Cette étude vise à tester la pertinence des images RSO - de moyenne et de haute résolution - à la caractérisation des types d’occupation du sol en milieu urbain. Elle s’est basée sur des approches texturales à partir des statistiques de deuxième ordre. Plus spécifiquement, on recherche les paramètres de texture les plus pertinents pour discriminer les objets urbains. Il a été utilisé à cet égard des images Radarsat-1 en mode fin en polarisation HH et Radarsat-2 en mode fin en double et quadruple polarisation et en mode ultrafin en polarisation HH. Les occupations du sol recherchées étaient le bâti dense, le bâti de densité moyenne, le bâti de densité faible, le bâti industriel et institutionnel, la végétation de faible densité, la végétation dense et l’eau. Les neuf paramètres de textures analysés ont été regroupés, en familles selon leur définition mathématique. Les paramètres de ressemblance/dissemblance regroupent l’Homogénéité, le Contraste, la Similarité et la Dissimilarité. Les paramètres de désordre sont l’Entropie et le Deuxième Moment Angulaire. L’Écart-Type et la Corrélation sont des paramètres de dispersion et la Moyenne est une famille à part. Il ressort des expériences que certaines combinaisons de paramètres de texture provenant de familles différentes utilisés dans les classifications donnent de très bons résultants alors que d’autres associations de paramètres de texture de définition mathématiques proches génèrent de moins bons résultats. Par ailleurs on constate que si l’utilisation de plusieurs paramètres de texture améliore les classifications, la performance de celle-ci plafonne à partir de trois paramètres. Malgré la bonne performance de cette approche basée sur la complémentarité des paramètres de texture, des erreurs systématiques dues aux effets cardinaux subsistent sur les classifications. Pour pallier à ce problème, il a été développé un modèle de compensation radiométrique basé sur la section efficace radar (SER). Une simulation radar à partir du modèle numérique de surface du milieu a permis d'extraire les zones de rétrodiffusion des bâtis et d'analyser les rétrodiffusions correspondantes. Une règle de compensation des effets cardinaux fondée uniquement sur les réponses des objets en fonction de leur orientation par rapport au plan d'illumination par le faisceau du radar a été mise au point. Des applications de cet algorithme sur des images RADARSAT-1 et RADARSAT-2 en polarisations HH, HV, VH, et VV ont permis de réaliser de considérables gains et d’éliminer l’essentiel des erreurs de classification dues aux effets cardinaux. / This study aims to test the relevance of medium and high-resolution SAR images on the characterization of the types of land use in urban areas. To this end, we have relied on textural approaches based on second-order statistics. Specifically, we look for texture parameters most relevant for discriminating urban objects. We have used in this regard Radarsat-1 in fine polarization mode and Radarsat-2 HH fine mode in dual and quad polarization and ultrafine mode HH polarization. The land uses sought were dense building, medium density building, low density building, industrial and institutional buildings, low density vegetation, dense vegetation and water. We have identified nine texture parameters for analysis, grouped into families according to their mathematical definitions in a first step. The parameters of similarity / dissimilarity include Homogeneity, Contrast, the Differential Inverse Moment and Dissimilarity. The parameters of disorder are Entropy and the Second Angular Momentum. The Standard Deviation and Correlation are the dispersion parameters and the Average is a separate family. It is clear from experience that certain combinations of texture parameters from different family used in classifications yield good results while others produce kappa of very little interest. Furthermore, we realize that if the use of several texture parameters improves classifications, its performance ceils from three parameters. The calculation of correlations between the textures and their principal axes confirm the results. Despite the good performance of this approach based on the complementarity of texture parameters, systematic errors due to the cardinal effects remain on classifications. To overcome this problem, a radiometric compensation model was developed based on the radar cross section (SER). A radar simulation from the digital surface model of the environment allowed us to extract the building backscatter zones and to analyze the related backscatter. Thus, we were able to devise a strategy of compensation of cardinal effects solely based on the responses of the objects according to their orientation from the plane of illumination through the radar's beam. It appeared that a compensation algorithm based on the radar cross section was appropriate. Some examples of the application of this algorithm on HH polarized RADARSAT-2 images are presented as well. Application of this algorithm will allow considerable gains with regard to certain forms of automation (classification and segmentation) at the level of radar imagery thus generating a higher level of quality in regard to visual interpretation. Application of this algorithm on RADARSAT-1 and RADARSAT-2 images with HH, HV, VH, and VV polarisations helped make considerable gains and eliminate most of the classification errors due to the cardinal effects.

Cette étude vise à tester la pertinence des images RSO - de moyenne et de haute résolution - à la caractérisation des types d’occupation du sol en milieu urbain. Elle s’est basée sur des approches texturales à partir des statistiques de deuxième ordre. Plus spécifiquement, on recherche les paramètres de texture les plus pertinents pour discriminer les objets urbains. Il a été utilisé à cet égard des images Radarsat-1 en mode fin en polarisation HH et Radarsat-2 en mode fin en double et quadruple polarisation et en mode ultrafin en polarisation HH. Les occupations du sol recherchées étaient le bâti dense, le bâti de densité moyenne, le bâti de densité faible, le bâti industriel et institutionnel, la végétation de faible densité, la végétation dense et l’eau. Les neuf paramètres de textures analysés ont été regroupés, en familles selon leur définition mathématique. Les paramètres de ressemblance/dissemblance regroupent l’Homogénéité, le Contraste, la Similarité et la Dissimilarité. Les paramètres de désordre sont l’Entropie et le Deuxième Moment Angulaire. L’Écart-Type et la Corrélation sont des paramètres de dispersion et la Moyenne est une famille à part. Il ressort des expériences que certaines combinaisons de paramètres de texture provenant de familles différentes utilisés dans les classifications donnent de très bons résultants alors que d’autres associations de paramètres de texture de définition mathématiques proches génèrent de moins bons résultats. Par ailleurs on constate que si l’utilisation de plusieurs paramètres de texture améliore les classifications, la performance de celle-ci plafonne à partir de trois paramètres. Malgré la bonne performance de cette approche basée sur la complémentarité des paramètres de texture, des erreurs systématiques dues aux effets cardinaux subsistent sur les classifications. Pour pallier à ce problème, il a été développé un modèle de compensation radiométrique basé sur la section efficace radar (SER). Une simulation radar à partir du modèle numérique de surface du milieu a permis d'extraire les zones de rétrodiffusion des bâtis et d'analyser les rétrodiffusions correspondantes. Une règle de compensation des effets cardinaux fondée uniquement sur les réponses des objets en fonction de leur orientation par rapport au plan d'illumination par le faisceau du radar a été mise au point. Des applications de cet algorithme sur des images RADARSAT-1 et RADARSAT-2 en polarisations HH, HV, VH, et VV ont permis de réaliser de considérables gains et d’éliminer l’essentiel des erreurs de classification dues aux effets cardinaux. / This study aims to test the relevance of medium and high-resolution SAR images on the characterization of the types of land use in urban areas. To this end, we have relied on textural approaches based on second-order statistics. Specifically, we look for texture parameters most relevant for discriminating urban objects. We have used in this regard Radarsat-1 in fine polarization mode and Radarsat-2 HH fine mode in dual and quad polarization and ultrafine mode HH polarization. The land uses sought were dense building, medium density building, low density building, industrial and institutional buildings, low density vegetation, dense vegetation and water. We have identified nine texture parameters for analysis, grouped into families according to their mathematical definitions in a first step. The parameters of similarity / dissimilarity include Homogeneity, Contrast, the Differential Inverse Moment and Dissimilarity. The parameters of disorder are Entropy and the Second Angular Momentum. The Standard Deviation and Correlation are the dispersion parameters and the Average is a separate family. It is clear from experience that certain combinations of texture parameters from different family used in classifications yield good results while others produce kappa of very little interest. Furthermore, we realize that if the use of several texture parameters improves classifications, its performance ceils from three parameters. The calculation of correlations between the textures and their principal axes confirm the results. Despite the good performance of this approach based on the complementarity of texture parameters, systematic errors due to the cardinal effects remain on classifications. To overcome this problem, a radiometric compensation model was developed based on the radar cross section (SER). A radar simulation from the digital surface model of the environment allowed us to extract the building backscatter zones and to analyze the related backscatter. Thus, we were able to devise a strategy of compensation of cardinal effects solely based on the responses of the objects according to their orientation from the plane of illumination through the radar's beam. It appeared that a compensation algorithm based on the radar cross section was appropriate. Some examples of the application of this algorithm on HH polarized RADARSAT-2 images are presented as well. Application of this algorithm will allow considerable gains with regard to certain forms of automation (classification and segmentation) at the level of radar imagery thus generating a higher level of quality in regard to visual interpretation. Application of this algorithm on RADARSAT-1 and RADARSAT-2 images with HH, HV, VH, and VV polarisations helped make considerable gains and eliminate most of the classification errors due to the cardinal effects.

Ce mémoire porte sur l’étude de l’orientation des sépultures mayas de la Période Classique (250 - 900/1000 de notre ère). Il s’agit d’une recherche visant à comprendre le choix d’une orientation sud des défunts dans la vallée du Belize et ses environs. L’intérêt porté à cette région vient du fait que l’orientation sud des défunts est un phénomène que l’on retrouve rarement sur le territoire maya, sauf à cet endroit. Alors que la présence de la cardinalité en lien avec la cosmovision maya est attestée dans l’architecture, le plan des sites, la forme et la fonction des divinités, dans l’agriculture, etc., il est plutôt rare qu’elle soit analysée dans les études du traitement funéraire. Ainsi, le but de cette recherche est de saisir l’ampleur de la pratique de l’orientation sud des défunts sur le territoire maya, de comprendre son origine et sa ou ses possible(s) signification(s). Les données des sépultures de la Période Classique de cinq sites de la vallée du Belize (Baking Pot, Barton Ramie, Blackman Eddy, Cahal Pech et Xunantunich), de quatre sites du Plateau Vaca (Minanha, Pacbitun, Mountain Cow et Caracol) et de trois sites situés à l’ouest (Holmul) et au nord (San José et Altun Ha) de ces deux régions sont compilées. Les résultats révèlent que le coeur de cette pratique se trouve dans la vallée du Belize, bien qu’une orientation sud des défunts ait été retrouvée partout. Cette pratique semble apparaitre à la fin de la Période Préclassique et les analyses ne révèlent pas de lien entre l’orientation sud et certaines variables (âge, sexe, position du défunt). Finalement, on arrive à la conclusion qu’il est possible que cette orientation sud des défunts soit en lien avec le passage des défunts dans l’inframonde et que cela forme un choix culturel local en lien avec le statut et l’identité du défunt. / This thesis focuses on the study of the orientation of Classic Maya burials (AD 250 - 900/1000). The research is directed towards the understanding of the presence of the south orientation of burials in the Belize Valley and its surroundings. While the presence of the cardinality of the Mayan worldview is established as reflected in the architecture, settlement patterns, form and function of divine agents, agriculture, etc., it is rarely analyzed in funerary treatment studies. Thus, the aim of this research is to understand the extent of the practice of the south orientation of the deceased on the Mayan territory, to understand its origin, and its possible signification(s). Data from the Classic burials of five Belize Valley sites (Baking Pot, Barton Ramie, Blackman Eddy, Cahal Pech, and Xunantunich), four Vaca Plateau sites (Minanha, Pacbitun, Mountain Cow, and Caracol), and three sites located west (Holmul) and north (San José and Altun Ha) of the two previous regions have been compiled. The results reveal that the heart of this practice lies in the Belize Valley, although a south orientation of the deceased was found everywhere. This practice seems to appear at the end of the Preclassic Period and analysis revealed no link between south orientation and certain variables (age, sex, position of the deceased). Finally, it was found that it is possible that south orientation of the deceased is connected with the passage of the deceased in the underworld, and that it is a local choice in connection with the status and the identity of the deceased.

We define a general notion of closure scheme to systematically study the classes of Fréchet, sequetial, (pseudo)radial, (weakly) (discretely) Whyburn, and (weakly) discretely generated spaces. First, several general propositions on closure schemes and preservation of induced properties under topological constructions are proved and later applied when we systematically summarize the properties of the classes mentioned above. Next, we focus on a detailed overview of inclusions between the classes in the general case, in the case of Hausdorff spaces, and under additional conditions like compactness and countable compactness. Valid inclusions between the classes are summarized in well arranged diagrams, invalid inclusions are demonstrated by several counterexamples.

Typologisk klassificering av kardinaltals ordföljdstendenser har generellt utgått från en binär uppdelning i pre- och postnominella språk, men viss inomspråklig variation i ordföljdsmönster mellan olika kardinaltal har hittats bland världens språk. Tillgång till parallelltexter på många olika språk möjliggör storskalig kvantitativ typologisk analys av syntaktiska fenomen som detta, givet en lämplig strategi för språkoberoende parsning av icke-annoterat material. I denna studie undersöks aspekter av kardinaltalsberoende ordföljdsvariation i 1336 språk genom ordlänkning och annoteringsöverföring i en massivt parallell korpus av Bibelöversättningar. Källtexter märks upp med syntaktisk och lexikal annotering som förs över till icke-annoterad ordlänkad data på andra språk, och ordföljdstendenser för varje kardinaltal och språk mäts statistiskt. Utvärdering av metodens klassificering av generell kardinaltalsordföljd gav 87 % överensstämmelse med data från den manuellt sammanställda WALS-databasen, i linje med tidigare evalueringar av liknande metoder. Variation i ordföljdsmönster mellan individuella kardinaltal uppvisades i en väsentlig andel av undersökta språk, vilket motiverar värdet av en mer detaljerad klassificering av kardinaltals ordföljdstypologi. Undersökning av seriell ordföljdsvariation, där ett seriellt gränsvärde finns mellan olika dominerande ordföljdstyper i ett språks kardinaltalssystem, visade att den överlägset vanligaste strukturen för seriell variation i den undersökta datan var prenominella uttryck för 1 i språk där den dominerande kardinaltalsordföljden klassats som postnominell. / Typological word order classification for cardinal numerals has generally used a binary pre- or postnominal model, but in some languages word order behaviour has been shown to vary between individual cardinal numerals. This phenomenon can be quantitatively studied on a larger typological scale using massively parallel texts, given a cross-language method for parsing non-annotated texts. In this study, cardinal numeral-dependent word order variation is extracted from Bible translations in 1336 languages through word alignment and annotation transfer from syntactically and lexically annotated source texts to all translations in the corpus. Classification of dominant numeral word order using the transferred annotations agreed with manually gathered classifications from the WALS database for 87 % of common languages, which is in line with previous similar studies. Possible numeral-dependent word order variation was identified in a significant number of languages in the sample, supporting the case for use of a more nuanced word order classification structure. Analysis of serial word order variation, where a cardinal numeral of a certain value separates continuous numeral sequences with different dominant word orders, showed the most common structure for this type of variation to be the 1-numeral preceding the noun while all other numerals follow the noun they modify.

Dados um espaço de medida (X;A;m) e números reais p,q>1 com 1/p+1/q=1, o Teorema de Representação de Riesz afirma que Lq(X;A;m) é o dual topológico de Lp(X;A;m) e que Loo(X;A; m) é o dual topológico de L1(X;A;m) se o espaço (X;A;m) for sigma-finito. Observamos que a sigma-finitude de (X;A;m) é condição suficiente mas não necessária para que Loo(X;A;m) seja o dual de L1(X;A;m). Os contra-exemplos tipicamente apresentados para essa última identificação são \"triviais\", no sentido de que desaparecem se \"consertarmos\" a medida , transformando-a numa medida perfeita. Neste trabalho apresentamos condições sufcientes mais fracas que sigma-finitude a fim de que Loo(X;A;m) e o dual de L1(X;A;m) possam ser isometricamente identificados. Além disso, introduzimos um invariante cardinal para espaços de medida que chamaremos a dimensão do espaço e mostramos que se o espaço (X;A;m) for de medida perfeita e tiver dimensão menor ou igual à cardinalidade do continuum então uma condição necessária e suficiente para Loo(X;A;m) seja o dual de L1(X;A;m) é que X admita uma decomposição. / Given a measure space (X;A;m) and real numbers p,q>1 with 1/p+1/q=1, the Riesz Representation Theorem states that Lq(X;A;m) is the topological dual space of Lp(X;A;m) and that Loo(X;A; m) is the topological dual space of L1(X;A;m) if (X;A; m) is sigma-finite. We observe that the sigma-finiteness of (X;A;m) is a suficient but not necessary condition for Loo(X;A;m) to be the dual of L1(X;A;m). The counter-examples that are typically presented for Loo(X;A;m) = L1(X;A;m)* are \"trivial\", in the sense that they vanish if we fix the measure , making it into a perfect measure. In this work we present suficient conditions weaker than sigma-finiteness in order that Loo(X;A; m) and L1(X;A;m)* can be isometrically identified. Moreover, we introduce a cardinal invariant for measure spaces which we call the dimension of the space and we show that if the space (X;A;m) has perfect measure and dimension less than or equal to the cardinal of the continuum then a necessary and suficient condition for Loo(X;A;m) = L1(X;A;m)* is that X admits a decomposition.

Concerning the Eccentricities of Cardinal Pirelli by Ronald Firbank and Between the Acts by Virginia Woolf both liberate the text from the expected form to engage emotional awareness and instigate reform of societal standards. Employing Mikhail Bakhtin’s theories of the carnivalesque and grotesque realism as a means to create this perspective is unconventional; nevertheless, Firbank, predominantly misunderstood, and Woolf, more regarded but largely misinterpreted, both address sexuality and religion to parody what they believe to be the retrogression of civilization by narrating christenings, pageants, and other forms of carnival. Both novels forefront nonconformity, and the conspicuous influence of debasement is identified as a form of salient renewal. Christopher Ames, Melba-Cuddy Keane, and Alice Fox have already expressed remarkable insight into Woolf; unfortunately not a single scholar has approached Firbank’s text in this manner, and this essay discusses the value of both authors in the aspect of Bakhktin’s theories. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

A part les quelques pages écrites, dans les années soixante, par Orest Ranum sur Claude et Léon Bouthillier et leur activité de secrétaires d'Etat des Affaires étrangères entre 1635 et 1642, la famille Bouthillier n'avait jamais fait l'objet d'aucune étude. Pourtant, du surintendant des finances Claude Bouthillier à l'abbé de Rancé, Armand-Jean Bouthillier, du secrétaire d'Etat Léon Bouthillier, mieux connu sous le nom de Chavigny, à Marie Bouthillier, femme du maréchal-duc de Choiseul, cette famille compte des personnages éminents.<br />L'obscurité de ses origines n'en rendait l'étude que plus attrayante. Rien, ou peu de choses, sur l'avocat Denis Bouthillier, père de Claude. Pas davantage sur les avocats à cette époque.<br />L'accent a été mis sur l'étude du mouvement qui a porté Denis et Claude Bouthillier, dans leur carrière et dans la formation de leur fortune. Cela a permis, entre autres choses, de se pencher sur la vie d'un avocat à la fin du XVIe siècle et au début du XVIIe siècle, mais également de suivre pas à pas la formation de la fortune d'un surintendant des finances.

<p>This is a study of the novel <em>Mes mauvaises pensées</em> (2005) by the French writer Nina Bouraoui. I use an intertextual comparative method, where I read the novel against three intertexts: Marie Cardinal <em>Les mots pour le dire</em> (1975), the David Lynch movie <em>Mulholland Drive </em>(2001) and novels and photographies by Hervé Guibert. Main focus is on the relation between body and language. Using the psychoanalytic theories by Julia Kristeva I examine the melancholy of the narrator in <em>Mes mauvaises pensées</em>. The melancholic subject mourns a Thing which is the unrepresentable archaic mother. Melancholy is connected to the notion of exile; the subject belongs to a lost place in the past which it is still holding on to. The narrator of <em>Mes mauvaises pensées</em> is still living in her childhood, even though she is a grown up woman. I show how the place from where she speaks is the child. The female body and the female sexuality are not represented in the text, there is a missing link between the female body and it’s representation in language – in the symbolic order. According to Kristeva the melancholic denies the loss of the Thing – in the end the mother – and clings to the unrepresentable void. By realizing and acknowledging the loss one can reconstruct the bond to the archaic mother in language. Bouraoui’s failure in writing <em>the feminine</em> into the text is interesting because it puts lights on the conditions of writing the body for women. The theory of l’écriture féminine is an inspiration for the analyses and I contrast it to Judith Butler’s idea of gender performativity. There is a conflict in what constitutes gender and sex between psychoanalysis and queer theory, which is also found in the narrator in Bouraoui’s novel – trying to create herself through pure performativity she never succeeds to act independently of the mother and the female body.</p>

This is a study of the novel Mes mauvaises pensées (2005) by the French writer Nina Bouraoui. I use an intertextual comparative method, where I read the novel against three intertexts: Marie Cardinal Les mots pour le dire (1975), the David Lynch movie Mulholland Drive (2001) and novels and photographies by Hervé Guibert. Main focus is on the relation between body and language. Using the psychoanalytic theories by Julia Kristeva I examine the melancholy of the narrator in Mes mauvaises pensées. The melancholic subject mourns a Thing which is the unrepresentable archaic mother. Melancholy is connected to the notion of exile; the subject belongs to a lost place in the past which it is still holding on to. The narrator of Mes mauvaises pensées is still living in her childhood, even though she is a grown up woman. I show how the place from where she speaks is the child. The female body and the female sexuality are not represented in the text, there is a missing link between the female body and it’s representation in language – in the symbolic order. According to Kristeva the melancholic denies the loss of the Thing – in the end the mother – and clings to the unrepresentable void. By realizing and acknowledging the loss one can reconstruct the bond to the archaic mother in language. Bouraoui’s failure in writing the feminine into the text is interesting because it puts lights on the conditions of writing the body for women. The theory of l’écriture féminine is an inspiration for the analyses and I contrast it to Judith Butler’s idea of gender performativity. There is a conflict in what constitutes gender and sex between psychoanalysis and queer theory, which is also found in the narrator in Bouraoui’s novel – trying to create herself through pure performativity she never succeeds to act independently of the mother and the female body.