p=0.02; OR=1.02;95% IC=1.003-1.03). The predictor for ventricular ectopies (VE) occurrence were age (p=0,002; OR=1,051; IC95%=1,018-1,085) and QRS duration (p=0,005; OR=1,061; IC95%=1,018-1,106); advanced age and longer QRS predicted greater probability of VE. For supraventricular tachyarrhythmia (AT/AF) the predictors were age (p<0,001; OR=1,100; IC95%=1,050-1,154) and time of Chloroquine use (p=0,035; OR=0,921; IC95%=0,853-0,994); advanced age and short time of Chloroquine use are related to greater probability of AT/AF. Patients older than 50y and using chloroquine for less than 8y had more AT/AF. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of AE occurrence was high (20%) and the correlation with laboratory variables identified predictors of occurrence of AE: age above 40 years, C3 level below 105mg% and anticardiolipin antibody. Chloroquine demonstrated cardiac protection effect.
22

Eventos arrítmicos em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico: correlações eletrocardiográficas e laboratoriais / Arrhythmic events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: electrocardiographic and laboratory correlations

Ricardo Alkmim Teixeira 10 June 2009 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: O Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES) é uma doença inflamatória crônica que pode acometer qualquer órgão ou sistema. O acometimento do coração pode ocorrer em até 50% dos casos e não existem estudos de prevalência de eventos arrítmicos (EA) em pacientes com LES, nem de correlações laboratoriais preditoras de sua ocorrência. OBJETIVOS: Estabelecer a taxa de ocorrência de EA e identificar variáveis laboratoriais preditoras de sua ocorrência em pacientes com LES em seguimento em ambulatório de hospital terciário; estabelecer a associação entre o uso de cloroquina com a ocorrência de EA e óbitos (tipo, número e tempo de seguimento). MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo clínico descritivo, observacional e aberto com pacientes em seguimento ambulatorial no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo que foram submetidos a avaliação clínica, exames laboratoriais, ECG de repouso e Holter de 24h. A associação entre as variáveis e os EA foi avaliada por meio dos testes qui-quadrado, razão de verossimilhança, teste exato de Fisher, teste t-Student, teste não-paramétrico de Mann-Whitney, regressão logística múltipla e curva ROC. RESULTADOS: Entre agosto/2005 e agosto/2006 foram estudados 325 pacientes consecutivos, sendo 8 excluídos. A idade média foi de 40,25 anos, 91% mulheres. O tempo médio do diagnóstico de LES foi de 11,36 anos e apenas 6 pacientes apresentaram critérios para atividade do LES (escore SLEDAI). Duzentos e vinte e um pacientes estavam em uso de cloroquina. Alterações ao ECG ocorreram em 66 pacientes (20,82%): 5 bloqueios atrioventriculares de 1º grau; 4 bradicardias sinusais; 4 taquicardias sinusais e 1 supraventricular; 6 bloqueios do ramo direito (BRD); 2 bloqueios do ramo esquerdo (BRE); 45 QT prolongados. Ao Holter foram identificados 4 pacientes com pausas > 2,0 segundos; 45 com FC mínima < 50bpm; 90 com extrassístoles supraventriculares (ESV); 26 com taquiarritmias supraventriculares (FA/TA); 65 com extrassístoles ventriculares (EV). Foram registrados 7 óbitos (2,47%). Idade acima de 40 anos foi preditora da ocorrência de EA (p=0,002; OR=2,523; IC 95%= 1,389-5,583). A presença do anticorpo anticardiolipina foi preditora da ocorrência de BRD/BRE (p = 0,005; OR 3,989; IC 95% = 1,615-9,852). Títulos de C3 abaixo de 105mg% foram preditores de menor probabilidade de ocorrência de FC mínima < 50bpm (p=0,016; OR=1,018; IC 95%=1,003-1,033). Os preditores para a ocorrência de EV foram a idade (p=0,002; OR=1,051; IC95%=1,018-1,085) e a duração do QRS (p=0,005; OR=1,061; IC95%=1,018-1,106); quanto mais avançada a idade e quanto mais largo o QRS, maior a probabilidade de ocorrência de EV. Para a ocorrência de TA/FA, os preditores foram a idade (p<0,001; OR=1,100; IC95%=1,050-1,154) e o tempo de uso cloroquina (p=0,035; OR=0,921; IC95%=0,853-0,994); quanto mais avançada a idade e quanto menor o tempo de uso de cloroquina, maior a probabilidade de ocorrência de TA/FA. Pacientes com mais de 50 anos e tempo de uso de cloroquina inferior a 8 anos tiveram mais TA/FA. CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo, que avaliou pacientes com LES em seguimento ambulatorial em hospital terciário, a taxa de ocorrência de EA foi elevada; a sua correlação com variáveis laboratoriais identificou como preditores de maior ocorrência: idade acima de 40 anos, título de C3 abaixo de 105mg% e presença de anticorpo anticardiolipina. A cloroquina demonstrou efeito protetor cardíaco sobre a evolução da doença. / INTRODUCTION: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory illness that can affect any organ and system. Up to 50% of patients have their heart affected and there are no prevalence studies of arrhythmic events (AE) in SLE patients and laboratory predictors are also unknown. OBJECTIVES: To establish the rate of occurrence of AE and to identify laboratory predictors in outpatients with SLE; to establish the association between chloroquine use and the occurrence of AE and death (type, number and time of follow-up). METHODS: A descriptive, observational and opened clinical study was carried out with SLE oupatients selected from the Rheumatology clinic of São Paulo University Medical School, Brazil. They were submitted to clinical evaluation, laboratory exams, resting-ECG and 24-hour Holter monitoring. Statistics: The association between the variables and the occurrence of AE was assessed by chi-square, likelihood ratio, Fishers test, t-Student, Mann-Whitney, ROC curve and logistic regressions. RESULTS: Between august/05-august/06, 325 consecutive patients were studied. Resting-ECG abnormalities were found in 66 patients, rate of 20.82%. The average age was 40.25yo, 91% female. The average time of SLE diagnosis was of 11.36y and only 6 presented criteria for diseases activity (SLEDAI score). There were 221 patients using chloroquine. ECG disturbances found: 5 1st degree AV-block; 4 sinus bradycardia; 4 sinus tachycardia and 1 supraventricular tachycardia; 6 RBBB; 2 LBBB; 45 long QT. At Holter monitoring: 4 pauses>2.0s; 45 HR<50bpm; 90 atrial ectopies; 26 atrial tachyarrhythmia; 65 ventricular ectopies. Seven death were registered (2.47%). Age above 40yo was predictor of AE (p=0.002; OR=2.5; 95%IC=1.4-5.6). Presence of anticardiolipine antibody was predictor of QRS>120ms occurrence (p = 0.005; OR 3.989; IC 95% = 1.615-9.852). C3 level bellow 105mg% was predictor of non-occurrence of HR<50bpm (p=0.02; OR=1.02;95% IC=1.003-1.03). The predictor for ventricular ectopies (VE) occurrence were age (p=0,002; OR=1,051; IC95%=1,018-1,085) and QRS duration (p=0,005; OR=1,061; IC95%=1,018-1,106); advanced age and longer QRS predicted greater probability of VE. For supraventricular tachyarrhythmia (AT/AF) the predictors were age (p<0,001; OR=1,100; IC95%=1,050-1,154) and time of Chloroquine use (p=0,035; OR=0,921; IC95%=0,853-0,994); advanced age and short time of Chloroquine use are related to greater probability of AT/AF. Patients older than 50y and using chloroquine for less than 8y had more AT/AF. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of AE occurrence was high (20%) and the correlation with laboratory variables identified predictors of occurrence of AE: age above 40 years, C3 level below 105mg% and anticardiolipin antibody. Chloroquine demonstrated cardiac protection effect.
23

Shluková analýza v oblasti biosignálů / Cluster analysis in biosignal processing

Kalous, Stanislav January 2008 (has links)
This diploma thesis deals with cluster analysis for long-term electrocardiograms (ECG) clustering. The linear filtration is used for ECG preprocessing. The ECG sign segmenting in single heart cycles is based on the detection QRS complex and consequently to an application of dynamic time warping algorithms. To an application of all these mentioned processes and to results interpretation, a program called Cluster analysis has been created in the Matlab background. The results of this diploma thesis confirm that cluster analysis is able to distinguish cardiac arrhythmias which are typical with their shape distinctness of normal heart cycles.
24

MONITORING RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION WITH POLARIZATION-SENSITIVE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FOR THE TREATMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

Zhao, Xiaowei 21 June 2021 (has links)
No description available.
25

Time-Frequency Analysis of Intracardiac Electrogram

Brockman, Erik 01 June 2009 (has links) (PDF)
The Cardiac Rhythm Management Division of St. Jude Medical specializes in the development of implantable cardioverter defibrillators that improve the quality of life for patients diagnosed with a variety of cardiac arrhythmias, especially for patients prone to sudden cardiac death. With the goal to improve detection of cardiac arrhythmias, this study explored the value in time-frequency analysis of intracardiac electrogram in four steps. The first two steps characterized, in the frequency domain, the waveforms that construct the cardiac cycle. The third step developed a new algorithm that putatively provides the least computationally expensive way to identifying cardiac waveforms in the frequency domain. Lastly, this novel approach to analyzing intracardiac electrogram was compared to a threshold crossing algorithm that strictly operates in the time domain and that is currently utilized by St. Jude Medical. The new algorithm demonstrated an equally effective method in identifying the QRS complex on the ventricular channel. The next steps in pursing time-frequency analysis of intracardiac electrogram include implementing the new algorithm on a testing platform that emulates the latest implantable cardioverter defibrillator manufactured by St. Jude Medical and pursuing a similar algorithm that can be employed on the atrial channel.
26

Die Rolle von Phosphodiesterase 2 in der Herzfrequenz-Regulation und im Angiotensin-induziertem kardialen Remodeling

Riedel, Merle Anne-Christine 17 January 2024 (has links)
Hintergrund: Die Herzinsuffizienz ist ein internistisches Krankheitsbild, welches weltweit eines der höchsten Morbiditäten und Mortalitäten aufweist. Trotz etablierter Behandlungsmethoden sterben mehr als die Hälfte der Patienten innerhalb der ersten fünf Jahren nach Diagnosestellung. Zur pharmakologischen Therapie gehören in erster Linie die Betablocker, welche durch kompetitive Hemmung am β- Adrenorezeptor die β- Signalkaskade und somit die sympathische Wirkung am Herzen reduzieren. Gleichzeitig wird durch die Hemmung die Anzahl an β- Adrenorezeptoren erhöht, wodurch die Rezeptorsensitivität insgesamt herabgesetzt wird. Zudem verhindern sie ein Remodeling der Ventrikel, führen zu einer verbesserten myokardialen Energie- und Calciumnutzung, sowie zu einer Reduzierung von kardialen Arrhythmien. Aufgrund ihres Nebenwirkungsspektrums - Hypotonie, Bradykardie und erektile Dysfunktion - tolerieren nur wenige Patienten eine wirksame Dosis des Medikamentes. Fragestellung: Die Phosphodiesterasen stellen einen von mehreren Regulatoren der β-Signalkaskade dar, indem sie deren Second Messenger cAMP hydrolysieren und die Sympathikusaktivierung drosseln. In vorangegangenen Studien im Menschen ist die PDE2 bei einer Herzinsuffizienz hochreguliert. Gleichzeitig bildet die PDE2 eine Verbindung zum NO – sGC – cGMP – Signalweg, da sie als einzige PDE von cGMP allosterisch aktiviert werden kann und infolgedessen vermehrt cAMP hydrolysiert. PDE2 ist ein entscheidendes Enzym im negativen cross talk von der cAMP und cGMP Signalkaskade. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Funktion der PDE2 in der chronischen Herzinsuffizienz. Inwieweit zeigen sich vermehrt Rhythmusstörungen bei einem Mausgenotyp, dessen PDE2 überexprimiert vorliegt, im Gegensatz zum Wildtyp? Wie reagiert die transgene Maus auf adrenergen Stress? Und abschließend, schützt eine überexprimierte PDE2 vor einer Angiotensin II- induzierten kardialen Hypertrophie? Methoden: Nach Genotypisierung der Mäuse mit Hilfe von PCR Testung der Schwanzspitzen konnte mittels transthorakaler Echokardiographie die Morphologie des Herzens (Durchmesser der Ventrikelwand und des Ventrikels selbst) festgestellt und somit die Herzleistung (Ejektionsfraktion, systolisches und diastolisches Volumen) und das Herzgewicht errechnet werden. Zur dauerhaften Ableitung der Herzaktivität wurden den Mäusen (n = 7) pectoral telemetrische Transmitter implantiert, um die Herzfrequenzvariabilität und Arrhythmien (Salven, Extrasystolen, ventrikuläre Tachykardien) abzuleiten. Zur Arrhythmieprovokation wurde den Mäusen (n = 4) Ivabradin und Isoproterenol intraperitoneal verabreicht. Zur Provokation einer Kardiohypertrophie erhielten die Wildtyp (WT, n = 9) und transgenen Mäuse (TG, n = 10) mittels einer im zerviko-thorakalen Rückenbereich implantierten osmotischen Minipumpe für 14 bzw. 28 Tage Angiotensin II. Die Herzparameter zur Messung einer Hypertrophie wurden mittels transthorakaler Echokardiographie alle 7 Tage für maximal 28 Tage erfasst. Zudem wurden die Herzgewichte nach Tötung der Mäuse mittels vorausgehender Isoflurannarkose und anschließendem Genickbruch durch sofortiges Wiegen der Organe erlangt. Verglichen wurden die Ergebnisse der für 14 und der für 28 Tage dem Angiotensin II ausgesetzten Tieren. Post mortem wurden die Herzen der Mäuse nach Trennung der Ventrikel von den Vorhöfen kryokonserviert und das Ventrikelgewebe zur proteinchemischen Analyse mechanisch aufgeschlossen. Der zentrifugierte Überstand wurde für die Proteinbestimmung nach Bradford zur Erlangung der Proteinkonzentration verwendet. Im Anschluss erfolgte zur Größenselektion der Proteine eine Gelelektrophorese mit anschließendem Western Blotting zum Nachweis der Proteine. Zur Auswertung und Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse wurden die Proteinlevel auf das Kardiomyozyten-spezifische Calsequestrin normiert. Ergebnisse: Bei überexprimierter PDE2 bestand eine grundsätzlich niedrigere Herzfrequenz mit erhaltender chronotroper Adaptionsfähigkeit und kompensatorisch erhöhter Kontraktilität. Zudem war bei den TG- Mäuse die Herzfrequenzvariabilität höher als bei den WT. Es zeigte sich kein Anhalt für eine Beeinflussung des HCN-Kanals durch die erhöhte PDE2. Bei vermehrter Stimulation der β-adrenergen Rezeptoren bestand kein signifikanter Unterschied in der Zunahme der Herzfrequenz, jedoch präsentierten sich deutlich weniger ventrikuläre Extrasystolen und Arrhythmien bei den TG- Mäusen als bei den WT- Mäusen. Bei den durch stete Ang. II-Applikation hypertrophierten Herzen stellte sich über die Zeit eine Zunahme der Herzfrequenz bei sowohl den WT- als auch den TG- Mäusen dar, bei gleichzeitig aufrecht erhaltener linksventrikulärer Funktion. Es zeigte sich ebenfalls bei beiden eine noch bestehende β-adrenerge Rezeptorsensibilität, vor allem bezüglich der Ejektionsfraktion. Von PKA- bzw. CaMKII-abhängige Zielproteine wiesen bei beiden Phänotypen keine vermehrte Phosphorylierung auf. Schlussfolgerung: Zusammenfassend konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass die PDE2 als Cross Link zwischen der cGMP- und der cAMP-Signalkaskade bei Überexpression ähnlich wie ein Betablocker die Herzfrequenz reduziert ohne die Herzleistung zu beinträchtigen. Sie schützte vor Arrhythmien und zeigte bei einer Kardiohypertrophie dennoch eine bestehende β-adrenerge Rezeptorsensibilität. Ein Schutz vor einer kardialen Hypertrophie bei den PDE2- überexprimierten Mäusen konnte in dieser Arbeit nicht nachgewiesen werden. Klinische Daten zeigen eine Hochregulation der PDE2 bei herzinsuffizienten Patienten. Ob eine Überstimulation der PDE2 in vivo und somit eine Zunahme der cAMP- Hydrolyse tatsächlich kardioprotektiv in der terminalen Herzinsuffizienz ist - oder sogar davor - bedarf noch weiterer Forschung.:Inhaltsverzeichnis I Abbildungsverzeichnis III Tabellenverzeichnis V Abkürzungsverzeichnis VI 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Herzinsuffizienz 1 1.1.1 Epidemiologie 1 1.1.2 Ätiologie 2 1.1.3 Pathophysiologie 3 1.2 Behandlung der Herzinsuffizienz 4 1.2.1 Medikamentöse Behandlung 5 1.2.1.1 ACE-Hemmer und AT1-Antagonisten 5 1.2.1.2 Betablocker 5 1.2.1.3 Ivabradin 6 1.3 Wirkungen des vegetativen Nervensystems am Herzen 7 1.3.1 Physiologie der kardialen β-adrenergen Signalkaskade 7 1.3.2 Kompartimentierung in Kardiomyozyten 8 1.4 Physiologie der Phosphodiesterasen 9 1.4.1 Cyclisches Guanosinmonophosphat 9 1.4.2 Die Subtypen der Phosphodiesterasen 10 1.4.3 Die Interaktion von cGMP und cAMP 14 1.4.4 Die PDE2 in der Herzinsuffizienz 16 1.5 Vordaten 17 1.5.1 Überexpression von PDE2 im Mausmodell 17 1.6 Ziele dieser Arbeit 18 2 Material und Methoden 20 2.1 Herkunft und Gewinnung der Wildtyp- und transgenen Mäuse 20 2.1.1 Tierhaltung und Tötung 20 2.1.2 Genotypisierung der Mäuse 20 2.2 Echokardiographie zur Messung der kardiologischen Parameter 21 2.3 Einbau der telemetrischen Transmitter 24 2.4 Aufzeichnung des EKG 25 2.5 Einbau der osmotischen Minipumpen 25 2.6 Herzentnahme bei Mäusen 26 2.7 Proteinchemische Methode 26 2.7.1 Aufschluss des Herzgewebes zur proteinchemischen Analyse 26 2.7.2 Proteinbestimmung nach Bradford 27 2.7.3 SDS-PAGE 28 2.7.4 Transfer der Proteine auf Membranen (Westernblot) 29 2.7.5 Auftragen der Antikörper auf die Membranen 30 2.7.6 Aufnahmen 32 2.8 Statistische Auswertungen 32 3 Ergebnisse 33 3.1 Charakterisierung der Herzfunktion bei PDE2-Überexpression mittels EKG 33 3.1.1 Zirkadiane Messung der Herzfrequenz und Aktivität 33 3.1.2 Herzfrequenzvariabilität 35 3.1.3 Autonome Herzfunktion unter Ivabradin 36 3.1.4 Arrhythmieprovokation mit Isoproterenol 37 3.2 Die Rolle von PDE2 im Angiotensin II- induzierten kardialen Remodeling 41 3.2.1 Grundcharakterisierung der Herzfunktion bei niedriger PDE2- Überexpression mittels Echokardiographie 41 3.2.2 Auswirkung erhöhter PDE2-Spiegel nach chronischer Angiotensin II Applikation 43 3.3 Auswertung der Western Blots der PDE2A3-4808 Mäuse 49 4 Diskussion 54 4.1 Phosphodiesterase 2 reguliert die Herzfrequenz 54 4.2 Phosphodiesterase 2 schützt vor ventrikulären Arrhythmien 55 4.3 Phosphodiesterase 2 im kardialen Remodeling 56 4.4 Limitation der Überexpression durch zelluläre Kompartimentierung 58 4.5 Diskussion der Methodik und Bewertung der Ergebnisse 58 4.6 Ausblick: PDE2 als Downstream Target für Beta-Adrenorezeptor-Blockade? 59 5 Zusammenfassung/ Summary 61 5.1 Zusammenfassung 61 5.2 Summary 63 6 Anhang 66 6.1 Puffer 70 7 Literaturverzeichnis 72 / Background: Congestive heart failure is a medical condition, which has one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Despite having established treatments, more than half of the patients die within the five years after diagnosis. First-line pharmacological therapy includes beta-blockers. By competitive inhibition at the β-adrenoreceptor, they reduce the β-signal cascade and thus the sympathetic effect on the heart. Simultaneously, this inhibition increases the number of β-adrenoreceptors, which then reduces the sensitivity of the receptors. Additionally, beta-blockers prevent remodeling of the ventricles, lead to improved myocardial energy and calcium utilization, and reduce the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Due to its side effects – such as hypotension, bradycardia, and erectile dysfunction – only few patients tolerate an effective dose of the drug. Hypothesis: Phosphodiesterases are one of several regulators of the β- signaling cascade. They hydrolyze their second messenger cAMP and reduce sympathetic activation. Previous studies in humans showed an upregulated PDE2 in heart failure. PDE2 is a special PDE, since it forms a connection between the β adrenergic and the NO – sGC – cGMP signaling pathway. It is the only PDE, which is activated by cGMP allosterically. As a result, PDE2 increasingly hydrolyzes cAMP. Therefore, PDE2 is a key enzyme in the negative cross talk of the cAMP and cGMP signaling cascade. This thesis investigates the function of PDE2 in chronic heart failure. Are there increased cardiac arrhythmias in mice, which have an overexpressed PDE2, in comparison to wild type mice? How do these mice react to adrenergic stress? And finally, does an overexpressed PDE2 protect against an Angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy? Methods: After genotyping the mice’s tail tips with the help of PCR tests, the morphology of the heart (diameter of the ventricular wall and the ventricle itself) could be determined with the help of transthoracic echocardiography. With this data, the cardiac output (ejection fraction, systolic and diastolic volume) and the heart weight were calculated. To record cardiac activity permanently, telemetric transmitters were implanted pectoral in the mice (n = 7), in order to gain heart rate variability and arrhythmia data (salvos, extrasystoles, ventricular tachycardias). To provoke the arrhythmia, mice (n = 4) were intraperitoneally administered ivabradine and isoproterenol. To provoke cardiac hypertrophy, the wild type (WT, n = 9) and transgenic mice (TG, n = 10) received angiotensin II using osmotic minipumps, implanted in the cervicothoracic back area for 14 or 28 days. The cardiac parameters for hypertrophy were measured using transthoracic echocardiography every 7 days, recorded for a maximum of 28 days. In addition, each heart was weighted immediately after killing the mice using isoflurane anesthesia and subsequent neck fracture. The results of the animals exposed to angiotensin II for 14 and 28 days were compared. After separating the ventricles from the atria, the hearts of the mice were cryopreserved, and the ventricular tissue was mechanically crushed for protein-chemical analysis. The centrifuged supernatant was used for Bradford protein determination to identify the protein concentration. Following this, a gel electrophoresis and Western blotting took place to detect and to determine the size of the proteins. To evaluate and to compare the results, protein levels were calibrated to the cardiomyocyte specific Calsequestrin. Results: Overexpression of PDE2 resulted in a fundamentally lower heart rate with preserved chronotropic adaptability and compensatory increased contractility. In addition, the TG mice showed a higher heart rate variability than the WT mice. There were no signs of influence on the HCN channel by the increased PDE2. With intensified stimulation of the β-adrenergic receptors, there was no significant difference in the increase in heart rate, but significantly fewer ventricular extrasystoles and arrhythmias in the TG mice than in the WT mice. Over time, the hypertrophic hearts, induced by Angiotensin II, showed an increased heart rate with preserved left ventricular function within both the WT and the TG mice. Nevertheless, both still showed an unspoiled sensitivity of the β-receptors, especially in regard of the ejection fraction. Both PKA- or CaMKII-dependent target proteins did not show an increased phosphorylation in neither of the phenotypes. Conclusion: As a summary, this thesis demonstrates that an overexpression of PDE2 as a cross link between the cGMP and cAMP signaling cascade reduces the heart rate similar to a beta blocker, without affecting the cardiac output. PDE2 prevented arrhythmias and still showed existing β-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in cardiac hypertrophy. This thesis could not show a protection against cardiac hypertrophy within the transgenic mice. Clinical data show upregulation of PDE2 in heart failure patients. Whether overstimulation of PDE2 in vivo and a consecutive increase in cAMP hydrolysis is actually cardioprotective in end-stage heart failure - or even before - requires further research.:Inhaltsverzeichnis I Abbildungsverzeichnis III Tabellenverzeichnis V Abkürzungsverzeichnis VI 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Herzinsuffizienz 1 1.1.1 Epidemiologie 1 1.1.2 Ätiologie 2 1.1.3 Pathophysiologie 3 1.2 Behandlung der Herzinsuffizienz 4 1.2.1 Medikamentöse Behandlung 5 1.2.1.1 ACE-Hemmer und AT1-Antagonisten 5 1.2.1.2 Betablocker 5 1.2.1.3 Ivabradin 6 1.3 Wirkungen des vegetativen Nervensystems am Herzen 7 1.3.1 Physiologie der kardialen β-adrenergen Signalkaskade 7 1.3.2 Kompartimentierung in Kardiomyozyten 8 1.4 Physiologie der Phosphodiesterasen 9 1.4.1 Cyclisches Guanosinmonophosphat 9 1.4.2 Die Subtypen der Phosphodiesterasen 10 1.4.3 Die Interaktion von cGMP und cAMP 14 1.4.4 Die PDE2 in der Herzinsuffizienz 16 1.5 Vordaten 17 1.5.1 Überexpression von PDE2 im Mausmodell 17 1.6 Ziele dieser Arbeit 18 2 Material und Methoden 20 2.1 Herkunft und Gewinnung der Wildtyp- und transgenen Mäuse 20 2.1.1 Tierhaltung und Tötung 20 2.1.2 Genotypisierung der Mäuse 20 2.2 Echokardiographie zur Messung der kardiologischen Parameter 21 2.3 Einbau der telemetrischen Transmitter 24 2.4 Aufzeichnung des EKG 25 2.5 Einbau der osmotischen Minipumpen 25 2.6 Herzentnahme bei Mäusen 26 2.7 Proteinchemische Methode 26 2.7.1 Aufschluss des Herzgewebes zur proteinchemischen Analyse 26 2.7.2 Proteinbestimmung nach Bradford 27 2.7.3 SDS-PAGE 28 2.7.4 Transfer der Proteine auf Membranen (Westernblot) 29 2.7.5 Auftragen der Antikörper auf die Membranen 30 2.7.6 Aufnahmen 32 2.8 Statistische Auswertungen 32 3 Ergebnisse 33 3.1 Charakterisierung der Herzfunktion bei PDE2-Überexpression mittels EKG 33 3.1.1 Zirkadiane Messung der Herzfrequenz und Aktivität 33 3.1.2 Herzfrequenzvariabilität 35 3.1.3 Autonome Herzfunktion unter Ivabradin 36 3.1.4 Arrhythmieprovokation mit Isoproterenol 37 3.2 Die Rolle von PDE2 im Angiotensin II- induzierten kardialen Remodeling 41 3.2.1 Grundcharakterisierung der Herzfunktion bei niedriger PDE2- Überexpression mittels Echokardiographie 41 3.2.2 Auswirkung erhöhter PDE2-Spiegel nach chronischer Angiotensin II Applikation 43 3.3 Auswertung der Western Blots der PDE2A3-4808 Mäuse 49 4 Diskussion 54 4.1 Phosphodiesterase 2 reguliert die Herzfrequenz 54 4.2 Phosphodiesterase 2 schützt vor ventrikulären Arrhythmien 55 4.3 Phosphodiesterase 2 im kardialen Remodeling 56 4.4 Limitation der Überexpression durch zelluläre Kompartimentierung 58 4.5 Diskussion der Methodik und Bewertung der Ergebnisse 58 4.6 Ausblick: PDE2 als Downstream Target für Beta-Adrenorezeptor-Blockade? 59 5 Zusammenfassung/ Summary 61 5.1 Zusammenfassung 61 5.2 Summary 63 6 Anhang 66 6.1 Puffer 70 7 Literaturverzeichnis 72
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A Fast Numerical Method for Large-Scale Modeling of Cardiac Tissue and Linear Perturbation Theory for the Study and Control of Cardiac Spiral Wave Breakup

Allexandre, Didier 01 September 2004 (has links)
No description available.
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Detekce fibrilace síní v krátkodobých EKG záznamech / Detection of atrial fibrillation in short-term ECG

Ambrožová, Monika January 2019 (has links)
Atrial fibrillation is diagnosed in 1-2% of the population, in next decades, it expects a significant increase in the number of patients with this arrhythmia in connection with the aging of the population and the higher incidence of some diseases that are considered as risk factors of atrial fibrillation. The aim of this work is to describe the problem of atrial fibrillation and the methods that allow its detection in the ECG record. In the first part of work there is a theory dealing with cardiac physiology and atrial fibrillation. There is also basic descreption of the detection of atrial fibrillation. In the practical part of work, there is described software for detection of atrial fibrillation, which is provided by BTL company. Furthermore, an atrial fibrillation detector is designed. Several parameters were selected to detect the variation of RR intervals. These are the parameters of the standard deviation, coefficient of skewness and kurtosis, coefficient of variation, root mean square of the successive differences, normalized absolute deviation, normalized absolute difference, median absolute deviation and entropy. Three different classification models were used: support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbor (KNN) and discriminant analysis classification. The SVM classification model achieves the best results. Results of success indicators (sensitivity: 67.1%; specificity: 97.0%; F-measure: 66.8%; accuracy: 92.9%).
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Model fibrilace síní / Atrial fibrillation model

Ředina, Richard January 2021 (has links)
The aim of this master thesis is to create a 3D electroanatomical model of a heart atria, which would be able to perform atrial fibrillation. To control the model, the differential equations of the FitzHugh-Nagumo model were chosen. These equations describe the change of voltage on the cell membrane. The equations have established parameters. The modification of them leads to changes in the behavior of the model. The simulations were performed in the COMSOL Multiphysics environment. In the first step, the simulations were performed on 2D models. Simulations of healthy heart, atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation were created. The acquired knowledge served as a basis for the creation of a 3D model on which atrial fibrillation was simulated on the basis of ectopic activity and reentry mechanism. Convincing results were obtained in accordance with the used literature. The advantages of computational modeling are its availability, zero ethical burden and the ability to simulate even rarer arrhythmias. The disadvantage of the procedure is the need to compromise between accuracy and computational complexity of simulations.
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Eine computermodellgestützte Analyse der elektrophysiologischen Effekte von Gap-Junction-Lateralisierung und zellulärer Hypertrophie in kardialem Gewebe

Seidel, Thomas 01 November 2011 (has links)
Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit Entstehungsmechanismen kardialer Arrhythmien auf der Grundlage pathologisch veränderten Myokards. Es wurde eine systematische Analyse der elektrophysiologischen Veränderungen, die als Folge von Gap-Junction- Lateralisierung und zellulärer Hypertrophie auftreten, durchgeführt. Die Analyse beruht auf einem mathematischen Computermodell, das zur Simulation der Aktionspotentialausbreitung innerhalb einer Einzelzellschicht humaner ventrikulärer Kardiomyozyten entwickelt wurde. Ausgehend von bestehenden Einzelzellmodellen wurde ein räumlich und zeitlich hoch aufgelöstes Multizellmodell generiert und in der Programmiersprache Object Pascal implementiert. Nach Validierung des Modells wurde es zur gezielten, an experimentellen Daten orientierten Manipulation geometrischer Eigenschaften der Zellen (Länge, Durchmesser) und des Zellverbandes (Anordnung der Zellen untereinander) sowie der Gap-Junction-Verteilung genutzt. Die Analyse der elektrophysiologischen Effekte im Vergleich zur Kontrolle fand sowohl unter Normalbedingungen als auch unter Bedingungen, die pathologischen Veränderungen entsprechen (Entkopplung der Gap-Junctions, verringerte Aktivität des schnellen Natriumkanals, erhöhte Inhomogenität), statt. Es zeigte sich, dass ein größerer Zelldurchmesser bzw. erhöhte laterale Gap-Junction-Leitfähigkeit (Simulation von kardialer Hypertrophie bzw. Connexin- Lateralisierung) die Entstehungswahrscheinlichkeit eines unidirektionalen Leitungsblocks erhöhte. Die Erregungsausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit in hypertrophierten Zellen war zudem weniger stabil als in normalen Zellen. Beide Effekte gehören zu den Hauptursachen der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung ventrikulärer Arrhythmien. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit erklären somit Ursachen des erhöhten Arrhythmierisikos in pathologisch veränderten und hypertrophierten Herzen und liefern eine theoretische Grundlage für zukünftige Studien.

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