The goal of this master's thesis was to focus on the presence of utopia in three works written by the Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier The Lost Steps (Los pasos perdidos), Explosion in a Cathedral (El siglo de las luces) and The Kingdom of this World (El reino de este mundo). It has been defined the characteristics of utopia as a literary genre, which have been subsequently applied to the novels mentioned above. The study devoted to the novel The Lost Steps was the most detailed one. Attention was also paid to writer's perceptions of Latin America through "marvelous real".

Essa tese ilumina as relações entre tradição, ensaio e história na obra de Alejo Carpentier, entre 1928 e 1980, com o intuito de compreender seu caminho para o antigo. O estudo recoloca a discussão sobre a proposta estética de escritores e movimentos de vanguarda europeus e latino-americanos. Minha principal consideração é de que a visão negativa de Carpentier acerca das vanguardas foi produto de uma estratégia de sagração de seu nome como intelectual e da separação de sua obra dos bens culturais da modernidade, como o rádio. Duas faces de uma mesma moeda colocou no esquecimento uma obra fundamentalmente vinculada à legitimidade moderna, especialmente por uma experiência do tempo vinculada ao presente e a constituição de uma rede intelectual latino-americana da qual Carpentier era partícipe. Por meio da análise de sua obra e do contexto europeu e latino-americano, este estudo realça que o conceito de formação é apropriado pelo autor para valorizar uma trajetória intelectual coesa que rejeitou os padrões de percepção e representação legados pelo surrealismo. Ao mesmo tempo, as múltiplas formas de leitura da tradição clássica inclusive utilizando os mitos de Sísifo e Adão valorizam o lugar autêntico de sua escrita, porém não deixam de ressaltar a presença da artificialidade do surrealismo. / The issue of this thesis is the relation amid tradition, political culture and history in the work of Alejo Carpentier (1928-1980) to understand his way to ancient. This proposal reassesses the dialogue between the aesthetic avant-garde European writers and Latin American manifestations. My main assertation is that Carpentiers negative appraisals by the avant-garde were the product of Rite of his name as intellectual and the distance of his work on the belongings of modernity, like a radio. Two faces on the same coin have been left behind a work linked to the modernity mainly connected to the present and the constitution of an intellectual latin-american web. By the annalisys of the work and the European and latin-american context, this work underlines that the concept of formation emphatizes an intellectual path that was opposed to the patterns of perception and representation legacy by the surrealism. Meanwhile, the different forms of lecture of classical tradition with the myths of Sisifo and Adam who praised the authentic writing on its own, although it maintains the artificiality of surrealism.

Essa tese ilumina as relações entre tradição, ensaio e história na obra de Alejo Carpentier, entre 1928 e 1980, com o intuito de compreender seu caminho para o antigo. O estudo recoloca a discussão sobre a proposta estética de escritores e movimentos de vanguarda europeus e latino-americanos. Minha principal consideração é de que a visão negativa de Carpentier acerca das vanguardas foi produto de uma estratégia de sagração de seu nome como intelectual e da separação de sua obra dos bens culturais da modernidade, como o rádio. Duas faces de uma mesma moeda colocou no esquecimento uma obra fundamentalmente vinculada à legitimidade moderna, especialmente por uma experiência do tempo vinculada ao presente e a constituição de uma rede intelectual latino-americana da qual Carpentier era partícipe. Por meio da análise de sua obra e do contexto europeu e latino-americano, este estudo realça que o conceito de formação é apropriado pelo autor para valorizar uma trajetória intelectual coesa que rejeitou os padrões de percepção e representação legados pelo surrealismo. Ao mesmo tempo, as múltiplas formas de leitura da tradição clássica inclusive utilizando os mitos de Sísifo e Adão valorizam o lugar autêntico de sua escrita, porém não deixam de ressaltar a presença da artificialidade do surrealismo. / The issue of this thesis is the relation amid tradition, political culture and history in the work of Alejo Carpentier (1928-1980) to understand his way to ancient. This proposal reassesses the dialogue between the aesthetic avant-garde European writers and Latin American manifestations. My main assertation is that Carpentiers negative appraisals by the avant-garde were the product of Rite of his name as intellectual and the distance of his work on the belongings of modernity, like a radio. Two faces on the same coin have been left behind a work linked to the modernity mainly connected to the present and the constitution of an intellectual latin-american web. By the annalisys of the work and the European and latin-american context, this work underlines that the concept of formation emphatizes an intellectual path that was opposed to the patterns of perception and representation legacy by the surrealism. Meanwhile, the different forms of lecture of classical tradition with the myths of Sisifo and Adam who praised the authentic writing on its own, although it maintains the artificiality of surrealism.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-04T19:35:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrohenriqueleite.pdf: 1334723 bytes, checksum: 030a65521a4207c14274376a97aefc36 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-08-05T11:52:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrohenriqueleite.pdf: 1334723 bytes, checksum: 030a65521a4207c14274376a97aefc36 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-05T11:52:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pedrohenriqueleite.pdf: 1334723 bytes, checksum: 030a65521a4207c14274376a97aefc36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-22 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Este estudo tem por objetivo oferecer um novo olhar sobre um dos mais prolíficos intelectuais latino-americanos do século XX: o romancista cubano Alejo Carpentier (1904-1980). Parto da análise de um de seus últimos romances, Concerto Barroco (1974), considerado pelo autor como a Suma Teológica de sua carreira. Entendo-o como um espaço em que Carpentier representou alegoricamente muitas das ideias pensadas durante a vida, em especial, a defesa de um ―barroco americano e universal‖ como forma de definir as relações da América com o restante do mundo, numa inversão das relações entre centro e periferia. Ao lado desse discurso da singularidade barroca do continente, Carpentier foi reconhecidamente um fervoroso propagandista da Revolução Cubana (1959) e do Governo de Fidel Castro. Isso gerou muitas críticas a sua figura e algumas tensões em seu próprio discurso, que se refletiram em seus romances, particularmente em Concerto Barroco. É sobre essas tensões presentes no discurso de Carpentier, e que refletiram no referido romance, que centro minha análise como um todo. Trabalho com a hipótese de que a fuga pela música foi uma estratégia utilizada por Carpentier para aliviar as tensões provenientes de seu discurso e que acabaram expressas em Concerto Barroco / This study aims at to provide a new look at one of the most prolific Latin American intellectuals of the twentieth century: the Cuban novelist Alejo Carpentier (1904-1980). It starts with the analysis of one of his last novels, Concerto Barroco (1974), considered by the author as the Summa Theologica of his career. It takes it as a place in which Carpentier allegorically represented many of his ideas thought during his life. In particular, the defense of a baroque that is, at the same time, American and universal, that looked for redefine America‘s relations with the rest of the world, in an inversion of the relationship between center and periphery. Alongside this discourse of the uniqueness baroque continent, Carpentier was admittedly a fervent propagandist of the Cuban Revolution (1959) and the government of Fidel Castro, a fact that generated much criticism of his figure and some tensions in his own speech, which reflected in his novels, including Concerto Barroco. My analysis centers in these tensions within the discourse of Carpentier, and in the novel itself. My hypothesis is that music was an escape route used by Carpentier as a strategy to ease tensions from his speeches that had repercussions in Concerto Barroco.

This doctoral thesis analyses the depiction of the historical topics of Conquest and Revolution across the literary writings of Alejo Carpentier (1904-1980) and Carlos Fuentes (1928-2012). These historical tropes constitute core topics of reflection throughout their literary and critical works, stressing the interplay between literature and history. I propose the concept of literary historicism to analyse their portrayal of historical topics and characterise the role of history in their poetics. This concept denotes the historical awareness that underpins the authors’ literary reinterpretations of historical events; their use of a historicist writing methodology; and the critical relationship established to historiographical sources and narratives. I argue that the authors’ deliberate historicism characterises their narratives, challenges disciplinary boundaries and posits literature as an alternative medium for the production of historical interpretation. This comparative study focuses on a corpus of fifteen fictional works from both authors that depict Conquest and Revolution. The first section analyses the authors’ literary portrayal of the Conquest of Mexico (1521) and stresses the relationship established to the historical sources consulted and their literary reinterpretation of this historical event. An assessment of the reflections and symbolisms embodied by their literary-historical figures elucidates the authors’ understanding of the Conquest. Thus, this section demonstrates the defining character of these authors’ literary historicism in their writing methodology and semantic interpretation when addressing historical tropes. The second section explores Fuentes’s and Carpentier’s depiction of historical Revolutions including the French, Mexican, Haitian and Cuban Revolutions. This section comprises a transversal and diachronic analysis of their Revolution cycles to demonstrate recurrent narrative, thematic and stylistic patterns in Fuentes’s and Carpentier’s literary portrayals of this historical phenomenon. I highlight the further meaning that these patterns acquire in their works, articulating a critical assessment of these historical revolutions. This thesis adds to the scholarship on these authors from an interdisciplinary perspective that re-centres attention on History. Through the concept of Literary Historicism, I demonstrate the existence of a central concern in their oeuvres to critically reassess the Latin American past and its historical interpretations from literary discourse. This study contributes to the understanding of history and literature in Latin America, for it analyses the interactions between these branches of written culture.

Commitments to cosmopolitanism and indigenism complicate the Modernist literature of the Third World. This study investigates the rhetorical and aesthetic responses of Third World "little magazines"--short-running, self-financed cultural magazines--to these two notions. These little magazine evolved with the daily newspaper as a tool favored by avant-garde movements for critiquing the social structures that produced it and for codifying their aesthetic and political principles. Comparing the Stridentist little magazine Horizonte (1926-1927) to D. H. Lawrence's novel The Plumed Serpent (1925), I argue that the Mexican Revolution created a climate of nationalism that reoriented the Stridentist movement away from a version of cosmopolitanism influenced by European modernist movements and toward a deeper interest in the Mexican folk and indigenous culture. Following form there, I consider the concept of cosmopolitanism in the Cuban novelist Alejo Carpentier's El Reino de este mundo (1949) in comparison to two Haitian magazines: La Revue Indigène (1927-1928) and Les Griots (1938-1940). Here I find that, while Carpentier stages a relatively global critique of primitivism as a false cosmopolitanism, the magazines La Revue Indigène and Les Griots reflect a turn from such a cosmopolitanism that values the primitive for its own sake toward a cultural nationalism invested in the real and imagined recuperation of Haiti's African origins through the study of folklore, Vodou, the Kreyòl language and poetic images of Africa. Finally, I compare Futurist F. T. Marinetti's Mafarka le futuriste: roman africain (1909) to the Egyptian literary magazine Al-Kātib Al-Miṣrī (1945-1948) in order to demonstrate the distance between Egyptian modernity in the European imagination and the self-conceived notions of Egyptian modernity. In Al-Kātib Al-Miṣrī, I find that these writers value cosmopolitanism, arguing that it is in fact indigenous to Egyptian culture itself and constructing their notion of Egyptian modernity around the maintenance of continuity with this indigenous cosmopolitanism. My examinations of these magazines suggests that, though the European avant-gardes and Third World literary Modernists may wield the little magazine similarly against hegemonic cultures, their purposes are divided over the roles cosmopolitanism and indigeneity play in the formation of national culture. / text

Submitted by Kelli Mesquita Luciano null (kelliml_unesp@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-11T22:27:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Referências históricas e o realismo mágico- as confluências em Il barone rampante, de Italo Calvino e em El Siglo de las Luces, de Alejo Carpentier.pdf: 1649380 bytes, checksum: 3bf247e77cf811891e04e196821a012c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-14T16:49:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 luciano_km_dr_arafcl.pdf: 1649380 bytes, checksum: 3bf247e77cf811891e04e196821a012c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-14T16:49:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luciano_km_dr_arafcl.pdf: 1649380 bytes, checksum: 3bf247e77cf811891e04e196821a012c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-26 / Esta tese objetiva a comparação dos romances Il barone rampante (1957), de Italo Calvino e El Siglo de las Luces (1962), de Alejo Carpentier, pois ambos apresentam confluências no que diz respeito a existência de referencias históricas, uma vez que os enredos transcorrem no século XVIII, em meio a Revolução Francesa e aos ideais iluministas. Além disso, as duas narrativas apresentam indicações de figuras da história oficial assim como a indicação de Instituições históricas. É fundamental destacar que nos dois romances, há acontecimentos insólitos que se referem ao realismo mágico, em Il barone rampante, o protagonista Cosimo vive um estilo de vida incomum sobre as árvores, onde estuda, tem atitudes altruístas e acredita nos ideias revolucionários, enquanto em El Siglo de las Luces, o protagonista é Víctor Hugues que foi inspirado em uma figura da história oficial, um francês que foi comerciante e responsável por disseminar a ideologia revolucionária na região das Antilhas. Sua chegada a Havana, movimenta ativamente a vida dos primos Esteban, Carlos e Sofía, que passam a nutrir interesses pela Revolução, fazem diversos estudos e leituras de autores filosóficos e são moldados pelo pensamento racionalista. No romance carpentiano, Esteban é curado da asma graças a rituais curandeiros fator que pode ser associado ao realismo maravilhoso. Em outros momentos, buscamos evidenciar alguns aspectos fabulistas em Il barone rampante e do barroquismo latino americano em El Siglo de las Luces. No final da tese, apontamos certas características que aproximam ainda mais Il barone rampante de El Siglo de las Luces, visto que são abordadas temáticas em comum nos dois romances, como, por exemplo, a busca pelo conhecimento, a solidão, a frustração, os avanços tecnológicos e a esperança em um mundo melhor por meio do incentivo à educação, ao conhecimento e através de movimentos revolucionários. Em outras palavras, há o tratamento de temas importantíssimos como esses, por meio de uma revisitação ao passado, no caso, à Revolução Francesa serve para levar o leitor à reflexão sobre os contextos que os autores viveram no século XX, a exemplo do fascismo e dos movimentos de resistência na Itália; da ditadura em Cuba bem como o triunfo da Revolução Cubana, ou seja, movimentos de resistência que necessitaram da união coletiva para que houvesse de fato mudanças benéficas para população, condição fundamental que permeia o modo de agir dos personagens das obras analisadas. Esses movimentos até os dias atuais são imprescindíveis para que haja transformações concretas na sociedade em torno da igualdade, do respeito e da aplicação dos direitos humanos para todos. / This thesis aims at the comparison of the novels Il barone rampante (1957), by Italo Calvino and El Siglo de las Luces (1962), by Alejo Carpentier, since both have confluences regarding the existence of historical references, since the entanglements both of which take place in the eighteenth century, amidst the French Revolution and the Enlightenment ideals. In addition, the two narratives present indications of figures of the official history as well as the indication of Historical Institutions. It is important to note that in the two novels, there are unusual events that refer to magical realism, in Il barone rampante, the protagonist Cosimo lives an unusual lifestyle on the trees, where he studies, has altruistic attitudes and believes in revolutionary ideas, while in El Siglo de las Luces, the protagonist is Víctor Hugues who was inspired by an official history figure, a french who was a merchant and responsible for spreading the revolutionary ideology in the Antilles region. His arrival in Havana actively moves the lives of the cousins Esteban, Carlos and Sofía, who begin to nurture interests for the Revolution, do various studies and readings of philosophical authors and are shaped by rationalist thinking. In the Carpentian novel, Esteban is cured of asthma thanks to ritual healers, factor that can be associated with magical realism. At other times, we tried to evidence some fabulous aspects in Il barone rampante and the Latin American baroque in El Siglo de las Luces. At the end of the thesis, we point out certain characteristics that approach even more the Il barone rampante to El Siglo de las Luces, since themes are discussed in common in both novels, such as the search for knowledge, loneliness, frustration, technological advances and hope for a better world by encouraging education, knowledge and revolutionary movements. In other words, there is the treatment of such important subjects as a revision of the past, in this case the French Revolution, serves to lead the reader to reflect on the contexts that the authors lived in the twentieth century, such as fascism and Resistance movements in Italy; of the dictatorship in Cuba, as well as the triumph of the Cuban Revolution, that is, resistance movements that necessitated a collective union so that there was indeed beneficial changes for the population, a fundamental condition that permeates the behavior of the characters in the analyzed literary works. These movements until nowadays are essentials for concrete transformations in society around equality, respect and the application of human rights for all.

The purpose of this dissertation was to analyze the narrative works of Alejo Carpentier and Abel Posse within the context of the new Latin American historical novel that revises the Old World-New World Encounter. Focusing on El arpa y la sombra and Los perros del paraíso, the dissertation studied the particular manner in which Latin American novelists, and particularly Alejo Carpentier and Abel Posse, approach and question traditional historiography. The research also compared different novels to identify various trends within the new historical novel that rewrites the foundational period of Latin American literature. This study considered the theories of the new historical novel as proposed by critics such as Seymour Menton, Fernando de Aínsa, Linda Hutcheon, and Brian MacHale. The new novel was examined within the frameworks of postmodern literary and historiographic theories. The study also contemplated the philosophical views that have influenced postmodern thought, and, especially, the ideas of Nietzsche, Heidegger, Lyotard, Harbermas, and Foucault. Research showed two major trends within the new Latin American historical novel. In the case of the first trend, initiated by Alejo Carpentier in 1949 with El reino de este mundo, the novelist’s approach is founded on historicism and factual rigor. The second trend, initiated by Reinaldo Arenas with El mundo alucinante in 1969, is marked by irreverence, parody, irony, and carnavalization. Characterized by intertextuality, dialogism, and anachronism, novels such as Carpentier´s El arpa y la sombra and Posse´s Los perros del paraíso, undermine the values and beliefs instituted by the traditional historiographic paradigm and the discourse of power.

À l'horizon de ce travail se trouve la volonté d'affirmer la cohésion et les nuances d'un imaginaire caribéen, construit en dialogue avec tous les substrats culturels et les expériences de l'histoire et du paysage dont il est issu. L'étude se concentre sur les œuvres de trois auteurs qui ont fourni une réflexion critique sur la création littéraire et sur le rôle de l'artiste caribéen ou latino-américain : Alejo Carpentier, Édouard Glissant, Derek Walcott. Ils arpentent le réel caribéen, dans une tension toujours renouvelée entre un canon littéraire inculqué depuis l'autre rive européenne, et la volonté de représenter dans et par le texte littéraire les pratiques vives de l'oralité. Comment concilier les tensions entre médiation (inter)textuelle et immédiateté ou coïncidence rêvée du chant, pour écrire avec justesse l’histoire oblitérée d’un archipel ou d’un continent ? Je développe à partir de leurs usages une conception dynamique de l'intertextualité comme dialogue, confrontation et revitalisation de la mémoire écrite, qui entend dépasser l'axe binaire de la soumission ou la subversion à un canon écrit surtout européen. J'envisage en particulier l'axe Méditerranée-Caraïbe pour penser les phénomènes de transferts et de différenciation et montrer comment l'Antiquité gréco-latine peut servir à articuler le désir de fondation et la rencontre entre performance orale et trace écrite. J'examine enfin comment le désir d'oralité, allié à la notion de communauté, travaille les textes du corpus, à travers un certain nombre de scènes de passage, de scènes rituelles, ou de scènes limites de la représentation. / This work intends to stand for the cohesion and the nuances of a Caribbean imaginary, which is based on a constant dialogue with all the cultural substrates and the experiences of history and landscape. The study focuses on the works of three writers who produced a critical appraisal of literary creation and the role of the Caribbean or Latin-American artist: Alejo Carpentier, Édouard Glissant, Derek Walcott. They keep measuring the Caribbean reality, in a continuous tension between a literary canon often brought and taught from the European shore and view, and the will to represent in and by the literary text the vivid practices of orality. How can we conciliate the tensions between (inter)textual mediation and immediacy or coincidence of the song, in order to write the obliterared history of an archipelago or a continent? Reading their intertextual uses, I develop a dynamic conception of intertextuality as dialogue, confrontation and revitalization of literary memory, which intends to go beyond the binary axis of submission or subversion to European written canon. I study in particular the Mediterranean-Caribbean axis to think about the cultural transfers and differentiation, in order to show how the Greek and Roman tradition can be used to articulate the desire for foundation and the encounters between oral performance and written traces. Finally, I examine how the desire for orality, which seems to traduce a desire of community, influences the textual composition, through the study of scenes of passing, ritual scenes and boundary scenes of representation.

Este trabajo tiene como propósito analizar la novela El reino de este mundo de Alejo Carpentier (1949), centrándose en el personaje literario de Paulina Bonaparte. Nos preguntamos si Paulina Bonaparte representa la nueva élite de Europa y la fascinación de ciertos personajes de la población del Caribe por Europa en la novela El reino de este mundo. Con esta pregunta destacamos al personaje Paulina Bonaparte desde un punto de vista nuevo, que hasta ahora no ha sido enfocado de esta manera en los estudios literarios, por lo que sabemos. La hipótesis que se formula es que Paulina Bonaparte se representa como una sinécdoque de las nuevas élites europeas durante los primeros años del siglo XIX en el libro El reino de este mundo. Principalmente hemos utilizado extractos de la novela y de artículos académicos que apoyan nuestra hipótesis. También hemos estudiado la obra analítica Historia y utopía en Alejo Carpentier de Oscar Velayos Zurdo (1990). Podemos concluir que hay indicios que muestran que Paulina Bonaparte representa la nueva élite de Europa en la novela El reino de este mundo.