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The central objects of study in this thesis are metric measure spaces. These are metric spaces which are endowed with a reference measure and enriched with basic topological, geometric and measure theoretical properties. The objective of the first part of the work is to characterize metric measure spaces whose symmetry groups admit a differential structure making them Lie groups. The second part is concerned with the analysis of the induced geometry of spaces admitting non-trivial symmetries. More in detail, it is shown that in many cases synthetic notions of Ricci curvature lower bounds are inherited by quotient spaces.

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The thesis is composed by three sections, each devoted to the study of a specific problem in the setting of PI spaces. The problem analyzed are: a C^m Lusin approximation result for horizontal curves in the Heisenberg group, a limit result in the spirit of Burgain-Brezis-Mironescu for Orlicz-Sobolev spaces in Carnot groups and the differentiability of Lipschitz functions in Laakso spaces.

This thesis is broadly divided in two parts. In the first part we give a survey of various distances between metric spaces, namely the uniform distance, Lipschitz distance, Hausdor distance and the Gramoz Hausdor distance. Here we talk about only the most basic of their properties and give a few illustrative examples. As we wish to study collections of metric measure spaces, which are triples (X; d; m) consisting of a complete separable metric space (X; d) and a Boral probability measure m on X, there are discussions about some distances between them. Among the three that we discuss, the transportation and distortion distances were introduced by Sturm. The later, denoted by 2, on the space X2 of all metric measure spaces having finite L2-size is the focus of the second part of this thesis. The second part is an exposition based on the work done by Sturm. Here we prove a number of results on the analytic and geometric properties of (X2; 2). Beginning by noting that (X2; 2) is a non-complete space, we try to understand its completion. Towards this end, the notion of a gauged measure space is useful. These are triples (X; f; m) where X is a Polish space, m a Boral probability measure on X and f a function, also called a gauge, on X X that is symmetric and square integral with respect to the product measure m2. We show that, Theorem 1. The completion of (X2; 2) consists of all gauged measure spaces where the gauges satisfy triangle inequality almost everywhere. We denote the space of all gauged measure spaces by Y. The space X2 can be embedded in Y and the transportation distance 2 extends easily from X2 to Y. These two spaces turn out to have similar geometric properties. On both these spaces 2 is a strictly intrinsic metric; i.e. any two members in them can be joined by a shortest path. But more importantly, using a description of the geodesics in these spaces, the following result is proved. Theorem 2. Both (X2; 2) and (Y; 2) have non-negative curvature in the sense of Alexandrov.

Dados um espaço de medida (X;A;m) e números reais p,q>1 com 1/p+1/q=1, o Teorema de Representação de Riesz afirma que Lq(X;A;m) é o dual topológico de Lp(X;A;m) e que Loo(X;A; m) é o dual topológico de L1(X;A;m) se o espaço (X;A;m) for sigma-finito. Observamos que a sigma-finitude de (X;A;m) é condição suficiente mas não necessária para que Loo(X;A;m) seja o dual de L1(X;A;m). Os contra-exemplos tipicamente apresentados para essa última identificação são \"triviais\", no sentido de que desaparecem se \"consertarmos\" a medida , transformando-a numa medida perfeita. Neste trabalho apresentamos condições sufcientes mais fracas que sigma-finitude a fim de que Loo(X;A;m) e o dual de L1(X;A;m) possam ser isometricamente identificados. Além disso, introduzimos um invariante cardinal para espaços de medida que chamaremos a dimensão do espaço e mostramos que se o espaço (X;A;m) for de medida perfeita e tiver dimensão menor ou igual à cardinalidade do continuum então uma condição necessária e suficiente para Loo(X;A;m) seja o dual de L1(X;A;m) é que X admita uma decomposição. / Given a measure space (X;A;m) and real numbers p,q>1 with 1/p+1/q=1, the Riesz Representation Theorem states that Lq(X;A;m) is the topological dual space of Lp(X;A;m) and that Loo(X;A; m) is the topological dual space of L1(X;A;m) if (X;A; m) is sigma-finite. We observe that the sigma-finiteness of (X;A;m) is a suficient but not necessary condition for Loo(X;A;m) to be the dual of L1(X;A;m). The counter-examples that are typically presented for Loo(X;A;m) = L1(X;A;m)* are \"trivial\", in the sense that they vanish if we fix the measure , making it into a perfect measure. In this work we present suficient conditions weaker than sigma-finiteness in order that Loo(X;A; m) and L1(X;A;m)* can be isometrically identified. Moreover, we introduce a cardinal invariant for measure spaces which we call the dimension of the space and we show that if the space (X;A;m) has perfect measure and dimension less than or equal to the cardinal of the continuum then a necessary and suficient condition for Loo(X;A;m) = L1(X;A;m)* is that X admits a decomposition.

Dans cette thèse nous étudions les transformées de Riesz et les espaces de Hardy associés à un opérateur sur un espace métrique mesuré. Ces deux sujets sont en lien avec des estimations du noyau de la chaleur associé à cet opérateur. Dans les Chapitres 1, 2 et 4, on étudie les transformées quasi de Riesz sur les variétés riemannienne et sur les graphes. Dans le Chapitre 1, on prouve que les quasi transformées de Riesz sont bornées dans Lp pour 1<p<2. Dans le Chapitre 2, on montre que les quasi transformées de Riesz est aussi de type faible (1,1) si la variété satisfait la propriété de doublement du volume et l'estimation sous-gaussienne du noyau de la chaleur. On obtient des résultats analogues sur les graphes dans le Chapitre 4. Dans le Chapitre 3, on développe la théorie des espaces de Hardy sur les espaces métriques mesurés avec des estimations différentes localement et globalement du noyau de la chaleur. On définit les espaces de Hardy par les molécules et par les fonctions quadratiques. On montre tout d'abord que ces deux espaces H1 sont les mêmes. Puis, on compare l'espace Hp défini par par les fonctions quadratiques et Lp. On montre qu'ils sont équivalents. Mais on trouve des exemples tels que l'équivalence entre Lp et Hp défini par les fonctions quadratiques avec l'homogénéité t2 n'est pas vraie. Finalement, comme application, on montre que les quasi transformées de Riesz sont bornées de H1 dans L1 sur les variétés fractales. Dans le Chapitre 5, on prouve des inégalités généralisées de Poincaré et de Sobolev sur les graphes de Vicsek. On montre aussi qu'elles sont optimales. / In this thesis, we mainly study Riesz transforms and Hardy spaces associated to operators. The two subjects are closely related to volume growth and heat kernel estimates. In Chapter 1, 2 and 4, we study Riesz transforms on Riemannian manifold and on graphs. In Chapter 1, we prove that on a complete Riemannian manifold, the quasi Riesz transform is always Lp bounded on for p strictly large than 1 and no less than 2. In Chapter 2, we prove that the quasi Riesz transform is also weak L1 bounded if the manifold satisfies the doubling volume property and the sub-Gaussian heat kernel estimate. Similarly, we show in Chapter 4 the same results on graphs. In Chapter 3, we develop a Hardy space theory on metric measure spaces satisfying the doubling volume property and different local and global heat kernel estimates. Firstly we define Hardy spaces via molecules and via square functions which are adapted to the heat kernel estimates. Then we show that the two H1 spaces via molecules and via square functions are the same. Also, we compare the Hp space defined via square functions with Lp. The corresponding Hp space for p large than 1 defined via square functions is equivalent to the Lebesgue space Lp. However, it is shown that in this situation, the Hp space corresponding to Gaussian estimates does not coincide with Lp any more. Finally, as an application of this Hardy space theory, we proved that quasi Riesz transforms are bounded from H1 to L1 on fractal manifolds. In Chapter 5, we consider Vicsek graphs. We prove generalised Poincaré inequalities and Sobolev inequalities on Vicsek graphs and we show that they are optimal.

Title: Sobolev-Type Spaces on Metric Measure Spaces Author: RNDr. Lukáš Malý Department: Department of Mathematical Analysis Supervisor: Prof. RNDr. Luboš Pick, CSc., DSc., Department of Mathematical Analysis Abstract: is thesis focuses on function spaces related to rst-order analysis in abstract metric measure spaces. In metric spaces, we can replace distributional gra- dients, whose de nition depends on the linear structure of Rn , by upper gradients that control the functions' behavior along all recti able curves. is gives rise to the so-called Newtonian spaces. e summability condition, considered in the thesis, is expressed using a general Banach function lattice quasi-norm and so an extensive framework is built. Sobolev-type spaces (mainly based on the Lp norm) on metric spaces, and Newtonian spaces in particular, have been under intensive study since the mid- s. Standard toolbox for the theory is set up in this general setting and Newto- nian spaces are proven complete. Summability of an upper gradient of a function is shown to guarantee the function's absolute continuity on almost all curves. Ex- istence of a unique minimal weak upper gradient is established. Regularization of Newtonian functions via Lipschitz truncations is discussed in doubling Poincaré spaces using weak boundedness of maximal...

Dados um espaço de medida (X;A;m) e números reais p,q>1 com 1/p+1/q=1, o Teorema de Representação de Riesz afirma que Lq(X;A;m) é o dual topológico de Lp(X;A;m) e que Loo(X;A; m) é o dual topológico de L1(X;A;m) se o espaço (X;A;m) for sigma-finito. Observamos que a sigma-finitude de (X;A;m) é condição suficiente mas não necessária para que Loo(X;A;m) seja o dual de L1(X;A;m). Os contra-exemplos tipicamente apresentados para essa última identificação são \"triviais\", no sentido de que desaparecem se \"consertarmos\" a medida , transformando-a numa medida perfeita. Neste trabalho apresentamos condições sufcientes mais fracas que sigma-finitude a fim de que Loo(X;A;m) e o dual de L1(X;A;m) possam ser isometricamente identificados. Além disso, introduzimos um invariante cardinal para espaços de medida que chamaremos a dimensão do espaço e mostramos que se o espaço (X;A;m) for de medida perfeita e tiver dimensão menor ou igual à cardinalidade do continuum então uma condição necessária e suficiente para Loo(X;A;m) seja o dual de L1(X;A;m) é que X admita uma decomposição. / Given a measure space (X;A;m) and real numbers p,q>1 with 1/p+1/q=1, the Riesz Representation Theorem states that Lq(X;A;m) is the topological dual space of Lp(X;A;m) and that Loo(X;A; m) is the topological dual space of L1(X;A;m) if (X;A; m) is sigma-finite. We observe that the sigma-finiteness of (X;A;m) is a suficient but not necessary condition for Loo(X;A;m) to be the dual of L1(X;A;m). The counter-examples that are typically presented for Loo(X;A;m) = L1(X;A;m)* are \"trivial\", in the sense that they vanish if we fix the measure , making it into a perfect measure. In this work we present suficient conditions weaker than sigma-finiteness in order that Loo(X;A; m) and L1(X;A;m)* can be isometrically identified. Moreover, we introduce a cardinal invariant for measure spaces which we call the dimension of the space and we show that if the space (X;A;m) has perfect measure and dimension less than or equal to the cardinal of the continuum then a necessary and suficient condition for Loo(X;A;m) = L1(X;A;m)* is that X admits a decomposition.