O conceito de reflexão em topologia expressa o fato de que um espaço satisfaz uma dada propriedade sempre que esta é satisfeita por seus subespaços \"menores\". Neste trabalho, estuda-se a reflexão de propriedades envolvendo a maioria das principais funções cardinais e metrizabilidade, bem como outras propriedades relacionadas. São discutidos problemas em aberto -- como o problema de Hamburger --, incluindo respostas parciais e exemplos de consistência. Várias dentre as demonstrações apresentadas utilizam técnicas de submodelos elementares, que constituem hoje uma importante ferramenta no estudo de topologia geral. / The concept of reflection in topology expresses the fact that a space satisfies a given property provided that its \"small\" subspaces do. This work presents a study on reflection of properties concerning most of the main cardinal functions and metrizability, as well as other related properties. Open problems --such as Hamburger\'s question-- are also discussed, including partial answers and consistent examples. Several of the proofs presented here make use of elementary submodels, nowadays an important tool in the study of general topology.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_carolina_mascarenhas.pdf: 23937030 bytes, checksum: 4ede460c8b3f9046c6af286984b4b306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-22 / Paroaria coronata (red-crested cardinal) occurs only of South America. The species is not in danger of extinction, but it is appreciated by the illegal trade in wild animals. His parasite fauna is little known and has been recorded only one Nematoda and three Phthiraptera. The diet is mainly based greasses seeds, but can consume small fruit and insects. The study aimed to identify helminths and arthropods associated with red-crested cardinal and for that were examined wild birds, captives and of undetermined origin, totaling 40 specimes. The wild birds and undetermined origin were the most parasitized. The helminthfauna was composed of Aproctella carinii, Dispharynx nasuta, Capillaria sp. Diplotriaena sp. (Nematoda); Tanaisia oviaspera, Tanaisia valida, Tanaisia sp., Prosthogonimus ovatus (Trematoda); Orthoskrjabinia sp. (Cestoda); Mediorhynchus sp. (Acanthocephala). Tanaisia sp. was most prevalent (10%) and more abundant (0.48), D. nasuta and Orthoskrjabinia sp. occurred with greater mean intensity of parasitism (5 helminths/host). The arthropodfauna was represented by Myrsidea coronatae, Philopterus sp. and Brueelia sp. (Phthiraptera); Ptilonyssus sairae and Sternostoma pirangae (Gamasida), where M. coronatae and P. sairae were the most prevalent with 65% and 50%, respectively. All helminths are reported for the first time in P. coronata, Orthoskrjabinia sp. is recorded for the first time in Brazil; A. carinii, Diplotriaena sp., T. valida, T. oviaspera and Mediorhynchus sp. are cited for the first time in the Rio Grande do Sul state. The helminthfauna found in P. coronata, indicates that the species is omnivorous eating habits. Among the arthropods, Philopterus sp., Brueelia sp., P. sairae and S. pirangae have your first record infecting P. coronata; M. coronatae is recorded for the first time in Brazil, this report marks the first occurrence of S. pirangae in Brazil and the first of P. sairae in the Rio Grande do Sul state. / Paroaria coronata (cardeal) ocorre apenas na América do Sul. A espécie não está em perigo de extinção, mas é visada pelo comércio ilegal de animais silvestres. Sua fauna parasitária é pouco conhecida, tendo sido registrado somente um Nematoda e três Phthiraptera. A dieta desta ave baseia-se principalmente em sementes de gramíneas, mas pode consumir pequenos frutos e insetos. O estudo teve por objetivo identificar os helmintos e artrópodes associados à P. coronata e para tal foram examinadas aves silvestres, cativas e de origem indeterminada, totalizando 40 espécimes. As aves silvestres e de origem indeterminada foram as mais parasitadas. A helmintofauna esteve composta por Aproctella carinii, Dispharynx nasuta, Capillaria sp. Diplotriaena sp. (Nematoda); Tanaisia oviaspera, Tanaisia valida, Tanaisia sp., Prosthogonimus ovatus (Trematoda); Orthoskrjabinia sp. (Cestoda); Mediorhynchus sp. (Acanthocephala). Tanaisia sp. foi mais prevalente (10%) e mais abundante (0,48), D. nasuta e Orthoskrjabinia sp. ocorreram com maior intensidade média de parasitismo (5 helmintos/hospedeiro). A artropodofauna esteve representada por Myrsidea coronatae, Philopterus sp. e Brueelia sp. (Phthiraptera); Ptilonyssus sairae e Sternostoma pirangae (Gamasida), onde M. coronatae e P. sairae foram os mais prevalentes com 65% e 50%, respectivamente. Todos os helmintos são relatados pela primeira vez em P. coronata, Orthoskrjabinia sp. é registrado pela primeira vez no Brasil; Aproctella carinii, Diplotriaena sp., Tanaisia valida, Tanaisia oviaspera e Mediorhynchus sp. são citados pela primeira vez no Rio Grande do Sul. A helmintofauna encontrada em P. coronata, indica que a espécie tem hábito alimentar onívoro. Entre os artrópodes, Philopterus sp., Brueelia sp., P. sairae e S. pirangae são citados pela primeira vez parasitando P. coronata; M. coronatae é registrado pela primeira vez no Brasil; este relato caracteriza a primeira ocorrência de S. pirangae no Brasil e a primeira de P. sairae no Rio Grande do Sul.

Trees are one of the most fundamental structures in computer science. Standard pointer-based representations consume a significant amount of space while only supporting a small set of navigational operations. Succinct data structures have been developed to overcome these difficulties. A succinct data structure for an object from a given class of objects occupies space close to the information-theoretic lower-bound for representing an object from the class, while supporting the required operations on the object efficiently. In this thesis we consider representing trees succinctly. Various succinct representations have been designed for representing different classes of trees, namely, ordinal trees, cardinal trees and labelled trees. Barring a few, most of these representations are static in that they do not support inserting and deleting nodes. We consider succinct representations for cardinal trees that also support updates (insertions and deletions), i.e., dynamic cardinal trees. A cardinal tree of degree k, also referred to as a k-ary cardinal tree or simply a k-ary tree is a tree where each node has place for up to k children with labels from 1 to k. The information-theoretic lower bound for representing a k-ary cardinal tree on n nodes is roughly (2n+n log k) bits. Representations that take (2n+n log k+ o(n log k ) ) bits have been designed that support basic navigations operations like finding the parent, i-th child, child-labeled j, size of a subtree etc. in constant time. But these could not support updates efficiently. The only known succinct dynamic representation was given by Diego, who gave a structure that still uses (2n+n log k+o(n log k ) ) bits and supports basic navigational operations in O((log k+log log n) ) time, and updates in O((log k + log log n)(1+log k /log (log k + log log n))) amortized time. We improve the times for the operations without increasing the space complexity, for the case when k is reasonably small compared to n. In particular, when k=(O(√(log n ))) our representation supports all the navigational operations in constant time while supporting updates in O(√(log log n )) amortized time.

The article gives a constructions of k-tuples of topological spaces such that the product of the k-tuple is not Frchet-Urysohn but all smaller subproducts are. The construction uses almost disjoint systems. The article repeats the construction by Petr Simon of two such compact spaces. To achieve more dimensional example there are generalized terms of AD systems. The example is constructed under the assumption of existence of a strong completely separable MAD system. It is then constructed under the assumption s ≤ b where s is the splitting number and b is the bounding number.

This report analyzes and compares Barycentric Lagrange interpolation to Cardinal Trigonometric interpolation, with regards to computational cost and accuracy. It also covers some edge case scenarios which may interfere with the accuracy and stability. Later on, these two interpolation methods are applied on parameterized curves and surfaces, to compare and contrast differences with the standard one dimensional scenarios. The report also contains analysis of and comparison with regular Lagrange interpolation. The report concludes that Barycentric Lagrange interpolation is generally speaking more computationally efficient, and that the inherent need for periodicity makes Cardinal Trigonometric interpolation less reliable in comparison. On the other hand, Barycentric Lagrange interpolation is difficult to implement for higher dimensional problems, and also relies heavily on Chebyshev spaced nodes, something which can cause issues in a practical application of interpolation. Given ideal scenarios, Cardinal Trigonometric interpolation is more accurate, and for periodic functions generally speaking better than Barycentric Lagrange interpolation. Regular Lagrange interpolation is found to be unviable due to the comparatively big computational cost.

Cardinal Josef Beran S.M.Bernadetta Pavla Pěstová, OSU This thesis deals with reference and work of Josef Cardinal Beran, especially from the perspective of his pastoral work as an educationalist, the diocesan bishop and cardinal living in forcible exile. The thesis consists of five chapters. The first charter describes Beran's life hierarchically and emphasizes his clarical activity. The second charter deals with his teaching activities. Furthermore, this charter focuses on the selected publications that Cardinal Beran wrote during his life. A fundamental part of this thesis is the third chapter, dealing with the activities of the Archbishop from 1945 to 1949. The final chapters are devoted to activities in the intervent of Josef Beran in Roman exile. Cardinal Josef Beran ranks among the leading personalities of the 20th century. His legacy remains alive even today. Keywords pastoral care, teacher, the Catholic Church, totalitarianism, exile, Archbishop, Cardinal

The uterosacral ligament (USL) and cardinal ligament (CL) are the two major suspensory tissues of the uterus, cervix, and vagina. These supportive structures can be weakened or damaged, leading to the development of pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) such as urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and pelvic organ prolapse. In the surgical treatment for PFDs, the USL and CL are extensively used as anchor structures to restore the normal position of the prolapsed organs. Therefore, the mechanical properties of the USL and CL may be critical for the development of new surgical reconstruction strategies for PFDs. In chapter 1, we present the first histo-mechanical characterization of the swine USL and CL using histological analysis, scanning electron microscopy and quasi-static uniaxial tensile tests. Our results suggest that the histological and uniaxial tensile properties of the swine CL and USL are very similar to those in humans. The swine is found to be a suitable animal model for studying the mechanical properties of these ligaments. To capture both the active and passive mechanical responses of biological tissues containing SMCs such as the USL and CL, a new structural constitutive model is proposed in chapter 2. The deformation of the active component in such tissues during isometric and isotonic contractions is described using an evolution law. This model is tested with published active and passive, uniaxial and biaxial, experimental data on pig arteries due to lack of data on the active properties of the USL and CL. Subjected to constant forces in-vivo, the structure and length of the USL and CL are sig- nificantly altered over time. In chapter 3, we present the first rigorous characterization of the fiber microstructure and creep properties of the USL/CL complex by using scanning electron microscopy and planar biaxial testing. Fibers are found to be oriented primarily along the main in-vivo loading direction. In such direction, the creep proceeds significantly faster under lower load. Overall, our experimental findings advance our knowledge about the passive elastic and viscoelastic properties of the USL/CL complex. The novel structural constitutive model proposed enhances our understanding of the active mechanical behavior of biological tissues containing SMCs. Knowledge about the mechanical behavior of the USL and CL from experimental and theoretical studies such as those presented here will help to improve, in the long term, the medical treatment for PFDs. / Ph. D.

No / Physiological studies of colour vision have not yet resolved the controversial issue of how chromatic opponency is constructed at a neuronal level. Two competing theories, the cone-selective hypothesis and the random-wiring hypothesis, are currently equivocal to the architecture of the primate retina. In central vision, both schemes are capable of producing colour opponency due to the fact that receptive field centres receive input from a single bipolar cell ¿ the so called `private line arrangement¿. However, in peripheral vision this single-cone input to the receptive field centre is lost, so that any random cone connectivity would result in a predictable reduction in the quality of colour vision. Behavioural studies thus far have indeed suggested a selective loss of chromatic sensitivity in peripheral vision. We investigated chromatic sensitivity as a function of eccentricity for the cardinal chromatic (L/M and S/(L + M)) and achromatic (L + M) pathways, adopting stimulus size as the critical variable. Results show that performance can be equated across the visual field simply by a change of scale (size). In other words, there exists no qualitative loss of chromatic sensitivity across the visual field. Critically, however, the quantitative nature of size dependency for each of the cardinal chromatic and achromatic mechanisms is very specific, reinforcing their independence in terms of anatomy and genetics. Our data provide clear evidence for a physiological model of primate colour vision that retains chromatic quality in peripheral vision, thus supporting the cone-selective hypothesis.

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