O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de políticas de administração do saldo de caixa. Este problema de finanças abordado inicialmente por Baumol (1952) e Tobin (1956) teve sua origem na aplicação de modelos determinísticos de controle de inventário ao caixa existente nas empresas. Desta forma, os autores traçaram um paralelo entre o saldo de caixa e os estoques de ativos, de maneira a minimizar os custos relativos ao caixa. Posteriormente Miller e Orr (1966) aperfeiçoaram a abordagem ao introduzirem um modelo estocástico que não mais definia o ponto ideal do saldo de caixa, mas uma faixa de oscilação. Apesar disso, os modelos apresentavam apenas uma única opção de investimento em detrimento ao caixa. Mais recentemente uma série de trabalhos resgatou o problema com novas metodologias, diversificando os custos de transferência e manutenção do caixa e aplicando, principalmente, modelos estocásticos em sua resolução, melhorando seu desempenho. Este trabalho aplica uma modelagem para gerenciamento do saldo ideal de caixa, considerando para isso os custos de manutenção, custos de transferência, diversificação em mais de dois ativos, liquidez associada aos investimentos, além da ruptura de caixa. Para isso, são utilizados modelos computacionais de meta-heurística, com a utilização de algoritmos genéticos (AG), particle swarm optimization (PSO) e simulated annealing (SA). Assim, a partir da simulação de fluxos líquidos de caixa, de acordo com as premissas apresentadas na literatura, considerando as distribuições Normal, de Poisson, Triangular e Movimento Browniano (processo de Wiener) foram realizadas experimentações computacionais a fim de desenvolver uma política de gerenciamento de caixa multiobjetivo capaz de minimizar o custo do saldo de caixa ao mesmo tempo em que minimiza o risco associado ao caixa. Os resultados demonstram que os modelos empregados são válidos para o desenvolvimento das políticas de gerenciamento de caixa, com a prevalência do PSO em problemas mais simples e do AG em problemas mais complexos, com grandes perspectivas para uso prático na definição de políticas de gerenciamento do saldo de caixa. / The present work aims at the development of cash balance management policies. This financial problem initially by Baumol (1952) and Tobin (1956) had its origin in the application of deterministic models for inventory control to the existing cash in companies. These authors drew a parallel between the cash balance and asset inventories in order to minimize the cost of the cash balance. Later, Miller and Orr (1966) refined the approach by introducing a stochastic model that no longer defined the ideal point of cash balance, but an oscillation range. Nevertheless, the models had only one investment option over the cash. More recently a series of studies rescued the problem with new methods, diversifying the transfer and cash maintenance costs, applying stochastic models in its resolution and improving their performance. This work applies a modeling for managing the ideal cash balance, considering maintenance costs, transfer costs, diversification of financial investment in more than two assets, the liquidity associated with investments and penalty costs for the lack of cash. For this, meta-heuristics computer models are used for, with the use of genetic algorithms (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and simulated annealing (SA). Thus, based on the simulation of net cash flows in accordance with the assumptions presented in the literature, considering the distributions Normal, Poisson, Triangular and Brownian motion (Wiener process) computational experiments were performed to develop a multi-objective cash balance management policy able to minimize the cost of the cash balance at the same time then minimizes the risk associated with cash. The results demonstrate that the models used are valid for the development of cash management policies, with better results for the PSO in simple problems and GA on more complex problems, with great perspective for practical use in policy management for cash balance.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de políticas de administração do saldo de caixa. Este problema de finanças abordado inicialmente por Baumol (1952) e Tobin (1956) teve sua origem na aplicação de modelos determinísticos de controle de inventário ao caixa existente nas empresas. Desta forma, os autores traçaram um paralelo entre o saldo de caixa e os estoques de ativos, de maneira a minimizar os custos relativos ao caixa. Posteriormente Miller e Orr (1966) aperfeiçoaram a abordagem ao introduzirem um modelo estocástico que não mais definia o ponto ideal do saldo de caixa, mas uma faixa de oscilação. Apesar disso, os modelos apresentavam apenas uma única opção de investimento em detrimento ao caixa. Mais recentemente uma série de trabalhos resgatou o problema com novas metodologias, diversificando os custos de transferência e manutenção do caixa e aplicando, principalmente, modelos estocásticos em sua resolução, melhorando seu desempenho. Este trabalho aplica uma modelagem para gerenciamento do saldo ideal de caixa, considerando para isso os custos de manutenção, custos de transferência, diversificação em mais de dois ativos, liquidez associada aos investimentos, além da ruptura de caixa. Para isso, são utilizados modelos computacionais de meta-heurística, com a utilização de algoritmos genéticos (AG), particle swarm optimization (PSO) e simulated annealing (SA). Assim, a partir da simulação de fluxos líquidos de caixa, de acordo com as premissas apresentadas na literatura, considerando as distribuições Normal, de Poisson, Triangular e Movimento Browniano (processo de Wiener) foram realizadas experimentações computacionais a fim de desenvolver uma política de gerenciamento de caixa multiobjetivo capaz de minimizar o custo do saldo de caixa ao mesmo tempo em que minimiza o risco associado ao caixa. Os resultados demonstram que os modelos empregados são válidos para o desenvolvimento das políticas de gerenciamento de caixa, com a prevalência do PSO em problemas mais simples e do AG em problemas mais complexos, com grandes perspectivas para uso prático na definição de políticas de gerenciamento do saldo de caixa. / The present work aims at the development of cash balance management policies. This financial problem initially by Baumol (1952) and Tobin (1956) had its origin in the application of deterministic models for inventory control to the existing cash in companies. These authors drew a parallel between the cash balance and asset inventories in order to minimize the cost of the cash balance. Later, Miller and Orr (1966) refined the approach by introducing a stochastic model that no longer defined the ideal point of cash balance, but an oscillation range. Nevertheless, the models had only one investment option over the cash. More recently a series of studies rescued the problem with new methods, diversifying the transfer and cash maintenance costs, applying stochastic models in its resolution and improving their performance. This work applies a modeling for managing the ideal cash balance, considering maintenance costs, transfer costs, diversification of financial investment in more than two assets, the liquidity associated with investments and penalty costs for the lack of cash. For this, meta-heuristics computer models are used for, with the use of genetic algorithms (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and simulated annealing (SA). Thus, based on the simulation of net cash flows in accordance with the assumptions presented in the literature, considering the distributions Normal, Poisson, Triangular and Brownian motion (Wiener process) computational experiments were performed to develop a multi-objective cash balance management policy able to minimize the cost of the cash balance at the same time then minimizes the risk associated with cash. The results demonstrate that the models used are valid for the development of cash management policies, with better results for the PSO in simple problems and GA on more complex problems, with great perspective for practical use in policy management for cash balance.

Employer provided Qualified Plans ("Qualified Plans") are the most efficient supplement to Social Security savings and benefits. Given the significance of the benefits provided as well as the short-term Revenue constraints upon the Federal government in the form of substantially protracted tax deferrals, Qualified Plan legislation should maintain a conservative disposition. Incremental legislative action in the right direction will steadily graduate ERISA to its intended purpose. Unfortunately ERISA is a convoluted maze of formalities, definitions, and regulation that are only substantially understood by an expert and have yet to be adequately explained to the public at large. Recent publications such as Retirement Heist rouse the public's consciousness of retirement Plans by enumerating perceived abuses by large corporations. These alleged abuses certainly reflect innovative manipulations within the constraints of Qualified Plans. However, my thesis will prove that these "abuses" reflect the United States' disposition toward the rights of proprietorship regarding the Qualified Plan. The intent of the thesis is to illustrate this disposition through a study of the Amara v. Cigna Corp. case as well as a review of an actual LLC's defined benefit plan conversion to a cash balance plan. I will compare and contrast the different approaches taken by these two employers and justify the varied success they each experienced in converting their plans. Through this process, the thesis shall draw conclusions on the United States' dispositions toward ownership of the qualified plan.

論文摘要: 本研究以現金餘額計劃（Cash Balance Plan）及確定提撥退休金計劃（Defined Contribution Pension Plan）建構出公務人員退撫基金之建議機制，建構之主要目的在於透過第一層現金餘額計劃之利息給付機制降低退休基金利率風險，同時由第二層確定提撥計劃獲取額外退休所得，使雇主與員工在双層式退休金計劃下，同時承擔投資風險，以降低基金利率風險並同時滿足適當退休所得保障。本文在現金餘額計劃不同控管年限及利息給付假設下，模擬超額積蓄（Overfunded）基金與不足額積蓄（Underfunded）基金執行資產負債管理（Asset Liability Management）所需存續期間，同時模擬双層式退休金計劃提供員工之退休所得替代率，研究結果發現： 1、超額積蓄基金及不足額積蓄基金均可以在目前資本市場中找到符合所需存續期間之資產投資。在控管20年限內，超額積蓄基金所需存續期間在-1.71年到0.39年之間；不足額積蓄基金所需存續期間在4.68年到8.31年之間。 2、退休基金越接近超額狀態越有利於資產負債管理。當基金積蓄狀態越接近超額積蓄時，基金負債與資產的比例較不足額積蓄基金低，故資產負債管理所需存續期間較短，對於基金能夠控管的年限也越長。 3、雇主可透過現金餘額計劃利息給付機制執行百分之百免疫策略。雇主可利用現金餘額計劃利息給付依據外部債券利率為參考依據的特性，鎖定債券利率，達到資產負債管理百分之百免疫效果。 4、現金餘額計劃執行百分之百免疫策略情況下，45歲以下公務人員採行自動選擇投資基金（Default Fund）為高風險投資基金，自動選擇提撥率（Default Rate）為每月薪資5.08﹪，可使員工達到適當所得替代率保障水準。 / Abstract This thesis proposes an new alternative two-tier pension composed of Cash Balance Plan (CBP ) and defined contribution pension plan to the traditional defined benefit pension plan of Taiwan Public Employee Retirement System(TPERS). In order to decrease the interest-rate risk of the pension fund and to provide additional retirement income protection, we utilize the credit rate mechanism of CBP and supplement CBP with additional defined contribution plan. We investigate the Asset-Liability Management (ALM) for TPERS and calculate the liability duration under different time horizons, interest credits of CBP. We also simulate the replacement rate of the two-tier pension plan under different contribution rates, and investment returns. The results are as follows: 1、Given the twenty-year time horizons, the asset duration of overfunded plan ranges between –1.71 years and 0.39 years, whereas that of underfunded plan varies from 4.68 years to 8.31 years. In this case, the requirements of asset duration can be satisfied in the Taiwan Capital Market. 2、The overfunded pension plan has higher probabilities to meet the requirements of asset duration. Therefore, we suggest that the fund manager can increase the asset allocation percentage of external fund management in order to improve the long-term returns. 3、Perfect matching of pension fund can be achieved by matching the yield of securities to interest credit under CBP . In addition, we suggest that the interest credit of the new labor contracts should take the trend of the current interest rate into consideration. 4、Replacement rates provided by CBP for woman range from 19.05﹪ to 45.70﹪and from 20.86﹪to 50.05﹪for man assuming the interest credit rate is 5.2%. To increase the retirement income, the defined contribution plan provide additional replacement rate between 13.56﹪and 162.96﹪for woman and between 14.85﹪and 178.42﹪for man assuming the employee can contribute 3.08 percent to 13.37 percent of regular salaries and investment returns are from 4 percent to 8 percent .

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:35:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo_Roberto_Macedo_de_Andrade.pdf: 958605 bytes, checksum: 8bf349be18c9e86bd6ece938301717a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-05 / The decision-making process of credit developed by banks for analysis and credit concession. to corporate entities involves a series of procedures for information gathering objective and subjective. By subjective information has information related to customer records and sources information the past relationship with the market, and objective information has been obtained from those collecting information of its financial statements as of the balance sheet and income statements, which undergo a process of standardization or reclassification of accounts, lets you extract and briefly present a set of economic and financial indicators that assess liquidity, activity, debt and profitability of these companies that will serve as a basis for analysis and interpretation of current economic and financial situation of that particular company or client entity. However, these financial indicators, called traditional, allowing only provide information to evaluate the financial situation of a company or corporate customer from past to present, and there is a great need to assess trends and future prospects. The objective of this dissertation is to describe and evaluate the importance of the Model Fleuriet as financial management tool, which allows you to analyze the trend of the financial situation of a company, combining the assessment of indicators such as the financial cycle, working capital, the need for working capital and cash balance, enabling managers who use it to make decisions faster and more assertive to correct the course of the operating company and how it can be used as a tool in decision-making accessory credit. The methodology as the approach to the problem was a qualitative study and used an explanatory research to further study and survey of new facts from existing knowledge made through a literature search and a field survey by done through a questionnaire to a group of credit analysts from various financial institutions, to assess the importance given by them for the use of traditional financial indicators and financial Model Fleuriet indicated for the development of its activity. It was concluded that the Model Fleuriet is little known and used by most credit analysts in their daily analysis and credit concession, as well as financial institutions where they work and that only 14% of respondents believe in the superiority of Model Fleuriet compared to traditional indicators, highlighting the analysts with over 10 years experience. As a suggestion of continuity this study proposes a new research in the financial market in order to assess the financial stability of companies listed on the Bovespa using traditional indicators and Model Fleuriet and development of a practical study in a financial institution with the implementation of Model Fleuriet in their analysis procedures and credit concession. / O processo decis??rio de cr??dito desenvolvido pelas institui????es financeiras para a an??lise e concess??o de empr??stimos para pessoas jur??dicas envolve uma s??rie de procedimentos para levantamento de informa????es objetivas e subjetivas. Por informa????es subjetivas tem-se as informa????es ligadas ao cadastro do cliente e fontes de refer??ncias pelo hist??rico de relacionamento com o mercado e, por informa????es objetivas, tem-se aquelas obtidas a partir do levantamento de informa????es de seus demonstrativos financeiros como o balan??o patrimonial e demonstrativos de resultados, os quais passam por um processo de reclassifica????o ou padroniza????o das contas, que permite extrair e apresentar resumidamente um conjunto de indicadores econ??mico-financeiros que avaliam a liquidez, a atividade, o endividamento e a lucratividade dessas empresas que servir??o como base para an??lise e interpreta????o da atual situa????o econ??mico-financeira daquela determinada empresa ou cliente pessoa jur??dica. Contudo, esses indicadores financeiros, chamados tradicionais, trazem informa????es que permitem apenas avaliar a situa????o econ??mico-financeira de uma empresa ou cliente pessoa jur??dica do passado para o presente, sendo que existe uma grande necessidade de se avaliar tend??ncias e perspectivas futuras. O objetivo dessa disserta????o ?? descrever e avaliar a import??ncia do Modelo Fleuriet como ferramenta de gest??o financeira, o qual permite analisar a tend??ncia da situa????o econ??mico-financeira de uma empresa, conjugando a avalia????o de indicadores como o ciclo financeiro, o capital de giro, a necessidade de capital de giro e o saldo de tesouraria, permitindo aos gestores que o utilizam a tomarem decis??es mais r??pidas e assertivas para corrigir a rota operacional da empresa e como pode ser utilizado como uma ferramenta acess??ria no processo decis??rio de cr??dito. A metodologia utilizada quanto a abordagem do problema foi uma pesquisa qualitativa e utilizou-se de uma pesquisa explicativa para aprofundar estudo e levantamento de fatos novos a partir de conhecimentos j?? existentes feitos atrav??s de uma pesquisa bibliogr??fica e de um levantamento de campo ou survey, por meio de um question??rio feito a um grupo de analistas de cr??dito de v??rias institui????es financeiras, para se avaliar a import??ncia dada por eles quanto ?? utiliza????o dos indicadores financeiros tradicionais e dos indicados financeiros do Modelo Fleuriet, para o desenvolvimento de sua atividade. Concluiu-se que o Modelo Fleuriet ?? pouco conhecido e utilizado pela maioria dos analistas de cr??dito em suas atividades di??rias de an??lise e concess??o de cr??dito, como tamb??m pelas institui????es financeiras onde atuam e que apenas 14% dos respondentes acreditam na superioridade do Modelo Fleuriet em rela????o aos indicadores tradicionais, destacando-se os analistas com mais de 10 anos de experi??ncia. Como sugest??o de continuidade desse estudo prop??e-se nova pesquisa junto ao mercado financeiro a fim de se avaliar o equil??brio financeiro de empresas listadas na Bovespa utilizando-se os indicadores tradicionais e o Modelo Fleuriet e o desenvolvimento de um estudo pr??tico numa institui????o financeira com a implanta????o do Modelo Fleuriet em seus procedimentos de an??lise e concess??o de cr??dito.