Adherence to guideline-recommended secondary cardiovascular prevention therapy (statins and cardiac rehabilitation) has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of all-cause mortality (Statins RRR 0.25, 95% CI 0.19-0.30; Cardiac Rehabilitation RRR 0.26, 95% CI 0.14-0.36) and secondary events.1,2 Yet, ≥50% of patients discontinue statin use within 12-month after an initial prescription and completion of cardiac rehabilitation is ≤20% in Ontario.3,4 Low statin adherence and cardiac rehab completion limits patients from realizing the full benefits of therapy. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of adherence to statins for secondary prevention reported that nonadherence to statins was greater in non-white ethnicities compared to white ethnicities (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.04-1.59) with geographical variation in outcomes.5 In respect to cardiac rehabilitation, the literature suggests that non-white ethnicities are less likely to complete cardiac rehabilitation compared to white participants.6,7 However, a gap remains in our knowledge of cardiac rehabilitation completion among immigrants due to lack of outcome reporting across clinical trials. The literature suggests that immigrants have improved health profiles relative to Canadian-born patients. Specifically, immigrants with ≤10 years of Canadian residency have greater medication adherence than immigrants with >10 of Canadian residency when compared to Canadian-born participants.6-9 This thesis was a planned sub-study of the Interventions Supporting Long-Term Adherence and Decreasing Cardiovascular Events (ISLAND) randomized control trial. The ISLAND study was a pragmatic, randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of educational reminders on adherence to guideline-recommended therapy post-myocardial infarction. Study participants were allocated in a 1:1:1 ratio to one of three groups: i) usual care, ii) educational reminders sent via post, or iii) combination post and interactive voice response educational reminders. Investigators were blinded to the allocation sequence, participant allocation, and outcome assessment. Medication adherence and completion of cardiac rehabilitation were assessed 12-months from baseline. This sub-study of ISLAND focused on participants who completed a 12-month outcome assessment with a recorded response to the following question, “Were you born a Canadian citizen?”. Immigrants experienced greater odds of statin adherence at 7-days (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.00-1.85) and 30 days (OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.96-1.94) at one-year post-myocardial infarction, after adjusting for age, diabetes, sex, and smoking status. We found no evidence that immigration status was associated with cardiac rehabilitation completion (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.72-1.14) after adjusting for age, diabetes, sex, smoking status, average neighborhood income quintile, education, and marital status. The odds of statin adherence at 7-days (OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.89-2.18) and 30-days (OR 1.39, 95% CI 0.89-2.18) was greater in visual minorities than white patients, however the difference was not statistically significant. We found no evidence of an association between ethnicity and cardiac rehabilitation completion (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.75-1.29). Our analysis could not fully evaluate the healthy immigrant effect due to an insufficient sample size of immigrants with <10 years of Canadian residency exposure (n=29). In conclusion, we report a statistically significant 36% increase in the odds of 7-day and 30-day statin adherence in immigrants compared to Canadian-born patients. We also report that the odds of cardiac rehabilitation decreased by 9% in immigrants compared to Canadian-born patients at 12-months post-myocardial infarction but this was not statistically significant. Our findings offer support for the “healthy immigrant effect” continuing in immigrants with >10 years of Canadian residency exposure. We were unable to evaluate outcomes in immigrants with <10 years Canadian residency exposure due to a lack of sample size (n=29). / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / The primary purpose of this research project was to assess whether immigrants, individuals who reside in Canada but were born outside of the country, who have experienced a previous heart attack were adhere to heart health therapies better than Canadian-born patients. The heart health therapies of interest to our investigation are two guideline-recommended heart attack prevention therapies, statins and cardiac rehabilitation. The study design of our research project was a cohort sub-study of the ISLAND randomized control trial which investigated adherence to heart health therapies in patients residing in Ontario, Canada. Our major finding was that immigrants who lived in Canada for >10 years were more adherent to statin therapy for a previous heart attack compared to Canadian-born participants. Our findings support the hypothesis that immigrants tend to demonstrate behaviours associated with improved outcomes compared to their Canadian-born counterparts.

A quantitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research study was conducted to establish the effect of reinforcement of information in phase II cardiac rehabilitation of myocardial infarction patients. Its aim was to determine the sufficiency of patient education during hospitalisation and the necessity for reinforcing information during follow-up sessions after the patient's discharge from hospital. Patients from two private hospitals in Gauteng were involved in the study. A quasi-experimental research design, namely the comparison group posttest-only design, was implemented with no random assignment of subjects to the experimental and control groups. A convenient non-probability sampling method was used and data was collected by means of questionnaires. The data analysis revealed that patients received sufficient education during hospitalisation, but that discharged patients still believed follow-up sessions to be a necessity. No significant difference was found in the knowledge levels of the experimental and control groups. / 'n Kwantitatiewe, verkennende, beskrywende en kontekstuele studie is uitgevoer om ondersoek in te stel na die effek van inligtingversterking in Fase II kardialerehabilitasie van miokardiale-infarksie-pasiente. Hiermee wou die navorser bepaal of pasientonderrig in die hospitaal voldoende was, en of die opvolging van pasiente na ontslag uit twee privaat hospitale in Gauteng noodsaaklik was om inligting te versterk. Vir die implementering van die studie is van 'n kwasi-eksperimentele navorsingsontwerp, naamlik die tweegroep-posttoets-ontwerp, gebruik gemaak. Respondente is nie ewekansig aan 'n eksperimentele en 'n kontrolegroep toegewys nie. 'n Nie-waarskynlike gerieflikheidsteekproeftrekking is gedoen, en data is ingesamel deur middel van die voltooiing van 'n vraelys. Die data-analise het getoon dat die pasientonderrig in die hospitaal voldoende was, maar dat pasiente steeds van mening was dat opvolging na ontslag noodsaaklik is. Geen beduidende verskil is gevind in die kennisvlakke van die eksperimentele en die kontrolegroep nie. / Health Sciences / M.A. (Nursing)

L'entraînement par intervalles à haute intensité est plus efficace que l'entraînement continu d’intensité modérée pour améliorer la consommation maximale d’oxygène (VO2max) et le profil métabolique des patients coronariens. Cependant, il n’y a pas de publications pour appuyer la prescription d’un type d’exercice intermittent (HIIE) spécifique dans cette population. Nous avons donc comparé les réponses aiguës cardio-pulmonaires de quatre sessions différentes d’exercice intermittent dans le but d’identifier l’exercice optimal chez les patients coronariens. De manière randomisée, les sujets participaient aux sessions d’HIIE, toutes avec des phases d’exercice à 100% de la puissance maximale aérobie (PMA), mais qui variaient selon la durée des phases d’exercice et de récupération (15s ou 1 min) et la nature de la récupération (0% de la PMA ou 50% de la PMA). Chaque session était réalisée sous forme de temps limite et l’exercice était interrompu après 35 minutes. En considérant l’effort perçu, le confort du patient et le temps passé au-dessus de 80% de VO2max, nous avons trouvé que l’exercice optimal consistait à alterner des courtes phases d’exercice de 15s à 100% de la PMA avec des phases de 15s de récupération passive. Ensuite, nous avons comparé les réponses physiologiques de l’HIIE optimisé avec un exercice continu d’intensité modérée (MICE) iso-calorique chez des patients coronariens. En considérant les réponses physiologiques, l’aspect sécuritaire (aucune élévation de Troponin T) et l’effort perçu, le protocole HIIE est apparu mieux toléré et plus efficace chez ces coronariens. Finalement, une simple session d’HIIE n’induit pas d’effets délétères sur la paroi vasculaire, comme démontré avec l’analyse des microparticules endothéliales. En conclusion, l’exercice intermittent à haute intensité est un mode d'entraînement prometteur pour les patients coronariens stables qui devrait faire l’objet d’autres études expérimentales en particulier pour les patients coronariens ischémiques. / High-intensity interval training has been shown to be more effective than moderate intensity continuous training for improving maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and metabolic profile in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). However, no evidence supports the prescription of one specific protocol of high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in this population. We have compared the acute cardiopulmonary responses to four different sessions of HIIE in order to identify the most optimal one in CHD patients. In random fashion, subjects performed the different HIIE sessions, all with exercise phases at 100% of maximal aerobic power (MAP), but which varied in interval duration (15 s or 60 s) and type of recovery (0% of MAP or 50% of MAP). Each protocol lasted 35 minutes or until exhaustion. When considering perceived exertion, patient comfort and time spent above 80% of VO2max, we found that repeated bouts of 15s at 100% of MAP interspersed by 15s phases of passive recovery was the optimal HIIE session for these coronary patients. Then, we compared the physiological responses to the optimized HIIE versus a moderate intensity continuous training (MICE) protocol of similar energy expenditure in coronary patients. When considering physiological responses, safety (no elevation of Troponin T) and perceived exertion, the HIIE protocol appeared to be well tolerated and more efficient in this group of stable coronary patients. Finally, a single bout of HIIE did not induce deleterious effects on the endothelium, as demonstrated by endothelial microparticules analyses. We conclude that high-intensity interval exercise is a promising mode of training for patients with stable CHD that should also be further investigated in cardiac patients, particularly with exercise-induced ischemia.

<p>Uvod: U savremenom svetu koronarna arterijska bolest srca (KABS) je vodeći uzrok obolevanja i umiranja, a akutni koronarni sindrom (AKS) je jedna od njenih najče&scaron;ćih i najopasnijih kliničkih manifestacija. Dijastolna disfunckija leve komore često prati KABS i mogući je doprinosni faktor za lo&scaron; klinički tok i ishod. Postavlja se pitanje u kom obimu je dijastolna disfunkcija leve komore udružena sa koronarnom arterijskom bole&scaron;ću i da li savremeni programi ambulantne sveobuhvatne kardijalne rehabilitacije (ASKR) imaju uticaja na bolju prognozu ove grupe kardiolo&scaron;kih bolesnika. Uprkos &scaron;irokoj primeni revaskularizacionih procedura u svakodnevnoj kardiolo&scaron;koj praksi i brojnih studija koje su ukazale na pozitivne efekte programa SKR na funkcionalni status pacijenata nakon AKS, jo&scaron; uvek postoji mnogo kontroverzi o efektima fizičkog treninga, na srčanu funkciju i pobolj&scaron;anje funkcionalnog kapaciteta kod pacijenata sa KABS i pridruženom dijastolnom disfunkcijom. Cilj istraživanja: bio je da ispita uticaj superviziranih vežbi fizičkim opterećenjem (VFO) u okviru programa ambulantne sveobuhvatne kardijalne rehabilitacije (ASKR), na dijastolnu disfunkciju leve komore (DDLK) i funkcionalni status pacijenata (FS), nakon AKS, re&scaron;enog perkutanom koronarnom intervencijom (PCI), kao i da li, s druge strane, prisustvo i stepen dijastolne disfunkcije na početku istraživanja, utiče na funkcionalni status i pojavu neželjenih kardijalnih događaja, kod ove grupe pacijenata u okviru programa ASKR i van njega&nbsp; Materijal i metode: Istraživanjem je bilo obuhvaćeno ukupno 85 ispitanika, oba pola, starosti od 18-65 godina, koji su tokom indeksne hospitalizacije lečeni kao klinički dokazani AKS (APNS; NSTEMI; STEMI) i kod kojih je urađena neka od interventnih koronarnih procedura (pPCI; PCI; PTCA). Nakon 4 nedelje od otpusta sa hospitalizacije, zbog NSTEMI ili APNS, odnosno nakon 6 nedelja od otpusta sa hospitalizacije zbog STEMI, pacijenti sa EFLK &ge; 45%, bez značajnih valvularnih i drugih mana i sa nekim od poremećaja dijastolne funkcije, bili su kandidati za uče&scaron;će u istraživanju. Svi ispitanici su podvrgavani &bdquo;ulaznom&ldquo;ehokardiografskom pregledu (EHO) u cilju procene sistolne funkcije i stepena dijastolne disfunkcije leve komore, kao i &bdquo;ulaznom&ldquo; spiroergometrijskom testu (CPET) u cilju procene funkcionalnog statusa, na osnovu kojeg je vr&scaron;ena preskripcija vežbi fizičkim opterećenjem (VFO) u okviru programa ASKR. Program ASKR odvijao se u ukupnom trajanju od 12 nedelja, odnosno 36 pojedinačnih sesija VFO, 3 puta nedeljno u trajanju od po 30 minuta. Kontrolna grupa obuhvatila je grupu pacijenata koja nije živela u blizini IKVBV i koja nije bila u mogućnosti da dolazi redovno na VFO u sklopu ASKR. Njima je bilo pu&scaron;teno na volju da na osnovu urađenog EHO pregleda i CPET, određuju stepen VFO po sopstvenom nahođenju, uz primenu optimalnog medikamentnog lečenja i ostalih mera sekundarne prevencije. Nakon 3 meseca obe grupe pacijenata bile su podrvrgnute novom &ndash;&ldquo;izlaznom&rdquo; ehokardiografskom i CPET pregledu u cilju komparacije sa rezultatima na početku istraživanja. Rezultati:Istraživanje je pokazalo da nakon 3 meseca superviziranog treninga VFO, u okviru programa ASKR, kod bolesnika nakon AKS, lečenih perkutanom koronarnom intervencijom, dolazi do pobolj&scaron;anja stepena dijastolne disfunkcije leve komore, naročito kroz promene vrednosti ehokardiografskih parametara e&rsquo;l i E/e&rsquo; l. U kontrolnoj grupi e&rsquo;l se smanjio za (0,003 &plusmn; 0,025), a u osnovnoj se povećao za (0,011 &plusmn; 0,021). U kontrolnoj grupi e&rsquo;l se nije značajno promenio (p = 0,515), a u osnovnoj grupi se značajno povećao (p &lt; 0,0005). Na početku istraživanja u osnovnoj grupi e&rsquo;l je bio (0,097 &plusmn; 0,027 m/sec), a na kraju (0,108 &plusmn; 0,031 m/sec). E/e&rsquo;l se nije značajno promenio u kontrolnoj grupi (p = 0,226), a u osnovnoj grupi se značajno smanjio (p = 0,002). Na početku istraživanja u osnovnoj grupi E/e&rsquo;l je bio (8,02 &plusmn; 2,98), a na kraju (6,97 &plusmn; 2,17). Takođe je utvrđeno da nakon 3 meseca superviziranog treninga u okviru programa ASKR, dolazi do pobolj&scaron;anja funkcionalnog kapaciteta pacijenata sa KABS i dijastolnom disfunkcijom leve komore, kroz povećanje CPET parametara: peak VO2, VO2 predict i METs. U kontrolnoj grupi peak VO2 se smanjio za (1,79 &plusmn; 3,84), a u osnovnoj se povećao za (1,67 &plusmn; 4,29). U kontrolnoj grupi peak VO2 se značajno smanjio (p = 0,018), a u osnovnoj grupi se značajno povećao (p = 0,005).Na početku istraživanja u kontrolnoj grupi srednja vrednost peak VO2 iznosila je (23,01 &plusmn; 3,99 ml/kgTT/min), a u osnovnoj grupi je iznosila (23,15 &plusmn; 4,99 ml/kgTT/min). Na kraju istraživanja u osnovnoj grupi srednja vrednost peak VO2 iznosila (24,82 &plusmn; 5,77 ml/kgTT/min), dok je kod kontrolne grupe iznosila (21,21 &plusmn; 4,05 ml/kgTT/min). U kontrolnoj grupi ppVO2(%) se smanjio za (5,28 &plusmn; 14,39), a u ispitivanoj se povećao za (7,16 &plusmn; 18,51). U kontrolnoj grupi ppVO2(%) se nije značajno promenio (p = 0,058), dok se u osnovnoj grupi statistički značajno povećao (p = 0,005). Razlika srednjih vrednosti promena METs između osnovne i kontrolne grupe je bila statistički značajna (p &lt; 0,0005). U kontrolnoj grupi METs se smanjio za (0,55 &plusmn; 1,12), a u osnovnoj se povećao za (0,58 &plusmn; 1,12). U kontrolnoj grupi METs se značajno smanjio (p = 0,013), a u osnovnoj grupi se značajno povećao (p &lt; 0,0005). Zaključak: Program ambulantne sveobuhvatne kardijalne rehabilitacije, kod bolesnika nakon akutnog koronarnog sindroma, lečenih perkutanom koronarnom intervencijom, utiče na pobolj&scaron;anje faktora rizika kardiovaskularnih bolesti, značajno utiče na pobolj&scaron;anje stepena dijastolne disfunkcije leve komore i na pobolj&scaron;anje funkcionalnog statusa pacijenata, u odnosu na početak istraživanja.</p> / <p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:DocumentProperties> <o:Author>mladen</o:Author> <o:Version>16.00</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> 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Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) has been associated with depressive symptoms and deficits in cognitive performance, both of which have been associated with poorer medical prognoses and poorer psychosocial outcomes. Physical activity can improve cognitive and depressive symptoms, and, for those with CAD, improve medical prognoses. It was hypothesized that depressive symptoms and poorer cognitive performance would be associated with poorer cardiopulmonary fitness in patients with CAD, and that these sequelae would be associated prospectively with noncompletion of cardiac rehabilitation (CR). The benefits of physical activity are thought to result, in part, from decreased inflammatory activity and increased adaptive neural plasticity, to which the ratio of kynurenine to tryptophan (K/T) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), respectively, in peripheral blood may pertain. Methods and Results: In a cohort study of patients entering CR, depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; CES-D scores) were associated with cardiopulmonary fitness (peak volume of oxygen uptake; VO2Peak) during an exercise stress test (B=-.404, p=.001, n=366). The VO2Peak was also associated with performance across multiple cognitive domains, but most strongly with performance on tests involving executive function, attention and psychomotor processing speed (β=.322, p=.002 for composite score, n=81) in a cohort of patients entering CR. In prospective cohort studies, Major Depressive Disorder (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–4.7, n=195) and poorer performance on a verbal memory test (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.96, p=.009, n=131) predicted non-completion of CR. In patients undertaking CR, higher serum K/T ratios were associated with CES-D scores (β=.322, p=.002, n=95) and with VO2Peak (β=-.391, p<.001, n=95), and in a cohort of patients entering CR (n=88), serum concentrations of BDNF were associated with psychomotor processing speed (F1,87=9.620, p=.003), overall cognitive status (Mini Mental Status Exam) scores (F1,87=15.406, p<.0005) and VO2Peak (β=.305, p=.013). Conclusions: Depressive symptoms and poorer cognitive performance are clinically important in patients with CAD entering CR and they are both associated with poorer cardiopulmonary fitness. Poorer cardiopulmonary fitness was also associated with higher K/T ratios and with lower BDNF concentrations in serum, which predicted depressive symptoms and poorer cognitive performance, respectively.

Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) has been associated with depressive symptoms and deficits in cognitive performance, both of which have been associated with poorer medical prognoses and poorer psychosocial outcomes. Physical activity can improve cognitive and depressive symptoms, and, for those with CAD, improve medical prognoses. It was hypothesized that depressive symptoms and poorer cognitive performance would be associated with poorer cardiopulmonary fitness in patients with CAD, and that these sequelae would be associated prospectively with noncompletion of cardiac rehabilitation (CR). The benefits of physical activity are thought to result, in part, from decreased inflammatory activity and increased adaptive neural plasticity, to which the ratio of kynurenine to tryptophan (K/T) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), respectively, in peripheral blood may pertain. Methods and Results: In a cohort study of patients entering CR, depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale; CES-D scores) were associated with cardiopulmonary fitness (peak volume of oxygen uptake; VO2Peak) during an exercise stress test (B=-.404, p=.001, n=366). The VO2Peak was also associated with performance across multiple cognitive domains, but most strongly with performance on tests involving executive function, attention and psychomotor processing speed (β=.322, p=.002 for composite score, n=81) in a cohort of patients entering CR. In prospective cohort studies, Major Depressive Disorder (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–4.7, n=195) and poorer performance on a verbal memory test (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.96, p=.009, n=131) predicted non-completion of CR. In patients undertaking CR, higher serum K/T ratios were associated with CES-D scores (β=.322, p=.002, n=95) and with VO2Peak (β=-.391, p<.001, n=95), and in a cohort of patients entering CR (n=88), serum concentrations of BDNF were associated with psychomotor processing speed (F1,87=9.620, p=.003), overall cognitive status (Mini Mental Status Exam) scores (F1,87=15.406, p<.0005) and VO2Peak (β=.305, p=.013). Conclusions: Depressive symptoms and poorer cognitive performance are clinically important in patients with CAD entering CR and they are both associated with poorer cardiopulmonary fitness. Poorer cardiopulmonary fitness was also associated with higher K/T ratios and with lower BDNF concentrations in serum, which predicted depressive symptoms and poorer cognitive performance, respectively.

A quantitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research study was conducted to establish the effect of reinforcement of information in phase II cardiac rehabilitation of myocardial infarction patients. Its aim was to determine the sufficiency of patient education during hospitalisation and the necessity for reinforcing information during follow-up sessions after the patient's discharge from hospital. Patients from two private hospitals in Gauteng were involved in the study. A quasi-experimental research design, namely the comparison group posttest-only design, was implemented with no random assignment of subjects to the experimental and control groups. A convenient non-probability sampling method was used and data was collected by means of questionnaires. The data analysis revealed that patients received sufficient education during hospitalisation, but that discharged patients still believed follow-up sessions to be a necessity. No significant difference was found in the knowledge levels of the experimental and control groups. / 'n Kwantitatiewe, verkennende, beskrywende en kontekstuele studie is uitgevoer om ondersoek in te stel na die effek van inligtingversterking in Fase II kardialerehabilitasie van miokardiale-infarksie-pasiente. Hiermee wou die navorser bepaal of pasientonderrig in die hospitaal voldoende was, en of die opvolging van pasiente na ontslag uit twee privaat hospitale in Gauteng noodsaaklik was om inligting te versterk. Vir die implementering van die studie is van 'n kwasi-eksperimentele navorsingsontwerp, naamlik die tweegroep-posttoets-ontwerp, gebruik gemaak. Respondente is nie ewekansig aan 'n eksperimentele en 'n kontrolegroep toegewys nie. 'n Nie-waarskynlike gerieflikheidsteekproeftrekking is gedoen, en data is ingesamel deur middel van die voltooiing van 'n vraelys. Die data-analise het getoon dat die pasientonderrig in die hospitaal voldoende was, maar dat pasiente steeds van mening was dat opvolging na ontslag noodsaaklik is. Geen beduidende verskil is gevind in die kennisvlakke van die eksperimentele en die kontrolegroep nie. / Health Sciences / M.A. (Nursing)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:18:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4875.pdf: 19049146 bytes, checksum: c54256037244fb411763a05e459a625a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / There are very few published studies evaluating the effect of a protocol of graded exercise of short duration, during phase I cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on the cardiac autonomic modulation in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), thus three investigations were undertaken in order to evaluate the safety of the protocol of cardiovascular therapy (CPT) phase I, as well as observing the behavior of heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and autonomic modulation of HR through HR variability (HRV) in time domain (TD) and frequency (DF) in patients undergoing phase I protocol CPT after the 1st AMI. Physical therapy in phase I of the CR can be initiated 12 to 24 hours after AMI, however, it is common to prolonged bed rest due to fears of instability of the patient. So the goal of the 1st study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and autonomic responses to post-AMI patients undergoing day 1 of phase I protocol of CPT, as well as their safety. We studied 51 patients with first AMI uncomplicated, 55&#61617;11 years, 76% men and submitted to the 1st day of the protocol CPT Stage I, on average, 24 hours after AMI, consisting of 10 minutes of rest before and after exercises, followed by 4 min of breathing exercises and 5 min of dynamic exercise. The results indicate that the exercise was safe because it caused hemodynamic and autonomic modulation in these patients, without causing any medical complications. The 2nd study aimed to characterize the autonomic and hemodynamic responses to CPT in patients with stage I of an AMI. We studied 21 patients with first uncomplicated AMI, age 52&#61617;12 years, 81% men, six days a progressive exercise program (phase I CPT), consisting of a daily standard protocol (10 min rest in supine position pre-and post-exercise and 4 min of breathing exercises) and a protocol for dynamic graded exercise, progressing to active-assisted movements of the legs in the first days after AMI, even walking in the last days of hospitalization. The protocol applied CPT promoted hemodynamic and autonomic changes during the course of the year, allowing early mobilization of the patient and gradually preparing to return to their activity of daily living after discharge from hospital, without being observed the presence of any sign and / or symptoms of exercise intolerance. The 3rd study was to evaluate the effects of a progressive exercise protocol used in phase I of RCV on HRV at rest in patients after AMI. We studied thirty-seven patients who were admitted to hospital with first uncomplicated AMI. The treated group (TG) (n= 21, age= 52±12 years) conducted a five-day program of progressive exercises during phase I of the RCV, while the control group (CG) (n= 16, age= 54±11 years) had only breathing exercises. The progressive exercise program performed during the first phase of cardiac rehabilitation associated with clinical treatment increased cardiac vagal modulation and reduced cardiac sympathetic modulation in patients after AMI. Overall Conclusion: The results of the three studies suggest that the protocol is safe when applied CPT started after 24 hours of AMI not complicated, and allows early mobilization of patients and gradually prepare them to return their activity of daily living after discharge, without being observed the presence of any sign and / or symptoms of exercise intolerance. In addition the progressive exercise program that compose the physiotherapy intervention associated with clinical treatment caused an increase in cardiac vagal modulation and reduction of cardiac sympathetic modulation at rest in the patients studied. / Há carência de estudos na literatura que avaliem o efeito de um protocolo de exercício físico progressivo (EFP) de curta duração, durante fase I da reabilitação cardiovascular (RCV), sobre a modulação autonômica cardíaca em pacientes pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM), deste modo, uma investigação dividida em três partes foi desenvolvida no intuito de avaliar a segurança do protocolo de fisioterapia cardiovascular (FTCV) fase I, bem como, observar o comportamento da frequência cardíaca (FC), da pressão arterial (PA) e da modulação autonômica da FC, por meio da variabilidade da FC (VFC) nos domínios do tempo (DT) e da freqüência (DF), em pacientes submetidos ao protocolo de FTCV fase I após o 1º IAM. A fisioterapia na fase I da RCV pode ser iniciada de 12 a 24 horas após o IAM, no entanto, é comum o repouso prolongado no leito devido ao receio de instabilização do paciente. Assim o objetivo do 1º estudo foi avaliar as respostas autonômicas e hemodinâmicas de pacientes pós-IAM submetidos ao 1º dia de protocolo de FTCV fase I, bem como, sua segurança. Foram estudados 51 pacientes com 1o IAM não-complicado, 55&#61617;11 anos, 76% homens e submetidos ao 1º dia do protocolo de FTCV fase I, em média, 24 horas pós-IAM, composto de 10 min de repouso pré e pós-exercícios, 4 min de exercícios respiratórios e 5 min de exercícios físicos dinâmicos (EFD) de membros inferiores (MMII). Os resultados obtidos indicam que o exercício realizado foi seguro, pois promoveu alterações hemodinâmicas e na modulação autonômica da FC nestes pacientes, sem ocasionar qualquer intercorrência clínica. O 2º estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar as respostas autonômicas e hemodinâmicas a FTCV fase I em pacientes com 1º IAM. Foram estudados 21 pacientes com 1o IAM não-complicado, idade 52&#61617;12 anos, 81% homens, durante 6 dias de um programa de EFP (FTCV fase I), composto por um protocolo padrão diário (10 min de repouso na posição supina pré e pós-exercícios e 4 min de exercícios respiratórios) e um protocolo de EFD gradativos, progredindo de movimentos ativo-assistidos de MMII no 1o dia pós-IAM até deambulação nos últimos dias de internação. O protocolo de FTCV aplicado promoveu alterações autonômicas e hemodinâmicas durante a realização do exercício, permitindo a mobilização precoce do paciente e gradativamente o preparando para o retorno a sua atividade de vida diária (AVD) após a alta hospitalar, sem ser observada presença de qualquer sinal e/ou sintoma de intolerância ao esforço. O 3º estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de um protocolo de EFP utilizado na fase I da FTCV sobre a VFC de repouso de pacientes pós-IAM. Foram estudados 37 pacientes com 1º IAM não complicado. O grupo tratado (GT) (n=21, idade=52±12 anos) realizou 5 dias de um programa de EFP durante a fase I da FTCV, enquanto o grupo controle (GC) (n=16, idade=54±11 anos) realizou somente exercícios respiratórios. O programa de EFP realizado durante a fase I da FTCV associado ao tratamento clínico aumentou a modulação vagal cardíaca e reduziu a modulação simpática cardíaca em pacientes pós-IAM. Conclusão geral: Os resultados obtidos nas três partes do estudo sugerem que o protocolo de FTCV aplicado é seguro quando iniciado após 24 horas do IAM não complicado, além de permitir a mobilização precoce dos pacientes e gradativamente os preparar para o retorno as suas AVDs após a alta hospitalar, sem ser observada presença de qualquer sinal e/ou sintoma de intolerância ao esforço. Em adição o programa de EFP que compõem a FTCV fase I associado ao tratamento clínico promoveram aumento da modulação vagal cardíaca e redução da modulação simpática cardíaca em repouso nos pacientes estudados.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1696.pdf: 3646825 bytes, checksum: e027c9b9c12baae91d504600ec364c3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-28 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / It is well-known that cardiac autonomic and pulmonary function are impaired after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Strategies resulting in beneficial cardiorespiratory responses as soon as possible after surgery are clinically important in these patients. However, information on the differences in cardiorespiratory responses of these patients to inpatient cardiac rehabilitation (CR) with distinct left ventricular (LVF) is still scant. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the cardiorespiratory responses to a short-term inpatient CR programme in patients with LVF normal and reduced. Twenty three patients were studied and divided into LVF normal group (LVFN, n=12) or reduced group (LVFR, n=11). Cardiac autonomic function was evaluated by heart rate variability (HRV) and the pulmonary function by spirometric and respiratory muscle strength (RMS) at (1) post-operative day 1 (PO1) and (2) day before discharge. Heart rate (HR) and R-R intervals (R-Ri) were recorded by telemetry system Polar S810i, at rest, in supine and sitting position. HRV was evaluated in time domain by mean R-R (mean R-R), square root of the mean squared differences of successive R-Ri (RMSSD) and standard deviation of all R-Ri (SDNN) indexes (ms) The spirometric data of vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) were obtained and the RMS was measured indirectly by maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures. All patients initiated the CR on PO1 following a programme of progressive steps composed of whole body and breathing exercises previously established until discharge. Results: After inpatient CR, both groups presented improvement of mean R-R (ms) and RMSSD (ms) indexes at rest and beneficial response to postural change with lower RMSSD (ms) index in sitting position. Significant improvement of pulmonary function in both groups was observed to majority spirometric data as FVC, MVV and FEV1 and RMS only presented tend to improvement in response to CR programme Conclusions: These results indicate that patients undergoing CABG with preserved or depressed LVF presented beneficial cardiorespiratory responses to CR after surgery. We also assign slightly more favourable responses on autonomic function in those with depressed LVF without additional risks. Therefore, the inpatient whole CR should be strongly indicates as soon as possible post-CABG even in patients with cardiac dysfunction. Financial support: CNPq e FAPESP (05/59427-7). / É conhecido que a função autonômica cardíaca e pulmonar se encontram prejudicadas em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM). Estratégias resultantes em respostas cardiorrespiratórias benéficas e implementadas tão cedo quanto possível no pós-CRM são clinicamente importantes a estes pacientes. No entanto, permanece escassa a informação sobre as possíveis diferenças nas respostas cardiorrespiratórias destes pacientes a reabilitação cardíaca (RC) hospitalar quando estes apresentam funções ventriculares distintas (normal ou reduzida). Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias a um programa de RC na fase hospitalar em pacientes com função ventricular esquerda (FVE) normal e reduzida. Foram estudados vinte e três pacientes divididos em: Grupo FVEN=12, composto de pacientes com FVE normal e Grupo FVER=11, composto de pacientes com FVE reduzida. A função autonômica cardíaca foi avaliada pela variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC) e a função pulmonar pelas variáveis espirométricas e medida de força muscular respiratória (FMR) no (1) primeiro dia pós-operatório (PO1) e (2) no dia anterior a alta hospitalar. A freqüência cardíaca (FC) e os intervalos R-R foram registrados pelo sistema de telemetria Polar S810i, em condições de repouso, nas posições supina e sentada. A VFC foi analisada no domínio do tempo pela média dos iR-R (média R-R), raiz quadrada da média do quadrado das diferenças entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes (RMSSD) e desvio-padrão da média de todos os intervalos R-R normais (SDNN) em milisegundos. Os dados espirométricos de capacidade vital (CV), capacidade vital forçada (CVF), volume expiratório forçado no 1º segundo (VEF1) e ventilação voluntária máxima (VVM) foram obtidos e a FMR foi medida indiretamente pelas pressões inspiratória (PImax) e expiratória (PEmax) máximas. Todos os pacientes iniciaram o programa de RC no PO1 seguindo um programa de etapas progressivas composto de exercícios globais e respiratórios previamente estabelecido até a alta hospitalar. Resultados: Após RC, ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora da média R-R (ms) e do índice RMSSD (ms) em repouso e respostas benéficas a mudança postural com menor valor do índice RMSSD (ms) na posição sentada. Foi encontrada melhora significativa da função pulmonar em ambos os grupos, observada para a maioria dos dados espirométricos como CVF, VVM e VEF1 e a FMR apresentou apenas tendência à melhora em reposta ao programa de RC. Conclusões: Estes resultados indicam que pacientes submetidos a CRM com FVE preservada ou reduzida apresentaram respostas cardiorrespiratórias benéficas a RC após a cirurgia. Atribuímos resposta mais favorável para função autonômica cardíaca para aqueles pacientes com FVE reduzida sem riscos adicionais. Portanto, um programa de RC global em ambiente hospitalar deve ser fortemente indicado tão o mais rapidamente possível pós-CRM mesmo em pacientes com disfunção cardíaca. Apoio financeiro: CNPq e FAPESP (05/59427-7).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMDBS.pdf: 1917686 bytes, checksum: 9d2cd0affae35c5474a851d16fe9b2e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-23 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of physiotherapeutic intervention on the autonomic control of heart rate through heart rate variability (HRV) indices at rest (supine and seated positions), during deep breath test (DBT), during an exercise protocol and during walking, in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) submitted to phase I of cardiac rehabilitation. Second, evaluate the effects of an inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on the maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) and on the magnitude of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Initially, thirty five patients of both genders were studied in the 1st stage of the cardiovascular physiotherapy (CPT), however, only eighteen of them performed all six stages of treatment (mean = 56± 13 year). These patients, who were admitted to the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) (two days) and the ward (four days) of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Carlos with noncomplicated AMI, were hemodynamically stable and used conventional medications. The 1st stage was initiated 22± 5 hours after the CCU admission and the progression to other 5 stages was done based in the daily clinical evolution of each patient. This stage included 10 minutes of rest (pre and post-exercise protocol), 4 minutes of deep breathing test and 5 minutes of exercise protocol (active-assisted low extremities exercises) in the supine position. Furthermore, the 6th stage included 10 minutes of rest in the supine position (pre and post-intervention), 4 minutes of deep breathing test, 5 minutes of rest in the seated position (pre and post-intervention), 5 minutes of active low extremities exercises in the orthostatic position and 15 minutes of walking. The instantaneous heart rate (HR) and the R-R interval (RRi) were acquired by a HR monitor (Polar S810) during all stage and the blood pressure (BP) was measured before and after each stage. Additionally, the PImax was measured (in the seated position) through a manuvacuometer at the pre and post-IMT, which was performed at the 2nd to 6th stages. The intensity of IMT was settled at 40% of PImax pressure load. The HRV was analyzed by time (RMSSD and RMSM indices) and frequency (Fast Fourier Transform) domain methods. The power spectral density was expressed as normalized units (nu) at low (LF) and high (HF) frequencies, and as the LF/HF. Results: The cumulative effect of physiotherapeutic intervention caused increase of AFnu (p<0.05) and decrease of LFnu (p<0.05) when they were evaluated at the rest pre-intervention in the supine position and during exercise protocol of 1st and 6th stages. Additionally, decreased LF/HF was also observed at rest pre-intervention in the supine position. However, no changes were observed for these indices when the 1st and 6th stages were compared to during the RSA, in the rest post-intervention (supine position) and in the rest pre and post-intervention (seated position), and the 4th and 6th stages were compared to during the walking. In the time domain, RMSM and RMSSD diminished at 1st to 6th stages for rest post-intervention in supine position. The IMT augmented the PImax in 46% (P<0.05), but increased PImax and the RSA magnitude did not correlate among them. Conclusion: The CPT realized in the phase I of the cardiac rehabilitation caused increase in the vagal activity and decrease the sympathetic activity during rest and exercises conditions, since the beta-blockade and IECA medications dosages were not altered. Additionally, the intensity used in the IMT was able to improve the PImax, but it did not influence on the RSA magnitude. Financial support: FAPESP (04/05788-6) and CNPq (478799/2003-9). / O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo avaliar a modulação do sistema nervoso autônomo no coração, por meio do comportamento da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC) em repouso, supino e sentado, durante manobra para acentuar a arritmia sinusal respiratória (ASR), exercício e deambulação em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) antes e após serem submetidos à fisioterapia: fase I da reabilitação cardiovascular. Como objetivo secundário foi avaliada a pressão inspiratória máxima (PImáx) antes e após um programa de treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI), bem como, a influência do TMI na magnitude da ASR. Foram estudados 35 pacientes na 1ª etapa (controle) e 18 antes e após a fisioterapia cardiovascular (FTCV), com idade média de 56±13 anos, de ambos os sexos, internados na Unidade Coronariana (UCO) (2 dias) e enfermaria da Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Carlos (4 dias) com IAM não complicado. Todos estavam hemodinamicamente estáveis e em uso de medicações convencionais. Foram submetidos a 1ª etapa após 22±5 horas da chegada na UCO e progrediram na FTCV até a 6ª etapa, diariamente, baseado na evolução clínica. A 1ª etapa foi composta de 10 minutos (min) de repouso supino pré (R1) e pós-intervenção (R2), 4 min da manobra para acentuar a ASR (MASR) e 5 min de exercícios ativos-assistidos de membros inferiores (MMII) na postura supina. Já a 6ª etapa foi composta de 10 min de R1 e R2, 4 min da MASR, 5 min de repouso sentado pré (RS1) e pós-intervenção (RS2), 5 min de exercícios ativos de MMII na postura em pé e 15 min de deambulação. Os intervalos R-R (iRR) e a freqüência cardíaca (FC) foram obtidos, batimento a batimento, pelo freqüencímetro Polar® S810i e a pressão arterial (PA) foi aferida antes, durante e após a FTCV. A medida da PImáx foi realizada com um manovacuômetro, na posição sentada, na 2ª etapa e reavaliada na 6ª etapa. O TMI foi realizado, na posição sentada, da 2ª até a 6ª etapa, sendo que a carga pressórica foi de 40% da PImáx obtida na 2ª etapa. A VFC foi analisada nos domínios do tempo (DT - índices RMSSD e RMSM dos iRR em ms) e da freqüência (DF por meio da análise espectral), a qual forneceu as bandas de baixa freqüência (BF) e alta freqüência (AF), expressas em unidades normalizadas (un), e a razão BF/AF. Resultados: Com relação ao efeito cumulativo das seis etapas da FTCV, no DF, houve diminuição da BFun e aumento da AFun no R1 e durante o exercício e diminuição da razão BF/AF no R1 da 1ª para a 6ª etapa, não havendo alterações destas variáveis durante a MASR e no R2 da 1ª para a 6ª etapa, no RS1 e RS2 da 2ª para 6ª etapa e durante a deambulação da 4ª para 6ª etapa. No DT, os índices RMSSD e RMSM diminuíram no R2 da 1ª para a 6ª etapa. Houve aumento de 46% da PImáx com o TMI (p<0,05) e não houve correlação entre o aumento da PImáx e a magnitude de resposta da ASR. Conclusões: A FTCV fase I aplicada aos pacientes com IAM promoveu aumento da atuação vagal e redução da atuação simpática tanto na condição de repouso supino como durante a execução de exercício, uma vez que a dosagem das medicações betabloqueadores e inibidoras da enzima conversora de angiotensina permaneceram inalteradas durante o estudo. Ainda, o TMI promoveu aumento da PImáx na intensidade aplicada, no entanto, não influenciou a magnitude de resposta da ASR Suporte Financeiro: FAPESP Proc. 04/05788- 6, CNPq Proc. 478799/2003-9.