Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo dois romances – O Reino deste Mundo e O Recurso do Método, do escritor cubano Alejo Carpentier, precursor do real maravilhoso, sob uma perspectiva comparatista a partir das teorias e noções que são de interesse da literatura comparada, como o processo de transculturação na América Latina, a intertextualidade, a descolonização cultural, a carnavalização do seu discurso, a desterritorialização, o hibridismo cultural e literário, a busca da identidade cultural e da consciência latino-americana no contexto sócio-político, histórico e cultural no qual essas obras se inserem. Fundamenta-se esse estudo nas contribuições de dois teóricos latino-americanos, o etnólogo cubano Fernando Ortíz, pioneiro do conceito de transculturação, e o crítico literário uruguaio Ángel Rama, teórico da transculturação narrativa na América Latina. Destaca-se, ainda, a relevância que o ato tradutório, em geral, e a tradução literária, em particular, têm como mediadores interculturais, apontando-se algumas questões de tradução cultural nas traduções das obras para o português e o importante papel do tradutor em obras dessa natureza.

Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo dois romances – O Reino deste Mundo e O Recurso do Método, do escritor cubano Alejo Carpentier, precursor do real maravilhoso, sob uma perspectiva comparatista a partir das teorias e noções que são de interesse da literatura comparada, como o processo de transculturação na América Latina, a intertextualidade, a descolonização cultural, a carnavalização do seu discurso, a desterritorialização, o hibridismo cultural e literário, a busca da identidade cultural e da consciência latino-americana no contexto sócio-político, histórico e cultural no qual essas obras se inserem. Fundamenta-se esse estudo nas contribuições de dois teóricos latino-americanos, o etnólogo cubano Fernando Ortíz, pioneiro do conceito de transculturação, e o crítico literário uruguaio Ángel Rama, teórico da transculturação narrativa na América Latina. Destaca-se, ainda, a relevância que o ato tradutório, em geral, e a tradução literária, em particular, têm como mediadores interculturais, apontando-se algumas questões de tradução cultural nas traduções das obras para o português e o importante papel do tradutor em obras dessa natureza.

Os romances Memorial do Convento, de José Saramago, e A gloriosa família: o tempo dos flamengos, de Pepetela, são considerados como novos romances históricos, cuja forma tem origem tanto na estrutura do romance histórico de matriz realista, teorizado por Lukács, quanto nos primeiros novos romances históricos criados em Cuba, por Alejo Carpentier, a partir de 1949, consideradas suas singulares diferenças em relação aos contextos de origem, pois confirmam diálogos com certos elementos da tradição dos romances produzidos em cada um de seus sistemas literários. Assim, por pertencerem a um subgênero que estabelece uma ruptura com o paradigma dos romances históricos produzidos no momento do Romantismo e do Realismo, essa nova forma apresenta características próprias, cujos discursos projetam tanto as ideologias dominantes de época quanto outras formas de pensamento, as quais asseguram um contradiscurso que percorre os textos, como enunciados secundários, articulados a partir de discursos primários. Os posicionamentos enunciativos, bem como a configuração de seus narradores revelam lugares sociais considerados excêntricos, assim como os discursos que veiculam em relação à história oficial, à qual procuram tanto parafrasear, estilizar quanto parodiar. E, algumas vezes, lidam com apropriações do texto histórico canônico, exatamente com o objetivo de subverter o sentido dessa escrita como um discurso bem sucedido das elites do tempo histórico-diegético, privilegiando a visão dos narradores e das personagens excêntricos. Dessa maneira, os discursos excêntricos possuem algumas temáticas que se alinham à história percebida como pesadelo, enfatizadas em ambos os romances e desveladas pelos implícitos e inferências, como a crítica aos Impérios e seus valores; crítica ao Monopólio e suas dinâmicas; à dominação de outros povos e grupos por meio da força bruta; ao caos existencial gerado pelas elites sobre as dinâmicas sócio-culturais dos grupos submetidos; à ideologia monódica, em confronto com outras formas culturais; aos prejuízos materiais e emocionais impostos pelas elites às classes subalternas: às desigualdades sociais como geradoras de exclusões, entre outras. Trazem implícitos, também, os discursos sobre a formação de identidades singulares pela constante mestiçagem ou pela exclusão racial ou social. / Memorial do Convento a novel, by José Saramago, and A gloriosa família: o tempo dos flamengos, a novel by Pepetela, are considered new historical novels, their form has its origin in the structure of the historical novel of realistic matrix theorized by Lukács, as well as in the first new historical novels written in Cuba by Alejo Carpentier, since 1949, considering their natural differences in relation to the original contexts, for they confirm dialogues with certain elements of the tradition of novels produced in each literary system. Thus, they belong to a subgenre that provides a rupture with paradigm of historical novels in Romanticism and Realism this new form has its own characteristics, whose discourses project the dominant ideologies of the time as well as other forms of thought, which provide a counter-discourse throughout the texts, as secondary enunciator, articulated from the primary discourse. The enunciation placements, as well the configuration of the narrator reveal social places considered ex-centric, similar to the speeches that propagate in relation to the official history, which intend to paraphrase, style as well as parody. Sometimes, they deal with appropriations of canonical historical text, intending to subvert the meaning of this text into a successful discourse of historical-diegetic time elites, favoring the narrators view and excentric characters. Thus, the ex-centric discourses have themes that align with history perceived as nightmares, emphasized in both novels and unveiled by implicit inferences, as a criticism of Empires and of their values; criticism of Monopoly and its dynamics, the domination of other people and groups by brute force, the existential chaos generated by elites on the social an cultural dynamics groups submitted to the monodic ideology in comparison with other cultural forms, the emotional and material damages imposed by the elites onto lower classes: social inequalities which lead to social exclusion, among others. They bring implicit discourses about a singular forming of identities caused by a constant miscegenation or by racial or social exclusion.

La presente investigación tiene como objeto de estudio la novela El siglo de las luces de Alejo Carpentier. Su punto de partida es una lectura centrada no tanto en los asuntos específicamente históricos que propone la novela, sino en aquellos aspectos de su escritura que la vinculan con otras grandes novelas europeas producidas dentro del moderno paradigma de “literatura” que, de acuerdo con Jacques Rancière, tomó el lugar de la antigua poética de la representación como concepción de la creación o el quehacer poéticos. Partiendo de las propuestas teóricas de Erich Auerbach, Jacques Rancière y René Girard, he llevado a cabo un análisis de la escritura literaria en El siglo de las luces, y de la manera en que dicha escritura representa la acción y el discurso de los personajes, que ha tenido como finalidad establecer hasta qué punto los desafíos y las paradojas, formales y temáticos, que caracterizan al moderno paradigma de “literatura” influyen en el tratamiento ficcional de los acontecimientos históricos en los que se enmarca el relato de las trayectorias de los protagonistas, Sofía y Esteban.

This doctoral thesis analyses the depiction of the historical topics of Conquest and Revolution across the literary writings of Alejo Carpentier (1904-1980) and Carlos Fuentes (1928-2012). These historical tropes constitute core topics of reflection throughout their literary and critical works, stressing the interplay between literature and history. I propose the concept of literary historicism to analyse their portrayal of historical topics and characterise the role of history in their poetics. This concept denotes the historical awareness that underpins the authors’ literary reinterpretations of historical events; their use of a historicist writing methodology; and the critical relationship established to historiographical sources and narratives. I argue that the authors’ deliberate historicism characterises their narratives, challenges disciplinary boundaries and posits literature as an alternative medium for the production of historical interpretation. This comparative study focuses on a corpus of fifteen fictional works from both authors that depict Conquest and Revolution. The first section analyses the authors’ literary portrayal of the Conquest of Mexico (1521) and stresses the relationship established to the historical sources consulted and their literary reinterpretation of this historical event. An assessment of the reflections and symbolisms embodied by their literary-historical figures elucidates the authors’ understanding of the Conquest. Thus, this section demonstrates the defining character of these authors’ literary historicism in their writing methodology and semantic interpretation when addressing historical tropes. The second section explores Fuentes’s and Carpentier’s depiction of historical Revolutions including the French, Mexican, Haitian and Cuban Revolutions. This section comprises a transversal and diachronic analysis of their Revolution cycles to demonstrate recurrent narrative, thematic and stylistic patterns in Fuentes’s and Carpentier’s literary portrayals of this historical phenomenon. I highlight the further meaning that these patterns acquire in their works, articulating a critical assessment of these historical revolutions. This thesis adds to the scholarship on these authors from an interdisciplinary perspective that re-centres attention on History. Through the concept of Literary Historicism, I demonstrate the existence of a central concern in their oeuvres to critically reassess the Latin American past and its historical interpretations from literary discourse. This study contributes to the understanding of history and literature in Latin America, for it analyses the interactions between these branches of written culture.

Né à la Havane d'un père breton et d'une mère russe, Alejo Carpentier a séjourné de nombreuses années en France avant de revenir vers sa terre natale, Cuba. Sa vaste culture, où s'entrelacent le culturel européen et le mythique antillais, présente la conscience de deux mondes, conférant à ses romans un caractère d'universalité. À la fois poète, romancier, musicien et historien, Carpentier dévoile dans ses œuvres toute l'étendue de ses connaissances au moyen d'une information circonstanciée et personnelle. Dans Le Siècle des Lumières (1962), nous contemplons la Révolution française sous un angle peu abordé, celui de l'espace caraïbe. Le récit met en scène une conséquence tragique de « l'après-Lumières » : on y lit une vision déceptive des événements entourant la Révolution française dans l'espace-temps décalé des Antilles. Les personnages passent ainsi d'une vision idéalisée des Lumières à une perception plus critique de ses conséquences révolutionnaires. Au-delà de la saveur historique qui enrobe la trame romanesque, Le Siècle des Lumières exhale l'aspect profondément humain qui le caractérise. Sous un éclairage parfois cru, le roman relate la vaste aventure de l'homme et des peuples au cœur du mouvement historique. L'œuvre dévoile les aspects sombres et clairs qui ont marqué les Lumières dans une mise en scène où foisonnent les effets de clairs-obscurs. La diégèse romanesque se déploie selon une trajectoire parabolique qui s'élève d'abord vers la lumière avant de basculer dans la nuit. Toutes ces variations lumineuses connotent, de par leur intensité, les événements, les objets et les personnages du roman. Notre lecture du topos des Lumières, effectuée à partir de certains points d'ancrage narratologiques, tâchera de montrer comment le système narratif métaphorise les Lumières dans une œuvre teintée de « réalisme merveilleux ». ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Lumières, métaphore, Révolution, Caraïbes, Cuba, Alejo Carpentier, roman.

Commitments to cosmopolitanism and indigenism complicate the Modernist literature of the Third World. This study investigates the rhetorical and aesthetic responses of Third World "little magazines"--short-running, self-financed cultural magazines--to these two notions. These little magazine evolved with the daily newspaper as a tool favored by avant-garde movements for critiquing the social structures that produced it and for codifying their aesthetic and political principles. Comparing the Stridentist little magazine Horizonte (1926-1927) to D. H. Lawrence's novel The Plumed Serpent (1925), I argue that the Mexican Revolution created a climate of nationalism that reoriented the Stridentist movement away from a version of cosmopolitanism influenced by European modernist movements and toward a deeper interest in the Mexican folk and indigenous culture. Following form there, I consider the concept of cosmopolitanism in the Cuban novelist Alejo Carpentier's El Reino de este mundo (1949) in comparison to two Haitian magazines: La Revue Indigène (1927-1928) and Les Griots (1938-1940). Here I find that, while Carpentier stages a relatively global critique of primitivism as a false cosmopolitanism, the magazines La Revue Indigène and Les Griots reflect a turn from such a cosmopolitanism that values the primitive for its own sake toward a cultural nationalism invested in the real and imagined recuperation of Haiti's African origins through the study of folklore, Vodou, the Kreyòl language and poetic images of Africa. Finally, I compare Futurist F. T. Marinetti's Mafarka le futuriste: roman africain (1909) to the Egyptian literary magazine Al-Kātib Al-Miṣrī (1945-1948) in order to demonstrate the distance between Egyptian modernity in the European imagination and the self-conceived notions of Egyptian modernity. In Al-Kātib Al-Miṣrī, I find that these writers value cosmopolitanism, arguing that it is in fact indigenous to Egyptian culture itself and constructing their notion of Egyptian modernity around the maintenance of continuity with this indigenous cosmopolitanism. My examinations of these magazines suggests that, though the European avant-gardes and Third World literary Modernists may wield the little magazine similarly against hegemonic cultures, their purposes are divided over the roles cosmopolitanism and indigeneity play in the formation of national culture. / text

This thesis is concerned with the "Americanity" of Quebec literature and the existence of a cultural formation specific to the New World, based on a context of renewal, distancing and rupture with respect to European influence. The "real maravilloso" is perceived as an inherent American mode of expression, and its presence is examined in the work of Yves Theriault and Alejo Carpentier. An analysis of the short stories, Contes pour un homme seul (1944) by Theriault and "Histoire de lunes" (1933) by Carpentier, and of the novels Agaguk (1958) and Le royaume de ce monde (1949), allows us to compare the evolution from primitivism to the "real maravilloso americano", revealed in the novel through the "figures of the Other" and the status of the character, characterized by duality (contrast between the primitive forces and civilized world), its quest, its integration with nature, and the importance of sacred ritual.

Zugl.: Trier, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2005

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2008. / "August, 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-88). Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2009]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.