O LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) vem-se consolidando como tecnologia de mapeamento, contribuindo com a ciência da informação geográfica. Este trabalho fez uma revisão do estado da arte da tecnologia LiDAR aerotransportado ou ALS (Airborne Laser Scanner), em constante mudança e aperfeiçoamento, no que diz respeito aos sistemas sensores e a estrutura de armazenamento das informações adquiridas. Inicialmente foi apresentado um panorama da utilização do LiDAR aerotransportado na produção de modelos digitais de elevação, em levantamentos de linhas de transmissão, no setor de transportes, e foi dada ênfase à tarefa de extração da vegetação e de edificações, detectando também o solo exposto. Para a extração de edificações, foram apresentados diversos conceitos desenvolvidos nos últimos quatro anos. Na parte prática foi utilizada uma região de teste para comparar feições urbanas obtidas pela classificação automática, realizada pelo software TerraScan, com feições homólogas provenientes de uma base cartográfica de referência, mostrando convergências e divergências entre os dois produtos. Foi realizada uma análise de declividade para determinação de bordas das edificações e, com isso, realizar a segmentação dessas feições. Foi realizado um controle de qualidade cartográfica do produto LiDAR que pudesse classificar esse produto quanto ao padrão de exatidão cartográfica digital. O produto obtido pelo LiDAR atendeu às classes B, C e D da nova norma brasileira a partir da escala 1:10.000. Também foi proposto e realizado o controle de qualidade altimétrico a partir das curvas de nível do produto cartográfico de referência. Recomenda-se a utilização cuidadosa desse produto em função da escala do mapeamento e das necessidades do usuário. / LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) has been consolidated as a mapping technology, contributing to the science of geographic information. This paper reviewed the state of the art of the LiDAR airborne technology or ALS (Airborne Laser Scanner), in constant change and improvement, with respect to the sensors and systems structure for storing acquired information. Initially, an overview was presented regarding the use of airborne LiDAR in producing digital elevation models, in surveys of transmission lines and the transportation sector. Emphasis was given to the task of extracting vegetation and buildings, also detecting the exposed soil. For the extraction of buildings, many concepts developed over the past four years were presented. In the practical part, a region test was used to compare the urban features obtained by the automatic classification performed by TerraScan software, with corresponding features from a cartographic reference product, showing similarities and differences between them. An analysis to determine the slope of the edges of the buildings was accomplished and, therefore, the segmentation of these features. The quality control of cartographic LiDAR product was performed in order to classify this product as the standard for digital cartographic accuracy. The product obtained by LiDAR met classes B, C and D of the new Brazilian standard in the 1:10,000 scale. Quality control of altimetry from the curves of the cartographic reference product level was also proposed and performed. We recommend the careful use of the product depending on the scale of the mapping and on users needs.

Esta tese apresenta um estudo sobre a espacialização da economia colonial nas minas do Cuiabá e do Mato Grosso, no centro da América do Sul, na primeira metade do século XVIII. No primeiro capítulo procuramos demonstrar como algumas interpretações e imagens recorrentes a respeito da economia colonial reproduzida nos territórios que formariam a capitania de Mato Grosso, impõem-se aos indícios documentais e são reproduzidas sem o questionamento sobre os pressupostos que as sustentam. No segundo capítulo, definimos nosso posicionamento teórico e metodológico em relação aos documentos cartográficos. No terceiro capítulo analisamos mapas classificados como sertanistas. Demonstramos que uma análise dos rústicos mapas do sertanismo revela uma lógica da expansão das conquistas territoriais portuguesas distante das interpretações consagradas sobre estes mapas. No quarto capítulo reconstruímos o processo de formação de ambientes rurais na primeira década de colonização portuguesa nas minas do Cuiabá, revelando a estruturação de uma estrutura fundiária diversificada voltada para o comércio e o mercado interno. No quinto capítulo analisamos a relação entre as práticas administrativas e a espacialização da economia colonial. No sexto capítulo, procuramos relacionar a espacialização da economia no centro da América do Sul às transformações da economia na primeira metade do século XVIII, em diversas escalas. / This thesis present a study about the spatialization of the colonial economy in the mines of Cuiabá and of Mato Grosso, in the center of South America in the first half of the eighteenth century. In the first chapter we demonstrate how some recurring images and interpretations about the economy reproduced in the colonial territories that would form the captaincy of Mato Grosso, are imposed regarding the documental evidences and are reproduced without questioning the assumptions that underpin them. In the second chapter, we defined our theoretical and methodological positioning in relation to cartographic documents. In the third chapter we analyze maps classified as sertanistas. We demonstrate that an analysis of rustic maps of sertanismo reveals a logical of the Portuguese expansion distant of the interpretations consecrated about these maps. In the fourth chapter we reconstruct the process of formation of rural environments in the first decade of colonization in the mines of Cuiabá, revealing the structuring a diversified land structure facing the trade and the internal market. In the fifth chapter we analyze the relationship between and administrative practices and the colonial economy spacialization. In the sixth chapter, we relate the economy spacialization at the center of South America with the transformations of the economy in the first half of the eighteenth century, in various scales.

Les cartes représentent l'information géographique d'une zone donnée de manière d'autant plus simplifiée que l'échelle de la carte est petite. Le procédé de simplification, appelé généralisation cartographique, est soumis au respect de contraintes de lisibilité, d'adéquation de la représentation avec le niveau d'abstraction souhaité et de cohérence avec la réalité. La volonté d'automatiser le processus de création de cartes à partir de bases de données géographiques, a conduit à la création d'algorithmes permettant d'effectuer cette simplification objet par objet. Néanmoins, les choix des algorithmes, tout comme leur paramétrage, sont autant influencés par l'objet sur lequel ils s'appliquent que par les autres objets en relation (e.g. bâtiment à proximité d'un autre, route parallèle à un alignement de bâtiments). Ce constat a motivé l'utilisation de modèles multi-agents pour la généralisation automatisée de cartes. Le principe de ces modèles multi-agents repose sur la modélisation des objets (e.g. bâtiment, tronçon de route, îlot urbain) sous forme d'agents qui cherchent à se généraliser de façon à satisfaire leurs contraintes. Plusieurs modèles multi-agents ont été proposés, chacun ayant une approche différente des interactions entre niveaux. Ici, nous entendons par niveau, par exemple, la distinction entre les agents individuels comme un bâtiment, des agents représentant un groupe d’autres agents, comme un îlot urbain composé des routes l’entourant et des bâtiments inclus dans l’îlot.Nous étudions l'unification de ces modèles en nous appuyant sur le paradigme multi-niveaux PADAWAN, afin de faciliter les interactions entre agents de niveaux différents. Nous proposons ainsi le modèle DIOGEN, adaptant les principes d’interaction entre agents de niveaux différents à la généralisation cartographique guidée par des contraintes, ce qui a permis d’unifier les précédents modèles AGENT, CartACom et GAEL, tout en disposant de nouvelles capacités prometteuses.Nous avons évalué notre proposition sur un ensemble de cas d’étude. Parmi ces cas, nous nous sommes penchés sur la généralisation de carte de randonnée, où les itinéraires sont symbolisés individuellement avec des symboles différents, à la manière des plans de bus. La présence de plusieurs symboles d’itinéraires sur une même route support amène des problèmes de généralisation particuliers, comme le choix du positionnement des itinéraires de part et d’autre de la route, ou les implications pour les autres objets de la carte (e.g. points d’intérêts, bâtiments) se retrouvant sous le symbole de l’itinéraire, problèmes que nous essayons de résoudre en nous appuyant sur notre proposition de représentation formelle multi-niveaux.Ce travail nous a ensuite conduit à identifier des comportements multi-niveaux récurrents. Nous les avons exprimés de façon générique sous forme de patterns d’analyse, affranchies des spécificités de la généralisation cartographique, et de la résolution de problèmes contraints / Maps show geographic information of a given area in a simplified way, particularly when the scale is small. The simplification process, called cartographic generalisation, is submitted to several constraints : legibility, adequation to the abstraction level, and consistency with reality. The will to automate the maps creation process from geographical databases led to the creation of algorithms allowing the simplification object by object. However the choice of the algorithms, as their settings, are influenced by the object on which it is applied, and by the other objects in relation with this object (e.g. a building close to another one, a road parallel to a buildings alignment). This motivates the use of multi-agents models for automated map generalisation. Several multi-agent models were proposed, each of them having a different approach to manage multi-levels relations. Here, what we call a level is, for instance, the distinction between individual agents, like a building, and agents representing a group of other agents, like a urban block composed by the surrounding roads and buildings inside.We study the unification of existing models, using the multi-level paradigm PADAWAN, in order to simplify interactions between agents in different levels. We propose the DIOGEN model, in which the principle of interactions between agents of different levels is adapted to cartographic generalisation guided by constraints, those allowing to unify the existing models AGENT, CartACom and GAEL, and giving promising features.We evaluate our proposal on different case studies. Among them, we study the generalisation of trekking maps, where the routes are symbolized individually by a different couloured line symbols, like on bus maps. The presence of several route symbols on a same road leads to specific generalisation issues, like the choice of the side of each route symbol position, or the implications for the other objects on the map (e.g. points of interest, buildings) under the route symbol – issues tackled using our proposal of formal multi-levels representation.This work leads us to the identification of recurrent behaviours. We express them as analysis patterns, in a way that is independent from cartographic generalisation and constraint solving problems

Cette thèse traite de l'automatisation de la généralisation cartographique qui est le procédé de simplification d'une base de données géographique vectorielle pour sa représentation sur une carte lisible. La recherche dans le domaine a abouti aujourd'hui au développement de nombreux processus automatiques de généralisation cartographique, chacun étant spécialisé pour un problème particulier comme un type de paysage, un thème de donnée, un type de conflit ou un mélange des trois (proximité entre bâtiments en zone urbaine). L'objectif de cette thèse est de tirer parti de cette diversité pour mettre en place la généralisation complète d'une carte en faisant collaborer des processus de généralisation complémentaires. Pour répondre à cet objectif, nous proposons le modèle CollaGen (Collaborative Generalisation) qui permet, par un système multi-agent, la collaboration des processus : les données sont découpées de manière pertinente par rapport aux processus à disposition en espaces géographiques (une zone urbaine ou le réseau routier par exemple) ; la généralisation d'un espace par un processus est ensuite orchestrée par CollaGen. CollaGen associe de manière itérative un espace à généraliser et un processus adapté, notamment par un mécanisme de registre type pages jaunes. L'interopérabilité entre les processus est assurée par une ontologie du domaine sur laquelle s'appuie un format de spécifications formelles d'une carte généralisée. Chaque généralisation est évaluée globalement en temps réel pour permettre un retour en arrière en cas de problème. Enfin, du fait du principe de découpage en espaces, CollaGen doit vérifier après chaque généralisation si des effets de bord sont apparus avec les objets géographiques situés juste à l'extérieur de l'espace, auquel cas il les corrige au mieux. Dans, cette thèse, le modèle CollaGen est mis en œuvre pour la généralisation de cartes topographiques (notamment au 1 : 50000) et les résultats sont comparés à d'autres approches et discutés / This phd thesis deals with cartographic generalisation, the process that simplifies a geographic database to allow its representation on legible map. Past research lead to the development of many automatic generalisation processes, each one being specialised for a specific problem like a particular landscape, a given data theme, a particular graphic conflict or a mix of the three (like ‘proximity between buildings in urban areas). The aim of the thesis is to benefit from this diversity to carry out a complete map generalisation by collaboration between complementary processes. To meet this objective, the CollaGen model is proposed (Collaborative Generalisation) as it allows, based on multi-agent techniques, generalisation processes collaboration : data is relevantly partitioned into geographic spaces (e.g. an urban area or the road network) ; then CollaGen orchestrate the generalisation of a space by an adapted process. CollaGen iterately maps a space to be generalised and an adapted process thanks to a yellow pages registry mecanism. The interoperability between processes is managed by a domain ontology on which formal map specifications are based. Each generalization is globally assessed online to allow backtracks if necessary. Finally, because of the space partitioning, CollaGen has to check after each generalisation if side effects appeared with spaces just outside the one that has been generalised. If some side effects occurred, they are corrected. In this thesis, CollaGen is implemented for topographic map generalisation (to 1 : 50000) and results obtained are compared to other approaches and discussed

This diploma thesis deals with the exploration and comparison of symbol keys used for official maps of European countries. The theoretical part deals mainly with legends and cartographic symbols as a key element of the thesis. Then an assessment of available symbol systems and comparison of map symbols used in symbol systems for the official map of the Czech Republic is made. In the conclusion there is drawn proposal for symbol system applicable to maps of all European countries.

The aim of this thesis is to propose an algorithm for visualization of spatial digital geographic data, including both thematic and topographic content of a map, using unipolar anamorphosis method with the use of GIS. Three different approaches for transformation of topographic content of a map are discussed. In addition to the algorithm, a methodology of displaying spatial data using this method is presented. The problems associated with the use of geographic unipolar anamorphosis are described, geographic phenomena which can be visualized by this method are determined, and requirements for digital data input are defined. The practical output of this thesis is a toolbox for the ArcGIS software by ESRI which serves to visualize geographic data by unipolar anamorphosis method.

Dans cette thèse nous étudions une nouvelle approche de visualisation cartographique appelée « îles de mémoires ». Le terme « îles de mémoires » a été inspiré par la méthode des «loci» (pluriel de « locus » en latin qui signifie « endroit » ou « lieu») de l’ancien « Art de la mémoire». Une carte bien représentée dans l’esprit peut donner un sens à la connaissance, ce qui améliore une de recherche d'information (une recherche intuitive), et contribue à enrichir les connaissances issues de cette carte. Pour cela, la technique « îles de mémoires » consiste à associer chaque entité de connaissance à un endroit désigné sur une île virtuelle. Grâce aux les métaphores géographiques que nous avons définies, une représentation en « îles de mémoires » peut inférer des phénomènes souvent difficile à identifier et comprendre dans la connaissance. Dans une première partie, nous détaillons notre approche de visualisation d’une hiérarchie de connaissances en île de mémoire. Nous présentons les algorithmes que nous avons définis pour générer automatiquement une belle carte réaliste, fonctionnelle, intuitive et inspirante. Nous présentons aussi l’interface de visualisation "overview+detail" qui permet de naviguer dans les îles de mémoire. Dans une deuxième partie, nous détaillons les expérimentations réalisées avec notre outil dans le cadre du projet LOCUPLETO et des exemples issus du domaine des humanités numériques (Projet OBVIL, InPhO, etc.). Les résultats obtenus avec notre approche de visualisation sont prometteuses. En effet, les résultats démontrent que la navigation est intuitive et est capable d’augmenter la mémorisation des connaissances chez les utilisateurs de l’outil. Nous concluions notre thèse par le bilan des travaux menées et nous proposons un ensemble de travaux futurs basé sur notre approche de visualisation « îles de mémoires ». / This thesis is devoted to the study of an original cartographic visualization approach named Memory Island. We discuss how hierarchical knowledge can be meaningfully mapped and visualized as an insightful island. Our technique is inspired by the "loci" (plural of Latin "locus" for places or locations) method of the ancient "Art of Memory" technique. A well-designed map in mind can make sense of knowledge, which leads to the accomplishment of one's information seeking tasks, and helps to extend one's knowledge. To this end, Memory Island technique consists of associating each entity of knowledge to a designated area on a created virtual island. With the geographic visual metaphors we define, Memory Island can present phenomena found in knowledge, which is often difficult to understand. In this thesis, we discuss how we design our visualization technique to make it achieve the great features of visualization: automatically generate a truthful, functional, beautiful, insightful, and enlightening island with its technical details. In order to make Memory Island more convenient for its users, we present our "overview+detail" interface, to support them with visual exploration and knowledge analysis. We also demonstrate how to create knowledge maps using Memory Island technique, by giving some example on different datasets of Digital Humanities (Project OBVIL), e-books (Project LOCUPLETO) and other domains. Then, we propose our validation and evaluation protocols with two preliminary user experiments. The results from these studies indicate that the use of Memory Island provides advantages for non-experienced users tackling realistic browsing, helps them improve their performances in knowledge navigation and memorization tasks, and that most of them choose to use it for navigation and knowledge discovery. We end up by concluding our researches and listing some perspectives and future works that can be based on our Memory Island technique.

No description available.

Esta tese apresenta uma visão geral das teorias de Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), em especial a semiótica, o pragmatismo (ou pragmaticismo) e a doutrina do continuum, ou sinequismo, aplicadas ao universo do signo cartográfico. Mediante o estudo de publicações realizadas a partir dos principais manuscritos originais do autor, procuramos desenvolver uma investigação das bases teóricas e conceituais que permeiam seu amplo arcabouço filosófico, para então aplicá-las às quatro teorias cartográficas específicas que correspondem à estrutura principal da tese: do signo, do objeto, do interpretante e da comunicação. Nesses capítulos apresentamos uma série de teorias de Peirce voltado à análise do fundamento do signo cartográfico, da relação que estabelece com o seu objeto e dos efeitos que efetivamente produz ou potencialmente pode produzir na realidade, bem como uma ampla apresentação de conceitos pertinentes à linguagem e comunicação cartográfica. Assuntos os mais diversos tais como linguagem e informação cartográfica, variáveis perceptivas, incluindo a cor, cartografia e cognição, novidades tecnológicas, entre outros, são contemplados em diálogo aos pressupostos filosóficos de Peirce e vários autores referenciais em cartografia e Geografia. Após, aplicamos parte do conhecimento para uma breve análise semiótica de diversos mapas, incluindo os que foram elaborados pelo próprio autor da tese, durante o desenvolvimento da mesma. Consideramos que a as teorias de Peirce podem ser aplicadas não apenas para o entendimento dos elementos envolvidos no signo cartográfico, mas inclusive para a compreensão do objeto ao qual ele se refere, o espaço geográfico que o signo professa representar. / This thesis presents an overview of the theories of Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), in particular the semiotics, pragmatism (or pragmaticism) and doctrine of the continuum, or synechism, applied to the universe of the cartographic sign. Through the study of publications made from the original manuscripts of the author, we seek to develop a investigation of the theoretical and conceptual bases that permeate its broad philosophical framework, to then apply them to the four specific cartographic theories that correspond to the main structure of the thesis: the sign, the object, the interpretant and the communication. In these chapters we present a series of Peirce\'s theories focused on the analysis of the basis of the cartographic sign, the relation it establishes with its object and the effects that it actually produces or potentially can produce in reality, as well as a broad presentation of concepts pertinent to language and cartographic communication. The most diverse subjects such as language and cartographic information, perceptual variables, including color, Cartography and cognition, technological novelties, among others, are contemplated in dialogue with the philosophical presuppositions of Peirce and several reference authors in Cartography and Geography. Afterwards, we applied part of the knowledge to a brief semiotic analysis of several maps, including those that were elaborated by the thesis author, during the development of the same one. We consider that Peirce\'s theories can be applied not only to the understanding of the elements involved in the cartographic sign, but also to the understanding of the object to which he refers, that is, the geographical space that the sign professes to represent.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo, investigar como se dá a prática pedagógica nos anos iniciais do ensino Fundamental I em relação a abordagem da Cartografia Escolar. Nossa investigação pretendeu compreender como os professores se apropriam e auxiliam seus alunos a se apropriarem da linguagem cartográfica a partir da utilização de um Atlas Municipal, produtos cartográficos e outros recursos, tais como mapas, maquetes, croquis, bússolas, GPS, etc., e se conseguiriam a partir deste uso trabalhar conteúdos da geografia e de outras áreas do currículo escolar. Entendendo não ser tarefa fácil ao professor formado em Pedagogia, desenvolver os conteúdos próprios da Geografia devido a lacunas em sua formação que não priorizam conteúdos próprios da Geografia e tampouco da Cartografia Escolar. Sendo assim pautada pela observação e posterior análise das dificuldades apresentadas pelos professores do município de Itapeva-SP que atuam do 1º ao 5º ano, ao transporem didaticamente os conhecimentos cartográficos em sala de aula, elaboramos um curso de formação continuada que teve como mote uma metodologia que auxiliasse a se apropriarem dos conceitos e habilidades relativos a linguagem cartográfica e articulassem às suas próprias realidades, podendo assim transpor esses conhecimentos aos alunos. Para este intento, formulamos um conjunto de sequências de atividades didáticas, com as quais pretendíamos investigar o processo de desenvolvimento do raciocínio espacial dos professores e dos alunos, tendo assim a intenção de contribuir com uma proposta metodológica de trabalho para a Cartografia Escolar, que entre outros produtos utilizou de um Atlas Municipal Escolar, para explorar a realidade próxima de seus alunos e professores. Utilizamos como aporte teórico autores como: Almeida (1994); Callai (2005); Castellar (Rufino, 1996, 2005, 2010); Martinelli (1997); Simielli (1995, 2007); Oliveira (1978) entre outros e para a compreensão acerca da formação docente nos fundamentamos em Tardif (2009, 2012) e Nóvoa (1992). Partindo de uma abordagem pautada pela pesquisa qualitativa interpretativa, concluímos que o encaminhamento da proposta metodológica do curso foi apropriada e profícua, na medida em que valorizamos a participação efetiva tanto dos professores como dos alunos, procurando proporcionar-lhe os procedimentos necessários para que possam trabalhar com autonomia e segurança ao tratar da linguagem cartográfica, o que certamente lhes proporcionará um aprendizado contínuo e consequentemente um ensino significativo a seus alunos à medida que entenderão com maior clareza seus papéis no espaço da sociedade e lugar onde vivem e atuam. / This assignment was aimed to investigate how pedagogical practice makes up in the early years of Elementary School I, related to Scholar Cartography approach. Our research meant to understand how teachers take ownership and help their students to do so, of the cartographic language, from the use of a Municipal School Atlas, cartographic products and other resources, such as maps, models, sketches, compasses, GPS, etc.. and if they would make it through this use, to work Geography and other areas contents from the school curriculum.Recognizing it, as a non easy task to the teacher graded in Pedagogy, developing their own Geography contents, due to the gaps in their training, which does not prioritize them, neither Scholar Cartography.Guided this way by observation and further analysis of the difficulties, faced by teachers working in the town of Itapeva-SP, from the 1st and 5th year, when didactically crossing cartographic knowledge in the classroom, we developed a continuing education course that had as its motto, a methodology which would help them to take over the concepts and skills related to cartographic language and articulate to their own realities, in order to transpose this knowledge into the classroom.For this purpose, we have formulated a set of sequences of learning activities with which we intended to investigate the teachers and students spatial reasoning development process, in order to contribute to a work methodology for Scholar Cartography, that among other products, made use from a Municipal Atlas, to explore the close reality of their students and teachers.As theoretical contribution we made use of the following authors: Almeida (1994); Callai (2005), Castellar (Rufino, 1996, 2010); Martinelli (1997); Simielli (1995, 2007); Oliveira (1978) among others and for the comprehension of teacher education, we were based upon Tardif (2009, 2012) and Nóvoa (1992).Heading from an approach guided by the interpretive qualitative research, we conclude that the course methodological proposal routing was appropriate and useful, as we value the effective participation, both from the teachers and the students, seeking to provide them with the necessary procedures so they can work with autonomy and security when dealing with cartographic language, which certainly will provide them with an ongoing learning pursuant to a significant teaching to their pupils as they will understand clearer their roles in society space so where they live and work.