The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of training history on retention and re-acquisition of stimulus control of previously learned behaviors. In Phase I, two pairs of behaviors were alternately trained. Circle and touch behaviors were trained concurrently until two consecutive errorless sessions were run. Spin and down behaviors were trained together in the same manner. Probe sessions, in which all four cues were presented, were conducted each time a pair of behaviors reached this criterion. Training of one pair did not occur until the other pair had reached criterion and probe sessions were run. Despite achieving the designated criterion during training, stimulus control changed during probes. During probe sessions, errors increased under the cues that were not currently being trained. In most cases, the type of errors emitted for each cue was the same as the behavior that was trained concurrently. The number of training sessions required to reach criterion accuracy was high during the first set of sessions and decreased over the course of the experiment. In Phase II, spin and circle behaviors were trained concurrently. The number of sessions required to reach stimulus control criteria remained low, and the number of errors emitted under the spin and circle cues during probe sessions decreased. However, the number of errors increased under the touch cue. In Phase III, a reinforce-all procedure was used instead of extinction to test stimulus control. The highest frequency of errors occurred under the touch cue, but the down error was almost exclusively emitted under every cue during the last several sessions.

In order to satisfy the demands on our environment it’s essential that there are laws who regulates and makes it possible for the authorities to compulsory acquire land for the good of the public’s interest. The infrastructure connects different types of constructions and buildings and let the people travel between them. The infrastructure can also be used to transport different goods and natural resources, such as water supplies and electricity. Without this type of legislation, it would be difficult, time consuming and expensive to fulfill different kinds of projects. An example of this is the construction of a highway. In most cases it would cross a high number of properties where each owner had the power to exploit the monopoly situation to his or her own benefit, in order to either raise the price significantly or in other way impose their will. A district in the municipality of Huddinge was earlier designated for summer houses. When more and more owners started to live there permanently and the solution for the sewage system no longer was sustainable something had to be done. The municipality had more or less two choices, either to solve the problem by agreement with the property owners or to use the legislation to forcibly acquire land for the new sewage system and the new streets. The municipality tried to solve the problem by agreement and succeeded very well, only one property owner didn’t comply with the will of the municipality and turned the offer down. Since there are laws regarding the compensation for the land that can be compulsory acquired this should affect the outcome of an agreement. The purpose for this report is to compare the compensation given by the municipality according to the agreements to the compensation that would be given if the land was taken forcibly. The results show that the difference between the agreements between the municipality and each owner and if the land had been taken compulsory can vary much. In our assessment of the payments we can divide it in more or less two groups. In the first group, the difference is average, the span is 0 - 200 000 SEK. The second group has a larger difference, it ranges between 200 000 – 1 200 000 SEK. The second groups results varies more than in the first group with the spiking top of 1 200 000 SEK. / För att kunna tillfredsställa de krav som ställs på vår omgivning är det viktigt att det finns lagar och regler som gör det möjligt för myndigheter att tvångsvis förvärva mark för samhällsnyttiga funktioner och för de allmänna intressen som finns. En förutsättning för att ett samhälle ska fungera är bl.a. att infrastrukturen knyter samman bebyggelsen och låter människor kunna färdas från och till arbeten, naturresurser som vatten fördelas bland invånarna m.m. Utan denna typ av lagstiftning skulle det bli väldigt svårt, omfattande och dyrt att genomföra en mängd projekt. Som exempel kan en dragning av ny motorväg beskrivas. Denna kommer att korsa ett stort antal fastigheter där varje enskilt fastighetsägare skulle kunna se och utnyttja sin monopolsituation för att driva upp priset eller på andra sätt få fram sin vilja. I ett område i Huddinge kommun fanns det sedan tidigare ett fritidshusområde som skulle förtätas p.g.a. att fastighetsägarna börjat bo där permanent samt att avloppslösningen för området inte längre var hållbar. I det läget hade kommunen två val, antingen att förhandla med fastighetsägarna och nå en överenskommelse eller att utnyttja de lagar och regler som finns för att med tvång ta marken i anspråk. Kommunen försökte i första hand att lösa markförvärven genom överenskommelser. Kommunen lyckades bra och endast en av fastighetsägarna accepterade inte det avtal kommunen hade att erbjuda. Eftersom det finns lagar och regler angående tvångsförvärv av mark samt ersättningen för denna borde dessa påverka utgången av eventuella avtal som skrivs. Syftet med arbetet är att i planområdet i Huddinge jämföra ersättningen som gavs i praktiken enligt de avtal som skrevs och hur stor den skulle varit om marken istället hade tagits med tvång. Resultaten visar att skillnaden för ersättningsnivåerna mellan de avtal som kommunen upprättat och vår bedömning av tvångsreglerna varierar mycket. Lite grovt kan vi dela in ersättningsnivåerna i två delar. I den första är skillnaden mellan 0 – 200 000 kr. I den andra skiljer det sig lite mer, spannet är här 200 000 – 1 200 000 kr. I den sista är skillnaden också större, där skillnaden sticker iväg på vissa fastigheter.

The currency carry trade – whereby one simultaneously borrows in a currency with low interest rate and invests in a currency with high interest rate – is estimated to be at least USD 2.0 trillion in emerging markets alone. By some characterised as “picking up nickels in front of a steam roller”, the carry trade is subject to pronounced periods of disadvantageous currency depreciations. Although the carry trade has been profitable historically, these sudden depreciations at least attenuate, if not completely eradicate returns. The search for yield has led contemporary investors to emerging markets where the volatility is higher, thereby increasing risk and prospective return. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how quantitative risk indicators can be constructed in order to detect market-reversals, mitigate currency depreciations, and ultimately improve the profitability of the emerging market currency carry trade. For this purpose risk has been categorised into two dichotomous risk classes, global and idiosyncratic; the former referring to systematic, non-country specific risk; the latter to residual, country specific risk. Each risk has been modelled separately. By optimising carry trade return conditioned on a number of distinctive risk measures, attributable to the respective risks, it was concluded that a broad weighted global risk indicator provide substantially augmented risk-adjusted return in an emerging market carry trade, while idiosyncratic indicators might require a bespoke framework for each currency at hand. / Valuta carry-handeln (carry trade) – vari en investerare lånar i en valuta med låga räntor och investerar i en valuta med höga räntor – beräknas omfatta åtminstone två biljoner USD enbart i tillväxtmarknader. Karakteriserat av vissa som att ”plocka upp kronor framför en ångvält” [författarnas översättning], är carry-handeln utsatt för tydliga perioder av ogynnsamma valutadeprecieringar. Trots carry-handelns historiska lönsamhet, dämpar, om inte helt raderar, dessa nedgångar avkastningen. Sökandet efter avkastning har fått investerare att alltmer vända sig till tillväxtmarknader, där volatiliteten är högre och därmed risken samt den förväntade avkastningen. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utforska hur kvantitativa riskindikatorer kan konstrueras för att förekomma marknadsvändningar, dämpa effekten av valutadeprecieringar, och slutligen stärka carry-handels lönsamheten i tillväxtmarknader. I detta syfte har risk kategoriserats i två tudelade riskklasser, global och idiosynkratisk; den förra hänsyftar systematisk, icke-landspecifik risk; den senare osystematisk, landspecifik risk. Vardera risken har modellerats separat. Genom att optimera carry-handelns avkastning villkorat under ett antal distinkta riskmått hänförbara till respektive risk, drogs slutsatsen att en bred, viktad, global riskindikator gav carry-handeln i tillväxtmarknader väsentligt förbättrad riskjusterad avkastning, medan idiosynkratiska riskindikatorer kräver speciellt anpassat tillvägagångssätt för vardera valutan.

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Migration is a widespread and complex phenomenon in nature that has fascinated humans for centuries. Connectivity among populations influences their demographics, genetic structure and response to environmental change. Here, I used the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta, L.) as a study organism to address questions related to migratory connectivity and carry-over effects using satellite telemetry, stable isotope analysis and GIS interpolation methods. Telemetry identified foraging areas previously overlooked for loggerheads nesting in Florida. Next, I validated and evaluated the efficacy of intrinsic markers as a complementary and low cost tool to assign loggerhead foraging regions in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean (NWA), using both a spatially implicit and spatially explicit (isoscapes) approach. I then focused on the nesting beaches and developed a common currency for isotopic studies based on unhatched eggs, which provide a non-invasive and non-destructive method for more extensive sampling to elucidate isotopic patterns across broader spatiotemporal scales. Lastly, I found that intra-population variations in foraging strategies affect annual and long-term reproductive output of loggerheads nesting in Florida. Understanding geospatial linkages is critical to the fostering of appropriate management and conservation strategies for migratory species. My multi-faceted approach contributes to the growing body of literature exploring migratory connectivity and carry-over effects.

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