Beta-talassemia é uma das doenças genéticas mais comuns no mundo, com graus variados de anemia crônica, tratados por transfusões sanguíneas rotineiras nos casos mais graves. A sobrecarga de ferro acentuada a que esses pacientes são submetidos é a principal responsável pela morbimortalidade, sendo o acúmulo de ferro no miocárdio e a doença cardíaca disso decorrente, a principal causa de morte nessa população. A ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) é ferramenta central no acompanhamento desses pacientes, utilizando-se da técnica T2*, capaz de determinar a presença e grau da deposição de ferro no miocárdio, modificando o tratamento da terapia quelante de ferro (TQF). Além disso, outros parâmetros volumétricos e funcionais obtidos no exame de RMC podem estar alterados nesses pacientes. Até a atualidade, inexistem estudos nacionais descrevendo uma população de pacientes beta-talassêmicos pelos parâmetros da RMC. Objetivos: 1. Caracterizar a partir dos diversos parâmetros dos exames de RMC, a população dos pacientes talassêmicos acompanhados no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. 2. Avaliar o impacto dos diversos parâmetros da RMC com informações clinicas como mudança terapêutica, ocorrência de insuficiência cardíaca e óbito. Métodos: foram avaliados 44 pacientes com diagnóstico de beta-talassemia em seguimento no serviço de hematologia, para os quais foram solicitados exames de RMC na rotina clínica. Os exames incluíram sequências cine SSFP (steady state free precession) nos diversos planos cardíacos, incluindo uma sequência do eixo curto de ambos os ventrículos, esta utilizada para as medidas de volumes e função ventriculares. A sequência T2* utilizada foi gradiente eco com pré-pulso de saturação do sangue, com aquisição de 9 ecos consecutivos em apenas uma apneia. Sequência semelhante foi obtida para cálculo do T2* hepático. Foi feita revisão dos prontuários dos pacientes para avaliação dos dados clínicos. Resultados: 44 pacientes foram avaliados (25 do sexo masculino 56,8 %), com idade de 23,1±10,3 anos e diagnóstico de beta-talassemia maior em 30 casos (68,2 %) e talassemia intermedia em 14 casos (31,8 %). Foram descritos os volumes, massa e função para ambos os ventrículos, bem como a distribuição da medida do T2* miocárdico. Não foram observadas diferenças desses parâmetros entre os diferentes grupos de impregnação miocárdica pelo T2*. O seguimento médio do estudo foi de 4,0 (±1,1) anos com 4,7 (±1,6) exames por paciente. Foram identificados cinco pacientes com doença cardíaca e dois óbitos. Esses pacientes apresentaram redução significativa do T2* miocárdico, da fração de ejeção do ventrículo direito (VD), massa ventricular direita e esquerda e do volume sistólico final do VD, quando comparados aos indivíduos sem acometimento cardíaco reportado. Conclusão: Caracterizou-se a população de pacientes beta-talassêmicos acompanhados nesta instituição, em relação aos diversos parâmetros da RMC, salientando-se o impacto da introdução do método na mudança terapêutica. A medida do T2* miocárdico está correlacionada ao desenvolvimento de cardiopatia e pior evolução clínica, incluindo óbito. Acometimento do VD pode ser indicador precoce da impregnação miocárdica. / Beta-thalassemia is one of the most common genetic disorders worldwide, with different degrees of chronic anemia, treated with routine blood transfusions in severe cases. Morbidity and mortality is mainly related to the chronic iron overload and iron burden these patients endure. Myocardial iron overload and the development of cardiac disease remain the main cause of death for this population. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) plays a central role in patient management, utilizing T2* sequences, which allows for detection and quantification of myocardial iron deposits, thus prompting changes in iron chelation therapy (ICT). Besides, there are other significant CMR volumetric and functional parameters to present abnormalities in these patients. To the present date, no national data has been published, describing a beta-thalassemia patient population from the standpoint of CMR parameters. Objectives: 1. To characterize, from the different CMR parameters, the beta-thalassemia patient population followed at a Brazilian tertiary hospital. 2. To evaluate the impact of these different CMR parameters, in relation to clinical data, such as therapeutic change, cardiac disease and death. Methods: 44 beta-thalassemia patients followed by the hematology service of this institution were evaluated, to whom CMR exams were performed in routine clinical practice. CMR exams included SSFP (steady state free precession) cine images through the different cardiac planes, including a short axis stack through both ventricles, used to calculate ventricular volumes and function. A gradient echo sequence with a dark blood pre-pulse saturation was used to calculate myocardial T2* values, with 9 consecutive echo times acquisition in one breath hold. A similar sequence was used to determine liver T2* values. Medical records were reviewed for clinical data. Results: 44 patients were evaluated (25 males, 56.8 %), with a mean age of 23,1 (±10,3) years, and diagnosis of betathalassemia major in 30 patients (68,2 %) and beta-thalassemia intermedia in 14 (31,8 %). Ventricular volumes, mass and function were described, as well as myocardial T2* distribution. There were no statistical difference observed among the different CMR parameters and the myocardial T2* degrees. Mean follow up was 4,0 (±1,1) years, with 4,7 (±1,6) exams per patient. Five patients with cardiac disease were identified with two deaths during observation. These patients showed a significantly reduced myocardial T2* and RVEF, and an elevated ventricular mass, for both ventricles, and final systolic right ventricular volume, when compared to patients without cardiac disease. Conclusion: A betathalassemia patient population was characterized through the different CMR parameters, highlighting the impact of CMR introduction to treatment decision. Myocardial T2* is related to cardiac disease development, clinical worsening and death. Right ventricular functional worsening could be an early sign of myocardial iron involvement.

Accurate segmentation of the ventricles and myocardium on Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) images is crucial to assess the functioning of the heart or to diagnose patients suffering from myocardial infarction. However, the domain shift existing between the multiple sequences of CMR data prevents a deep learning model trained on a specific contrast to be used on a different sequence. Domain adaptation can address this issue by alleviating the domain shift between different CMR contrasts, such as Balanced Steady-State Free Precession (bSSFP) and Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE) sequences. The aim of the degree project “Domain Adaptation for Multi-Contrast Image Segmentation in Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging” is to apply domain adaptation to perform unsupervised segmentation of cardiac structures on LGE sequences. A style-transfer model based on generative adversarial networks is trained to achieve modality-to-modality translation between LGE and bSSFP contrasts. Then, a supervised segmentation model is developed to segment the myocardium, left and right ventricles on bSSFP data. Final segmentation is performed on synthetic bSSFP obtained by translating LGE images. Our method shows a significant increase in Dice score compared to direct segmentation of LGE data. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that using domain adaptation based on information from complementary CMR sequences is a successful approach to unsupervised segmentation of Late Gadolinium Enhancement images.

No description available.

Introdução: O miocárdio não-compactado é uma doença genética rara de fisiopatologia desconhecida e controversa. Vários fatores têm sido implicados na fisiopatologia, como a disfunção da microcirculação, a perda da torção ventricular, distúrbios mitocondriais e mutações. A alteração do metabolismo cardíaco ocorre precocemente a disfunção diastólica e sistólica, reforçando a relevância desse estudo na análise combinada de tomografia de emissão de pósitron (PET) com 18F-Fluor-2-desoxiglicose e cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica com 99mTc-sestamibi pela tomografia por emissão de fóton simples (SPECT) e suas implicações clínicas. Métodos: Trinta pacientes com miocárdio não-compactado (41 ± 12 anos, 53% do sexo masculino), diagnosticados pelos critérios da ressonância magnética cardíaca, e 8 indivíduos saudáveis (42 ± 12 anos, 50% do sexo masculino) foram recrutados prospectivamente para serem submetidos a análise de perfusão miocárdica pelo SPECT e da captação miocárdica de glicose marcada pela PET. Resultados: Os pacientes apresentaram valores de captação de glicose miocárdica (CMG) menor que os controles (36.9 +- 8.8 vs. 44.6 +- 5.4 umol/min/100g, respectivamente, P = 0.02). Analisando a captação nos 17 segmentos de ambos os grupos, a CGM foi significativamente reduzida em 8 segmentos dos pacientes (P < 0,05). A diferença da média da captação miocárdica de glicose de todos os segmentos do grupo controle em relação a média dos segmentos compactados dos pacientes foi de 8,3 ?mol/min/100g (p < 0,001). Déficit de perfusão foi demonstrado em 15 (50%) dos pacientes, correspondendo a 45 segmentos do ventrículo esquerdo, destes 64,4% com padrão match e 35,6% com padrão mismatch pela análise de perfusão e metabolismo cardíaco. Nas análises univariada e multivariada foram observadas que o betabloqueador aumenta a CMG (coeficiente beta = 10.1, P = 0.008), como também ocorre um aumento gradual da CMG naqueles com doses mais elevadas (P para tendência linear = 0.01). Conclusão: A redução da captação miocárdica de glicose suporta a hipótese de que um mecanismo metabólico celular possa ter um papel na fisiopatologia do miocárdio não compactado. O betabloqueador demonstrou um efeito incremental dosedependente na captação miocárdica de glicose nos pacientes com miocárdio não-compactado, essa modulação do substrato cardíaco necessita de mais estudos para comprovação do benefício clínico nessa população / Background: Noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCC) is a rare genetic disease with unknown and controversial pathophysiology. Several factors have been implicated such as microvascular dysfunction, loss of ventricular torsion, mitochondrial disorders, and genetic mutations. The change in cardiac metabolism occurs before the diastolic and systolic dysfunction, reinforcing the relevance of this study by the combined analysis of positron emission tomography with 18F-Fluor-2-deoxyglucose (PET) and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with 99mTc-sestamibi by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and their clinical implications. Methods: Thirty patients (41 ± 12 years, 53% male) with NCC, diagnosed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance criteria, and 8 age-matched healthy controls (42 ± 12 years, 50% male) were prospectively recruited to undergo FDG-PET with measurement of the myocardial glucose uptake rate (MGU) and SPECT in order to investigate perfusion-metabolism patterns. Result: Patients with LVNC had lower global MGU compared with that in controls (36.9 +- 8.8 vs. 44.6 +- 5.4 +-mol/min/100g, respectively, P = 0.02). Of 17 LV segments, MGU levels were significantly reduced in 8, and also a reduction was observed when compacted segments from LVNC were compared with the segments from control subjects (P < 0,05). The difference in mean myocardial glucose uptake of all segments of the control group compared to the mean of the compact segments of the patients was 8.3 ?mol/min/100g (p < 0,001). Perfusion defects were also found in 15 (50%) patients (45 LV segments: 64.4% match, and 35.6% mismatch perfusionmetabolism pattern). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that betablocker therapy was associated with increased MGU (beta coefficient=10.1, P = 0.008). Moreover, a gradual increase occurred in MGU across the beta-blocker dose groups (P for trend = 0.01). Conclusions: The reduction of MGU documented by FDG-PET in LVNC supports the hypothesis that a cellular metabolic pathway may play a role in the pathophysiology of LVNC. Betablocker demonstrated an incremental dose-dependent effect on myocardial glucose uptake in patients with NCC. The beneficial effect of beta-blocker mediating myocardial metabolism in the clinical course of LVNC requires further investigation

Cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can non-invasively assess heart function. Displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) is an advanced cardiac MR imaging technique that measures tissue displacement and can be used to quantify cardiac mechanics (e.g. strain and torsion). When combined with clinical risk factors, cardiac mechanics have been shown to be better predictors of mortality than traditional measures of heart function. End-expiratory breath-holds are typically used to minimize respiratory motion artifacts. Unfortunately, requiring subjects to breath-hold introduces limitations with the duration of image acquisition and quality of data acquired, especially in patients with limited ability to hold their breath. Thus, DENSE acquisitions often require respiratory navigator gating, which works by measuring the diaphragm during normal breathing and only acquiring data when the diaphragm is within a pre-defined acceptance window. Unfortunately, navigator gating results in long scan durations due to inconsistent breathing patterns. Also, the navigator echo can be used in different ways to accept or reject image data, which creates several navigator configuration options. Each respiratory navigator configuration has distinct advantages and disadvantages that directly affect scan duration and image quality, which can affect derived cardiac mechanics. Scan duration and image quality need to be optimized to improve the clinical utility of DENSE. Thus, the goal of this project was to optimize those parameters. To accomplish this goal, we set out to complete 3 aims: 1) understand how respiratory gating affects the reproducibility of measures of cardiac mechanics, 2) determine the optimal respiratory navigator configuration, and 3) reduce scan duration by developing and using an interactive videogame to optimize navigator efficiency. Aim 1 of this project demonstrated that the variability in torsion, but not strain, could be significantly reduced through the use of a respiratory navigator compared to traditional breath-holds. Aim 2 demonstrated that, among the configuration options, the dual-navigator configuration resulted in the best image quality compared to the reference standard (traditional breath-holds), but also resulted in the longest scan duration. In Aim 3, we developed an interactive breathing-controlled videogame and demonstrated that its use during cardiac MR can significantly reduce scan duration compared to traditional free-breathing and also led to a small improvement in signal-to-noise ratio of the acquired images. In summary, respiratory navigator gating with DENSE 1) reduces the variability in measured LV torsion, 2) results in the best image quality with the dual-navigator configuration, and 3) results in significantly shorter scan durations through the use of an interactive videogame. Selecting the optimal navigator configuration and using an interactive videogame can improve the clinical utility of DENSE.

Introdução: O miocárdio não-compactado é uma doença genética rara de fisiopatologia desconhecida e controversa. Vários fatores têm sido implicados na fisiopatologia, como a disfunção da microcirculação, a perda da torção ventricular, distúrbios mitocondriais e mutações. A alteração do metabolismo cardíaco ocorre precocemente a disfunção diastólica e sistólica, reforçando a relevância desse estudo na análise combinada de tomografia de emissão de pósitron (PET) com 18F-Fluor-2-desoxiglicose e cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica com 99mTc-sestamibi pela tomografia por emissão de fóton simples (SPECT) e suas implicações clínicas. Métodos: Trinta pacientes com miocárdio não-compactado (41 ± 12 anos, 53% do sexo masculino), diagnosticados pelos critérios da ressonância magnética cardíaca, e 8 indivíduos saudáveis (42 ± 12 anos, 50% do sexo masculino) foram recrutados prospectivamente para serem submetidos a análise de perfusão miocárdica pelo SPECT e da captação miocárdica de glicose marcada pela PET. Resultados: Os pacientes apresentaram valores de captação de glicose miocárdica (CMG) menor que os controles (36.9 +- 8.8 vs. 44.6 +- 5.4 umol/min/100g, respectivamente, P = 0.02). Analisando a captação nos 17 segmentos de ambos os grupos, a CGM foi significativamente reduzida em 8 segmentos dos pacientes (P < 0,05). A diferença da média da captação miocárdica de glicose de todos os segmentos do grupo controle em relação a média dos segmentos compactados dos pacientes foi de 8,3 ?mol/min/100g (p < 0,001). Déficit de perfusão foi demonstrado em 15 (50%) dos pacientes, correspondendo a 45 segmentos do ventrículo esquerdo, destes 64,4% com padrão match e 35,6% com padrão mismatch pela análise de perfusão e metabolismo cardíaco. Nas análises univariada e multivariada foram observadas que o betabloqueador aumenta a CMG (coeficiente beta = 10.1, P = 0.008), como também ocorre um aumento gradual da CMG naqueles com doses mais elevadas (P para tendência linear = 0.01). Conclusão: A redução da captação miocárdica de glicose suporta a hipótese de que um mecanismo metabólico celular possa ter um papel na fisiopatologia do miocárdio não compactado. O betabloqueador demonstrou um efeito incremental dosedependente na captação miocárdica de glicose nos pacientes com miocárdio não-compactado, essa modulação do substrato cardíaco necessita de mais estudos para comprovação do benefício clínico nessa população / Background: Noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCC) is a rare genetic disease with unknown and controversial pathophysiology. Several factors have been implicated such as microvascular dysfunction, loss of ventricular torsion, mitochondrial disorders, and genetic mutations. The change in cardiac metabolism occurs before the diastolic and systolic dysfunction, reinforcing the relevance of this study by the combined analysis of positron emission tomography with 18F-Fluor-2-deoxyglucose (PET) and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with 99mTc-sestamibi by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and their clinical implications. Methods: Thirty patients (41 ± 12 years, 53% male) with NCC, diagnosed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance criteria, and 8 age-matched healthy controls (42 ± 12 years, 50% male) were prospectively recruited to undergo FDG-PET with measurement of the myocardial glucose uptake rate (MGU) and SPECT in order to investigate perfusion-metabolism patterns. Result: Patients with LVNC had lower global MGU compared with that in controls (36.9 +- 8.8 vs. 44.6 +- 5.4 +-mol/min/100g, respectively, P = 0.02). Of 17 LV segments, MGU levels were significantly reduced in 8, and also a reduction was observed when compacted segments from LVNC were compared with the segments from control subjects (P < 0,05). The difference in mean myocardial glucose uptake of all segments of the control group compared to the mean of the compact segments of the patients was 8.3 ?mol/min/100g (p < 0,001). Perfusion defects were also found in 15 (50%) patients (45 LV segments: 64.4% match, and 35.6% mismatch perfusionmetabolism pattern). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that betablocker therapy was associated with increased MGU (beta coefficient=10.1, P = 0.008). Moreover, a gradual increase occurred in MGU across the beta-blocker dose groups (P for trend = 0.01). Conclusions: The reduction of MGU documented by FDG-PET in LVNC supports the hypothesis that a cellular metabolic pathway may play a role in the pathophysiology of LVNC. Betablocker demonstrated an incremental dose-dependent effect on myocardial glucose uptake in patients with NCC. The beneficial effect of beta-blocker mediating myocardial metabolism in the clinical course of LVNC requires further investigation

L’ablation par radiofréquence percutanée est un des traitements des tachycardiesventriculaires (TV). Bien que salvateur chez certains patients avec myocardiopathie (MCP),les taux de succès rapportés varient de 53 à 67% dans les centres entrainés.Le but de ce travail est d’essayer de mieux comprendre le substrat des arythmiesventriculaires et d’en améliorer le traitement. Pour cela, nous avons étudié le substrat despatients adressés pour ablation de TV (sur MCP ischémique, sur MCP dilatée à coronairessaines avec cicatrices sous épicardiques, chez les patients avec assistance ventriculairegauche et chez un patient avec syndrome de Brugada). Nous avons également évalué etproposé des outils/attitudes thérapeutiques pour essayer d’améliorer le traitement des TV.Nous avons mis en évidence des particularités électrophysiologiques pour chacun de cessubstrats qui permettent d’optimiser et d’adapter la cartographie et l’ablation chez cespatients. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré l’intérêt : (1) de nouvelles technologies pouraméliorer l’efficacité de l’ablation ; (2) des approches épicardiques ou d’alcoolisation intracoronaire, chez certains patients sélectionnés, qui permettent d’éliminer le substrat et (3)de l’imagerie cardiaque pour mieux identifier le substrat et diminuer les risques perprocédure.La connaissance du substrat spécifique à chaque pathologie, une information sur laforce du contact entre le cathéter et le tissu, l’imagerie cardiaque (scanner et IRM), uneapproche épicardique chez certains patients et l’homogénéisation de la cicatricemyocardique permettent d’être plus efficace lors de l’ablation des TV. / Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation is a recognized treatment for ventricular tachycardia(VT) in patients with structural heart disease. Even if it can be life saving, success rateremains around 53 to 67%.We aimed to better characterized VT substrate in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy(CMP), non ischemic CMP with subepicardial scar, left ventricular assist device and Brugadasyndrome. We also evaluate the efficacy of new technologies (such as contact force), specificapproaches (epicardial access, intra coronary alcohol ablation), systematic use of cardiacimaging and new end-points for VT ablation.We demonstrated that each substrate had specific electrophysiological properties that helpoptimizing the mapping and the ablation in these patients. We also showed the interest of(1) new technologies to improve RF lesion formation; (2) specific approaches in selectedpatients to eradicate the VT substrate; and (3) cardiac imaging to help identifying thesubstrate and preventing complications. Finally using local abnormal ventricular potentialelimination as an end-point for VT ablation is feasible and associated with lower mortalityduring follow-up when achieved.Knowledge of substrate specificities, use of contact force, cardiac imaging, epicardial accessin selected patients and scar homogenization improve VT ablation efficacy and/or safety.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the incremental prognostic value of infarct size, microvascular obstruction (MO), myocardial salvage index (MSI), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LV-EFCMR) assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) in comparison to traditional outcome markers in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) reperfused by primary percutaneous intervention (PCI). Methods: STEMI patients reperfused by primary PCI (n = 278) within 12 hours after symptom onset underwent CMR three days after the index event (interquartile range [IQR] two to four). Infarct size and MO were measured 15 minutes after gadolinium injection. T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced CMR were used to calculate MSI. In addition, traditional outcome markers such as ST-segment resolution, pre- and post-PCI Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI)-flow, maximum level of creatine kinase-MB, TIMI-risk score, and left ventricular ejection fraction assessed by echocardiography were determined in all patients. Clinical follow-up was conducted after 19 months (IQR 10 to 27). The primary endpoint was defined as a composite of death, myocardial reinfarction, and congestive heart failure (MACE). Results: In multivariable Cox regression analysis, adjusting for all traditional outcome parameters significantly associated with the primary endpoint in univariable analysis, MSI was identified as an independent predictor for the occurrence of MACE (Hazard ratio 0.94, 95% CI 0.92 to 0.96, P <0.001). Further, C-statistics comparing a model including only traditional outcome markers to a model including CMR parameters on top of traditional outcome markers revealed an incremental prognostic value of CMR parameters (0.74 versus 0.94, P <0.001). Conclusions: CMR parameters such as infarct size, MO, MSI, and LV-EFCMR add incremental prognostic value above traditional outcome markers alone in acute reperfused STEMI.

Introdução: O miocárdio não compactado (MNC) é uma cardiomiopatia rara, cujas principais manifestações clínicas são insuficiência cardíaca, embolias e arritmias. A evolução desses pacientes é pouco conhecida. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo é analisar o seguimento tardio de pacientes com MNC isolado ou associado a outras doenças, adultos e crianças com a doença, e de seus familiares, que foram acompanhados em hospital universitário de cardiologia, bem como avaliar os desfechos clínicos e de exames de imagem em cardiologia nesses pacientes. Métodos: Pacientes com diagnóstico de MNC confirmado por critérios ecocardiográficos e/ou ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) foram selecionados. Durante seu acompanhamento, foram convocados familiares de primeiro, segundo e terceiro graus para rastreamento da doença. Foram avaliados os seguintes desfechos: óbito, transplante cardíaco, eventos embólicos como acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isquêmico, tromboembolismo pulmonar, embolia arterial periférica, internações hospitalares por insuficiência cardíaca (IC), ocorrência arritmias ventriculares complexas, e índices de exame de imagem como eletrocardiograma, Holter 24 horas, ecocardiograma transtorácico e RMC, que poderiam apresentar valor prognóstico nesses pacientes. Crianças (idade inferior a 12 anos) foram analisadas separadamente. Resultados: Foram acompanhados 215 pacientes com MNC, idade de 36,96 + 17,6 anos, 108 (50,2%) homens, que foram seguidos por 5,9 + 4,47 anos. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos: 193 com MNC isolado (Grupo 1) e 22 com MNC misto (associado a doenças genéticas, congênitas, doença de Chagas, coronariopatia, cardiomiopatia hipertrófica e miocardite de células gigantes; Grupo 2). A palpitação foi o sintoma clínico mais frequente, estando presente em 42,8% deles. A sobrevida foi menor nos pacientes do Grupo 2, nos que apresentaram FE do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) menor que 50% (p= 0,004), naqueles com aumento dos diâmetro e volume diastólicos finais do VE (p=0,018 e 0,017, respectivamente), com aumento do diâmetro do átrio esquerdo (p < 0,001), com disfunção diastólica do VE (p= 0,049), com disfunção sistólica do ventrículo direito (p= 0,003), nos que apresentaram internações hospitalares (p < 0,001), nos com eventos embólicos (p= 0,022), com arritmias ventriculares complexas (p= 0,010), com hipertensão arterial pulmonar pelo ecocardiograma (p < 0,001) . A ocorrência de FA foi estatisticamente significativa entre os pacientes com disfunção sistólica do VE (p= 0,0485) e todos os que apresentaram FA, tinham FEVE inferior a 40% (p= 0,048). Vinte e três pacientes eram crianças, seguidos por 4,41 ± 4,91 anos, idade média de 5,52 ± 3,62 anos, 12 (52,2%) do sexo masculino. A proporção de óbitos ou transplante cardíaco foi 3 vezes maior do que na população adulta (34,8%) e a IC foi o resultado mais comum. As arritmias cardíacas foram raras e os eventos embólicos não foram encontrados neste grupo. O rastreio familiar diagnosticou MNC em 36,7% dos pacientes. Na análise multivariada, a precocidade dos sintomas e a ocorrência de acidente vascular cerebral ou acidente isquêmico transitório foram os fatores mais importantes no prognóstico dos pacientes e capazes de predizer sobrevida (p < 0,001 e p= 0,008, respectivamente). Conclusão: O seguimento clínico e por métodos de imagens cardíacas por longo período de pacientes com MNC permite traçar um perfil dessa população e estimar o risco de complicações, reforçando a necessidade de diagnóstico e tratamento precoces. Em crianças, o MNC geralmente evolui de forma mais agressiva, com maior morbi-mortalidade. O rastreamento familiar consiste em uma ferramenta muito importante nesse contexto, permitindo a identificação de pacientes na fase subclínica da doença / Background: Non-compaction cardiomyopathy (NCC) is a rare disease, which main clinical manifestations are heart failure, arrhythmias and embolic events. The evolution of these patients is poorly known. Thus, the aims of this study was to analyze the late follow-up of patients with isolated NCC or associated with other diseases, adult and children with the disease and their relatives, which were followed at a university cardiology hospital, and to evaluate the clinical and the cardiology imaging outcomes in these patients. Methods: Patients with NCC confirmed by echocardiographic (echo) and / or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) criteria were selected. During their follow-up, their first, second and third degree relatives were recruited to perform screening of the disease using echo. The following variables were included: death, cardiac transplantation, embolic events such as stroke, pulmonary embolism, peripheral arterial embolism, hospital admissions for heart failure, complex ventricular arrhythmias, and imaging indexes of imaging exams such as electrocardiogram, Holter 24 hours, echocardiogram and CMRI, which could have prognostic value in these patients. Children (under 12 years old) were analyzed separately. Results: Two hundred and fifteen patients with NCC were followed for 5.9 ± 4.47 years, mean age of 36,96 ±17,6 years, 108 (50.2%) males. Patients were divided into 2 groups: 193 with isolated NCC (Group 1) and 22 with mixed NCC (associated with genetic and congenital diseases, Chagas disease, coronary disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and giant cell myocarditis; Group 2). Palpitation was the most frequent clinical symptom, present in 42,8% of them. The survival rate was lower in Group 2 patients (p < 0.05), left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) less than 50% (p= 0.004), increased LV end-diastolic diameter and volume by echo (p= 0.018 and 0.017, respectively), with LV diastolic dysfunction (p= 0.049), with increased left atrium dimensions (p < 0,001), with right ventricular systolic dysfunction (p= 0.003), hospital admissions (p < 0.001), embolic events (p= 0.022), complex ventricular arrhythmias (p = 0.010) and pulmonary hypertension by echo (p < 0.001). All patients with isolated NCC and AF presented LVEF less than 0.40, and between patients without AF, only 41.7% presented LVEF less than 0.40 (p = 0.048). Twenty-three patients was children, followed for 4.41 ± 4.91 years, mean age of 5.52 ± 3.62 years, 12 (52.2%) males. The proportion of deaths or cardiac transplantation was 3 times higher than in the adult population (34,8%) and heart failure was the most common outcome. Cardiac arrhythmias were rare, and the embolic events were not found in this group. The familiar screening diagnosed NCC in 36.7% of the patients. In the multivariate analysis, the precocity of the symptoms and the occurrence of stroke or transient ischemic attack were the most important factors in the prognosis of this patients and it is able to predict survival (p < 0.001 and p= 0.008, respectively). Conclusion: The clinical and cardiac imaging methods allows us to draw a profile of this population and to estimate the risk of complications, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and treatment. In children, NCC used to develop more severe disease. Family screening is a very important tool, allowing the identification of patients with subclinical stage of the disease

Introdução: O miocárdio não compactado (MNC) é uma cardiomiopatia rara, cujas principais manifestações clínicas são insuficiência cardíaca, embolias e arritmias. A evolução desses pacientes é pouco conhecida. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo é analisar o seguimento tardio de pacientes com MNC isolado ou associado a outras doenças, adultos e crianças com a doença, e de seus familiares, que foram acompanhados em hospital universitário de cardiologia, bem como avaliar os desfechos clínicos e de exames de imagem em cardiologia nesses pacientes. Métodos: Pacientes com diagnóstico de MNC confirmado por critérios ecocardiográficos e/ou ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC) foram selecionados. Durante seu acompanhamento, foram convocados familiares de primeiro, segundo e terceiro graus para rastreamento da doença. Foram avaliados os seguintes desfechos: óbito, transplante cardíaco, eventos embólicos como acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isquêmico, tromboembolismo pulmonar, embolia arterial periférica, internações hospitalares por insuficiência cardíaca (IC), ocorrência arritmias ventriculares complexas, e índices de exame de imagem como eletrocardiograma, Holter 24 horas, ecocardiograma transtorácico e RMC, que poderiam apresentar valor prognóstico nesses pacientes. Crianças (idade inferior a 12 anos) foram analisadas separadamente. Resultados: Foram acompanhados 215 pacientes com MNC, idade de 36,96 + 17,6 anos, 108 (50,2%) homens, que foram seguidos por 5,9 + 4,47 anos. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos: 193 com MNC isolado (Grupo 1) e 22 com MNC misto (associado a doenças genéticas, congênitas, doença de Chagas, coronariopatia, cardiomiopatia hipertrófica e miocardite de células gigantes; Grupo 2). A palpitação foi o sintoma clínico mais frequente, estando presente em 42,8% deles. A sobrevida foi menor nos pacientes do Grupo 2, nos que apresentaram FE do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) menor que 50% (p= 0,004), naqueles com aumento dos diâmetro e volume diastólicos finais do VE (p=0,018 e 0,017, respectivamente), com aumento do diâmetro do átrio esquerdo (p < 0,001), com disfunção diastólica do VE (p= 0,049), com disfunção sistólica do ventrículo direito (p= 0,003), nos que apresentaram internações hospitalares (p < 0,001), nos com eventos embólicos (p= 0,022), com arritmias ventriculares complexas (p= 0,010), com hipertensão arterial pulmonar pelo ecocardiograma (p < 0,001) . A ocorrência de FA foi estatisticamente significativa entre os pacientes com disfunção sistólica do VE (p= 0,0485) e todos os que apresentaram FA, tinham FEVE inferior a 40% (p= 0,048). Vinte e três pacientes eram crianças, seguidos por 4,41 ± 4,91 anos, idade média de 5,52 ± 3,62 anos, 12 (52,2%) do sexo masculino. A proporção de óbitos ou transplante cardíaco foi 3 vezes maior do que na população adulta (34,8%) e a IC foi o resultado mais comum. As arritmias cardíacas foram raras e os eventos embólicos não foram encontrados neste grupo. O rastreio familiar diagnosticou MNC em 36,7% dos pacientes. Na análise multivariada, a precocidade dos sintomas e a ocorrência de acidente vascular cerebral ou acidente isquêmico transitório foram os fatores mais importantes no prognóstico dos pacientes e capazes de predizer sobrevida (p < 0,001 e p= 0,008, respectivamente). Conclusão: O seguimento clínico e por métodos de imagens cardíacas por longo período de pacientes com MNC permite traçar um perfil dessa população e estimar o risco de complicações, reforçando a necessidade de diagnóstico e tratamento precoces. Em crianças, o MNC geralmente evolui de forma mais agressiva, com maior morbi-mortalidade. O rastreamento familiar consiste em uma ferramenta muito importante nesse contexto, permitindo a identificação de pacientes na fase subclínica da doença / Background: Non-compaction cardiomyopathy (NCC) is a rare disease, which main clinical manifestations are heart failure, arrhythmias and embolic events. The evolution of these patients is poorly known. Thus, the aims of this study was to analyze the late follow-up of patients with isolated NCC or associated with other diseases, adult and children with the disease and their relatives, which were followed at a university cardiology hospital, and to evaluate the clinical and the cardiology imaging outcomes in these patients. Methods: Patients with NCC confirmed by echocardiographic (echo) and / or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) criteria were selected. During their follow-up, their first, second and third degree relatives were recruited to perform screening of the disease using echo. The following variables were included: death, cardiac transplantation, embolic events such as stroke, pulmonary embolism, peripheral arterial embolism, hospital admissions for heart failure, complex ventricular arrhythmias, and imaging indexes of imaging exams such as electrocardiogram, Holter 24 hours, echocardiogram and CMRI, which could have prognostic value in these patients. Children (under 12 years old) were analyzed separately. Results: Two hundred and fifteen patients with NCC were followed for 5.9 ± 4.47 years, mean age of 36,96 ±17,6 years, 108 (50.2%) males. Patients were divided into 2 groups: 193 with isolated NCC (Group 1) and 22 with mixed NCC (associated with genetic and congenital diseases, Chagas disease, coronary disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and giant cell myocarditis; Group 2). Palpitation was the most frequent clinical symptom, present in 42,8% of them. The survival rate was lower in Group 2 patients (p < 0.05), left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) less than 50% (p= 0.004), increased LV end-diastolic diameter and volume by echo (p= 0.018 and 0.017, respectively), with LV diastolic dysfunction (p= 0.049), with increased left atrium dimensions (p < 0,001), with right ventricular systolic dysfunction (p= 0.003), hospital admissions (p < 0.001), embolic events (p= 0.022), complex ventricular arrhythmias (p = 0.010) and pulmonary hypertension by echo (p < 0.001). All patients with isolated NCC and AF presented LVEF less than 0.40, and between patients without AF, only 41.7% presented LVEF less than 0.40 (p = 0.048). Twenty-three patients was children, followed for 4.41 ± 4.91 years, mean age of 5.52 ± 3.62 years, 12 (52.2%) males. The proportion of deaths or cardiac transplantation was 3 times higher than in the adult population (34,8%) and heart failure was the most common outcome. Cardiac arrhythmias were rare, and the embolic events were not found in this group. The familiar screening diagnosed NCC in 36.7% of the patients. In the multivariate analysis, the precocity of the symptoms and the occurrence of stroke or transient ischemic attack were the most important factors in the prognosis of this patients and it is able to predict survival (p < 0.001 and p= 0.008, respectively). Conclusion: The clinical and cardiac imaging methods allows us to draw a profile of this population and to estimate the risk of complications, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and treatment. In children, NCC used to develop more severe disease. Family screening is a very important tool, allowing the identification of patients with subclinical stage of the disease