A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender o papel político dos abades no reino franco ao longo do governo de Carlos, o calvo, a partir das cartas escritas por Lupo de Ferrières durante mais de trinta anos. A escolha desse personagem e dessa fonte se justifica, primeiro, pela sua unicidade e pela importância que esse conjunto de cartas tem na historiografia. Nenhum historiador que aborde o período pode ignorar um texto tão rico em detalhes. Segundo, Lupo esteve envolvido nas principais questões do seu período: participou de batalhas na Aquitânia, negociou com os Bretões, serviu como representante real em Roma, envolveu-se no debate da predestinação em torno de Godescalco, foi autor de hagiografias e compilações jurídicas, além de ter se tornado uma referência no seu tempo em questões como gramática e astronomia. Diferentemente dos documentos prescritivos, como capitulários, concílios e regras monásticas, que constroem uma imagem do que era esperado dos abades, a leitura do epistolário de Lupo permitiu analisar suas ações concretas, assim como a imagem que ele quis deixar por meio de suas cartas. Essa abordagem não poderia ser feita sem antes analisar o contexto de produção e envio desses textos, como também os problemas em torno da escrita e seleção dos documentos que fazem parte dessa coleção. Afinal, o próprio fato de escrever uma carta era um ato político e para seu envio era necessário dispender muitos recursos. Dessa forma, a partir da análise conjunta da cultura epistolográfica e da cultura política do reino de Carlos, o calvo, pretende-se contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do papel do abade naquele período. / The aim of this research is to understand the political role of abbots in the Frankish kingdom during the reign of Charles, the Bald, through the analysis of letters written by Loup of Ferrières for more than thirty years. Loup and his letters were chosen for two main reasons. First, his epistolary is unique and really important in the development of historiography. This source cant be ignored by historians. Second, along his life, Loup was involved in the main problems of the period: he participated of battles in Aquitaine, negotiated with the British, went to Rome as a royal representative, wrote letters to Hincmar to discuss the ideas of Godschalk about predestination, was the author of hagiographies and juridical compilations and also became a famous scholar. Differently from the prescriptive sources like capitularies, councils and monastic rules that make an image of what was expected from an abbot, the analysis of Loup epistolary allows us not only to observe his real actions but also the image he wanted to leave for the future. This study couldt be done without studying the context of the production of these letters as well as how they were sent and the problems of writing and selecting these documents to be part of a collection. After all, writing letters was a political act and it envolved many resources to be sent. Therefore, analyzing the epistolographical and political culture of the reign of Charles, the Bald, we intend to contribute to a better comprehension of the role of the abbot in this period.

A rebours d’une vision de l’Empire carolingien défini comme une entité homogène, la société carolingienne se caractérisait par sa diversité ethnique, culturelle et religieuse. En plus de faire face à l’altérité à l’intérieur de l’Empire, les souverains carolingiens étaient confrontés à populations très diverses en périphérie de celui-ci : à l’image des Juifs, des Musulmans ou des Espagnols. Cette thèse s’intéresse plus précisément aux Juifs du territoire carolingien, sous le règne des rois et empereurs carolingien (entre 750 - 900). Cet objet de recherche, souvent abordé, n’a jamais fait l’objet d’un traitement systématique. A partir d’un corpus de sources normatives, ce travail analyse comment les autorités séculières et ecclésiales traitaient des Juifs ou du Judaïsme dans leurs législations. Dans un premier temps, il opère une analyse systématique de chaque source, afin de dresser un tableau de toutes les facettes des traitements des autorités chrétiennes (séculières et ecclésiales) à l’égard des Juifs et du Judaïsme. Dans un deuxième temps, il s’attachera à définir la place de cette minorité juive au sein d’une société carolingienne qui se veut chrétienne. En confrontant l’idée du Juif réel avec celle Juif ou du Judaïsme imaginaire ou imaginé et celle du « juif herméneutique », concept introduit par Jeremy Cohen donnant aux Juifs dans les textes théologiques un rôle de figure ajustable à l’argumentation, cette thèse propose les concepts de « Juif historique » et de « Juif politisé » comme clé de lecture de la place des Juifs ou du Judaïsme dans les sources législatives. / Contrary to the belief that the Carolingian Empire was a homogenous entity, Carolingian society was in fact characterized by its diverse ethnic groups, culture, and religion. As well as facing otherness within Europe, Carolingian rulers confronted very diverse populations along its empire’s boundaries: such as the Jews, Muslims, and Spaniards. This thesis concentrates particularly on the Jewish population at the time of the Carolingian Empire, between 750 and 900 AD. There are many articles referring to the Jewish population during that time period, however there is no focused systematic or methodological research on this minority population. Using a corpus of normative sources, this work presents an analysis on how secular and ecclesiastical authorities applied their legislation to the treatment of Jews or Judaism. In the first part, each source undergoes systematic analysis, thus leading to the compilation of a table that outlines the Christian authorities, (secular or ecclesiastic), guidelines on how to treat Jews and Judaism. The second part has the mission to define the place that this Jewish minority had within this Christian Carolingian society. It confronts the notions of the “real” Jew against the “imagined” or “imaginary” Jew or Judaism at that time period, as well as presenting Jeremy Cohen’s concept of the “hermeneutical Jew” which gave the Christian authorities the ability to adapt or change the Jewish image according to their other concerns. This thesis introduces the concepts of the “historic Jew” and that of the “political Jew” as the key to the place the Jews or Judaism had in legislative sources.

This dissertation examines how clerics in the Lombard and Carolingian Kingdom of Italy prosecuted disputes with each other. It argues for and explores two core features of the clerical legal culture of the kingdom. The first regards the judicial institutions that clerics exploited. While the late eleventh and twelfth centuries would see the elaboration of a coherent system of ecclesiastical justice centered on the papal court, distinct from secular judicial institutions, the situation in the early Middle Ages was radically different. Early medieval Italian clerics made recourse to a wide variety of judicial forums, including both "secular" ones such as the public courts and properly "ecclesiastical" ones such as church synods. The dissertation explores these judicial pathways--some of them well-trodden and enduring ones, others more ad hoc--and the ways clerics navigated between them. Second, this study demonstrates that many early medieval Italian clerics displayed considerable skill and sophistication in crafting and delivering legal arguments against each other. Those arguments frequently hinged on substantive appeal to canon law. This finding presents a challenge to a prevailing view in legal-historical scholarship which downplays or ignores practical legal expertise in the early Middle Ages and often dismisses the period itself as an "age without jurists." This dissertation instead argues for an early medieval clerical legal culture that scholars must take seriously as a prehistory to the well-known legal and judicial developments of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. This is the first study to explore in depth the diversity of judicial pathways exploited by clerics in early medieval Italy and the legal arguments they constructed. Proceeding on the basis of case studies, it traces the threads of ecclesiastical legal culture through several genres of sources: in addition to diplomatic sources such as judicial notices, papal bulls, imperial diplomas, and private charters, it also examines the evidence to be found in works of poetry, hagiography, and historiography, and in legal compilations. Among the ecclesiastical disputes that receive extended discussion are those between the bishops of Arezzo and Siena, between the patriarchs of Aquileia and Grado, between the abbots of Nonantola and neighboring bishops, and those within the diocese of Lucca.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender o papel político dos abades no reino franco ao longo do governo de Carlos, o calvo, a partir das cartas escritas por Lupo de Ferrières durante mais de trinta anos. A escolha desse personagem e dessa fonte se justifica, primeiro, pela sua unicidade e pela importância que esse conjunto de cartas tem na historiografia. Nenhum historiador que aborde o período pode ignorar um texto tão rico em detalhes. Segundo, Lupo esteve envolvido nas principais questões do seu período: participou de batalhas na Aquitânia, negociou com os Bretões, serviu como representante real em Roma, envolveu-se no debate da predestinação em torno de Godescalco, foi autor de hagiografias e compilações jurídicas, além de ter se tornado uma referência no seu tempo em questões como gramática e astronomia. Diferentemente dos documentos prescritivos, como capitulários, concílios e regras monásticas, que constroem uma imagem do que era esperado dos abades, a leitura do epistolário de Lupo permitiu analisar suas ações concretas, assim como a imagem que ele quis deixar por meio de suas cartas. Essa abordagem não poderia ser feita sem antes analisar o contexto de produção e envio desses textos, como também os problemas em torno da escrita e seleção dos documentos que fazem parte dessa coleção. Afinal, o próprio fato de escrever uma carta era um ato político e para seu envio era necessário dispender muitos recursos. Dessa forma, a partir da análise conjunta da cultura epistolográfica e da cultura política do reino de Carlos, o calvo, pretende-se contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do papel do abade naquele período. / The aim of this research is to understand the political role of abbots in the Frankish kingdom during the reign of Charles, the Bald, through the analysis of letters written by Loup of Ferrières for more than thirty years. Loup and his letters were chosen for two main reasons. First, his epistolary is unique and really important in the development of historiography. This source cant be ignored by historians. Second, along his life, Loup was involved in the main problems of the period: he participated of battles in Aquitaine, negotiated with the British, went to Rome as a royal representative, wrote letters to Hincmar to discuss the ideas of Godschalk about predestination, was the author of hagiographies and juridical compilations and also became a famous scholar. Differently from the prescriptive sources like capitularies, councils and monastic rules that make an image of what was expected from an abbot, the analysis of Loup epistolary allows us not only to observe his real actions but also the image he wanted to leave for the future. This study couldt be done without studying the context of the production of these letters as well as how they were sent and the problems of writing and selecting these documents to be part of a collection. After all, writing letters was a political act and it envolved many resources to be sent. Therefore, analyzing the epistolographical and political culture of the reign of Charles, the Bald, we intend to contribute to a better comprehension of the role of the abbot in this period.

Habilitation - Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, 2003. / Academy publication. Copyright by Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz. Includes bibliographical references (p. [459]-500) and index.

Habilitation - Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, 2003. / Academy publication. Copyright by Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz. Includes bibliographical references (p. [459]-500) and index.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Universität Bremen, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [xiv]-lx) and index.

Is language a tool of empire or is empire a tool of language? This thesis examines the cultivation of Carolingian hegemony on a pan-European scale; one defined by a renewed interest in the study of language and its relationship to Carolingian eagerness for moral and spiritual authority. Intended to complement previous work on Carolingian cultural politics, this thesis reiterates the emergence of active philosophical speculation during the late eighth and early ninth centuries. Prior research has ignored the centrality of linguistic hermeneutics in the Carolingian literate programme. This thesis addresses this lacuna, demonstrating the symbiotic relationship between spirituality, language, and politics within the Carolingian world. The work appropriates prior investigations into the connection of semiotics and Christian philosophy and proposes the development of a renewed interest into ontology and epistemology by Carolingian scholars, notably Alcuin of York and Theodulf of Orléans. The correlation between linguistic philosophy and spiritual authority is confirmed by the 794 Synod of Frankfurt, at which accusations towards both the Adoptionist movement of northern Spain and the repeal of Byzantine Iconoclasm were based on the dangers of linguistic misinterpretation. The thesis also explores the manifestation of this emergent philosophy of language within the manuscript evidence, witnessed by the biblical pandects produced by Alcuin and Theodulf. Desire for the emendation of texts, not to mention the formation of a uniform script (Caroline Minuscule), abetted the larger goal of both infusing a text with authority (both secular and divine) and allowing for broader spiritual and intellectual understanding of a text. Increasing engagement with classical philosophy and rhetoric, the nature of Carolingian biblical revision, and the cultural politics as seen at the Synod of Frankfurt depict the primacy of language to the Carolingians, not only as a tool of imperialism, but the axis of their intellectual and spiritual world.

No século IX, Agobardo, arcebispo de Lyon, criticou os juízos de Deus, principalmente os duelos judiciários, pronunciando que eles eram contrários à doutrina cristã. Boa parte da historiografia moderna considerou a obra do arcebispo como avançada para o seu tempo, associando indevidamente as críticas do prelado aos diagnósticos historiográficos que concebiam os ordálios e duelos como supersticiosos, bárbaros etc; qualificações essas que não foram utilizadas pelo arcebispo em sua crítica aos juízos de Deus. Em nossa dissertação, pretendemos, em um primeiro momento, demonstrar o lugar e a função dos ordálios e duelos no âmbito judiciário, a partir de exemplos da legislação franca. Defendemos que os juízos de Deus foram mecanismos utilizados de maneira excepcional e tinham a função de constituir uma decisão definitiva. A partir daí, buscamos evidenciar que muitas das considerações historiográficas sobre os escritos de Agobardo de Lyon contra os ordálios e duelos não precisaram os fundamentos da crítica do arcebispo, generalizando-a como se ela fosse uma guerra às superstições. Desse modo, nos concentramos na análise dos escritos do arcebispo, o Adversus legem Gundobadi e o De Divinis Sententiis contra Iudicium Dei, para destacar tanto os motivos de sua refutação aos ordálios e duelos, quanto a sua concepção de império e de sociedade cristã. / In the ninth century, Agobard, archbishop of Lyon, criticized the judgments of God, especially the judicial duels, pronouncing that they were contrary to the Christian doctrine. Most of the modern historiography considered the writings of the archbishop advanced for its time, associating unduly the prelates critics to the historiographical diagnostics that conceived the ordeals and duels as superstitious, barbaric etc; these qualifications that were not used by the archbishop in his criticism of judgments of God. In our thesis, at first, we intend to show the position and the function of ordeals and duels on the judicial sphere, through examples of frank legislation. We argue that the judgments of God were procedures used in a exceptional manner and had the function of constituting a final decision. From that point, we try to show that much of historiographical considerations on the writings of Agobard against the ordeals did not have perceive the grounds of Agobards criticism, generalizing it as if it were a war against the superstitious. Thus, we focus on the analysis of the works of the archbishop, the Adversus legem Gundobadi and the De Divinis Sententiis Contra Iudicium Dei, to highlight the reasons for his rebuttal to ordeals and duels as well his conception of empire and Christian society.

Il est généralement admis que les sources carolingiennes, issues en majorité de l'Europe septentrionale, ne s'intéressent guère à la Méditerranée. A la suite d'Henri Pirenne, certains ont même voulu justifier à l'aide de l'expansion de l'Islam la désertion de l'ancien Mare Nostrum par les Occidentaux, qui aurait été à l’origine du développement de l'Europe rhénane. Il est pourtant frappant de constater que les premiers siècles de la dynastie carolingienne correspondent à un mouvement de conquêtes franques sans précédent en direction du sud. A la mort de Charlemagne, l'Empire contrôle même plus de 1500 km de côtes méridionales, de Barcelone jusqu'à Rome, et tente d’étendre son influence sur les îles proches, comme la Corse et l'archipel des Baléares. Dès lors, les formes de la présence franque au Sud suscitent autant de questionnements que le relatif désintérêt dont celle-ci a fait l'objet jusqu'à ce jour. L'étude de ces marges révèle pourtant leur importance dans la construction impériale ainsi que leur singularité dans l'Occident franc. Elle montre aussi le caractère décisif bien que longtemps sous-évalué de l'expansion carolingienne pour l'histoire médiévale du bassin méditerranéen / It's usually accepted that Carolingian sources, as most of them come from Northern Europe, aren't very interested in Mediterranean issues. Since Henri Pirenne's Mohammed and Charlemagne (1937), some scholars explained the reason of such ignorance by the rise of Islam, which would have forbidden the former Mare Nostrum to Western Europeans and would have been the only cause of the economic growth of the Seine and Rhine valleys. It's nevertheless striking that the first centuries of the Carolingian dynasty is actually linked with an important expansion toward Gaul's southern shores. When Charlemagne died, his empire even ruled almost 1500 km of Mediterranean coasts, from Barcelona to Rome, and was trying to keep control of near islands, as Corsica or the Balearic archipelago. The features of Frankish domination over such territories is therefore questioning, as well as it shows the importance, largely underestimated up to this day, of the Carolingian expansion for the mediaeval history of the Mediterranean sea.