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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Regulation studies on human pyruvate kinases

Chen, Yiyuan January 2018 (has links)
Human pyruvate kinase performs the last step in glucose glycolysis in all cells and organisms and can be a key regulator of glycolytic flux. Pyruvate produced by PYK is transported into the mitochondria to fuel the TCA cycle, which enables the production of ATP; the main energy source of the cell. Human PYK contains four isoforms: M1 (found in muscle, heart and brain), M2 (in foetal cells and tumours), L (liver), and R (red blood cells) PYK. M2PYK plays a crucial role in tumour cell proliferation; by down-regulating metabolic flux, upstream metabolites can be used for protein and DNA synthesis. Reprogramming the metabolism of fast proliferating cells is called the 'Warburg effect'. The biological relevance of the different isoform activities is also discussed. For example RPYK in red blood cells is exposed to slowly altering metabolite concentrations, especially after intestinal absorption in plasma and RBCs uptake some of the metabolites. This thesis describes biochemical and biophysical studies of human M1PYK, M2PYK, LPYK, and RPYK. PYK is allosterically regulated by a range of metabolites. A comparative enzyme kinetics study of the four isoforms was performed to examine the mechanisms of activation and inhibition of these small molecule regulators, including all 20 amino acids and the thyroid hormone T3. The redox state of the environment was also found to be an important regulator of PYK activity. All four PYK isoforms were successfully expressed and purified. Interestingly, only M2PYK and RPYK were strongly regulated by amino acids and metabolites. We also found that the redox state regulates the activity of all four PYK isoforms as well as the sensitivity of M2PYK in response to natural regulators. These studies also confirmed the dissociation of tetrameric PYK into inactive monomers as an important mechanism of regulation, particularly for M2PYK activity. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies were performed to investigate the conformational behaviour of PYK isoforms in solution and to compare the effects of ligand binding. NMR data of all four isoforms reveal a conserved binding mechanism between isoforms and specific amino acids. SAXS data of all four isoforms demonstrate that ligands affect tetramerisation of PYK isoforms.
2

The regulation of human M2 pyruvate kinase

Mitchell, Rosie January 2015 (has links)
Pyruvate kinase catalyses the final step in glycolysis and is responsible for net ATP production. There are four pyruvate kinase isoforms expressed in humans; LPYK, RPYK, M1PYK and M2PYK. The allosteric enzyme M2PYK plays an important role in cancer cell metabolism and is subject to complex regulation by numerous naturally occurring small-molecule metabolites. Post-translational modifications have also been found to play a key role in the regulation of M2PYK, among these cysteine oxidation. This thesis describes the production and characterisation of M2PYK cysteine point mutants in order to investigate the mechanism of regulation by cysteine modification. From a total of ten cysteines present in M2PYK, five were chosen for mutation based on a combination of the results from the cysteine oxidation prediction program (COPP) web interface and published experimental evidence for cysteine modification of M2PYK. Eight point mutants of these five cysteines were produced and characterised. Low resolution gel filtration of all the mutants shows that mutation of these cysteines has an effect on tetramer:dimer:monomer equilibrium of M2PYK suggesting that cysteine modifications could regulate M2PYK activity by affecting oligomeric state. Activity assays show that none of the cysteine point mutations are sufficient to protect M2PYK from oxidation by H2O2 indicating that more than one cysteine is involved in the regulation of M2PYK by oxidation. Nitric oxide (NO) imbalance has recently emerged as playing a key role in numerous diseases including cancer. NO regulates the function of target proteins through the addition of a nitroso moiety from NO-derived metabolites to a reactive cysteine, a process known as protein S-nitrosylation. M2PYK has been found to be S-nitrosylated in vivo. Using the biotin-switch assay in vitro combined with mass spectrometry I have shown that a likely candidate for the target of S-nitrosylation of M2PYK is C326. This thesis also describes the structures of two cysteine point mutants; M2PYK C424A and M2PYK C358S. The structures show that these mutations have very little effect on the overall conformation of M2PYK with only very subtle localised changes. The structure of the mutant M2PYK C358S shows some interesting features including varying occupation of the active site resulting in differing conformations of the B domains within the same tetramer, and an unusual B factor distribution which could be indicative of a perturbation in cooperativity within the tetramer caused by the mutation.
3

Efeitos estéricos e eletrônicos da fosfina PCy3 influenciando no centro metálico de Ru(II): reatividade em reações de ROMP / Esterics and electronic effect of the fosfin PCy3 influencing in the metallic center of Ru(II): reactivity in ROMP reactions

Inforzato, Tatiane 23 October 2007 (has links)
A reação entre o composto [RuCl2(PPh3)3] e a fosfina PCy3 resultou no complexo [RuCl2(PPh3)2(PCy3)]. O centro metálico de Ru(II), deste complexo, possui dois tipos de fosfinas cujas caracteristicas estéricas e eletrônicas são diferentes. Em solução, este novo complexo apresentou maior labilidade quando comparado ao complexo precursor, comprovada pelas técnicas de espectrofotometria no UV-vis e RMN-31P. Este complexo polimeriza norborneno (NBE; 48%) e norbornadieno (NBD; 92%) via ROMP à temperatura ambiente, na presença de 5 microL de etildiazoacetato na razão de [monômero]/[Ru] = 5000 em soluções recém preparadas. Nessas condições o complexo [RuCl2(PPh3)3] não polimeriza nenhum desses monômeros, tornando-se ativo somente à 50 oC polimerizando 63% de norborneno e 6% de norbornadieno. O envelhecimento da solução do complexo [RuCl2(PPh3)2(PCy3)] em CHCl3 provocou uma diminuição no rendimento d NBE e NBD, indício de que a espécie dimérica não é ativa em ROMP. Ainda, as reações de polimerização com o NBD são exotérmicas. O rendimento e o aspecto dos poliNBD isolados mostraram-se dependentes do volume de solvente CHCl3 utilizado durante as reações. O poliNBD obtido com volumes menores apresentou maior rendimento e elasticidade. A substituição de uma das fosfina PPh3 no complexo precursor [RuCl2(PPh3)3] pela fosfina PCy3 resultou um complexo com algumas particularidades, como maior reatividade com o NBD quando comparado ao NBE e ainda reações exotérmicas com o NBD. Essas particularidades foram, até então, inéditas no grupo quando se utilizavam complexos do tipo [RuCl2(PPh3)2(NIII)x]. Assim, o presente trabalho enfocou estudos de caracterização e aplicação do complexo [RuCl2(PPh3)2(PCy3)] em reações de ROMP com os monômeros norborneno, norbornadieno e 1,5-ciclooctadieno. / The reaction between [RuCl2(PPh3)3] compound and PCy3 produced a complex ([RuCl2(PPh3)2(PCy3)]) with two types of phosphines showing different electronic and hindering characteristics. In solution, the new complex presents higher labiality compared to the [RuCl2(PPh3)2(PCy3)] complex confirmed by electronic and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. . The novel complex polymerizes both norbornene (NBE; 48%) and norbornadiene (NBD; 92%) via ROMP at room temperature, in presence of 5 microL of ethyldiazoacetate with [monômero]/[Ru] = 5,000. The polimerization reactions with norbornadiene were exothermic. Under the same reaction conditions, the [RuCl2(PPh3)3] complex does not polymerize those monomers. The yield and the characteristic of the polyNBD is dependent on quantity of solvent (CHCl3). Thus, the presence of the phosphine PCy3 generated a novel complex with higher catalytic reactivity.
4

Aplicação de diferentes zeólitas como catalisadores heterogêneos para a síntese de ésteres alquílicos / Application of different zeolites as heterogeneous catalysts for the alkyl esters synthesis

Dal Pozzo, Daniel Marcos 27 February 2018 (has links)
Neste trabalho foram empregadas as zeólitas Mordenita, ZSM5, Y, Beta e Ferrierita, como catalisadores heterogêneos para a síntese de ésteres alquílicos via esterificação, visando à aplicação destas zeólitas para a produção de biodiesel. Como reação modelo para avaliação da atividade catalítica das zeólitas, foi efetuada a esterificação do ácido oleico com metanol e a esterificação do ácido octanóico com metanol, etanol e propanol. Para as reações efetuadas foram utilizados diferentes parâmetros reacionais, tais como diferentes razões molares de ácido graxo:álcool, temperaturas do meio reacional e quantidades de catalisador, visando observar a conversão em éster correspondente no decorrer do tempo. As zeólitas utilizadas foram caracterizadas por Termogravimetria, EGA, FTIR, DRX, RMN de 27Al, ED-XRF, TPD-NH3, adsorção de piridina em fase líquida avaliada por FTIR, MEV e Fisissorção de N2. A forma ativada das zeólitas foi obtida e a faixa de protonação para cada zeólita foi visualizada. Foi observada a seletividade de reagente para a zeólita H-ZSM5. Algumas zeólitas apresentaram atividade catalítica para a síntese dos ésteres alquílicos. A atividade catalítica das zeólitas não se relaciona claramente com a quantidade de sítios ativos na superfície do catalisador, mas apresenta maior dependência quanto a porosidade e caráter hidrofóbico dos materiais. Foram obtidas conversões acima de 85% na esterificação dos ácidos graxos. Dentre as zeólitas avaliadas, a zeólita mais ativa obtida foi reutilizada e empregada em vários ciclos reacionais consecutivos, onde não foi observado decréscimo na atividade catalítica do material e além disso, a integridade da estrutura da zeólita foi mantida. Dessa forma, os ensaios catalíticos realizados permitem observar que dependendo do tipo de zeólita utilizada é possível obter resultados promissores na esterificação dos ácidos graxos, que juntamente com a facilidade de separação das zeólitas do meio reacional após a reação e a possibilidade de utilização destas em novos ciclos reacionais, fazem com que seja interessante o uso destes materiais para a síntese de ésteres alquílicos. / In this work the zeolites Mordenite, ZSM5, Y, Beta and Ferrierite, were employed as heterogeneous catalysts for the alkyl esters synthesis by esterification, aiming the application of these zeolites for the biodiesel production. As a model reaction to evaluate the catalytic activity of these zeolites, the esterification of oleic acid with methanol and the esterification of octanoic acid with methanol, ethanol and propanol were performed. For the reactions performed, different reaction parameters were used, such as different fatty acid:alcohol molar ratios, reaction temperatures and catalyst amounts, aiming to observe the corresponding ester conversion over time. The zeolites used were characterized by Thermogravimetry, EGA, FTIR, XRD, 27Al NMR, ED-XRF, TPD-NH3, liquid phase pyridine adsorption evaluated by FTIR, SEM and N2 adsorption/desorption. The protic form of the zeolites was obtained and the protonation range for each zeolite was visualized. The selectivity of the reactant for the zeolite H-ZSM5 was observed. Some zeolites showed catalytic activity for the alkyl esters synthesis. The catalytic activity of the zeolites did not show a clear correlation with the amount of acid sites on the material surface, but has a greater dependence on the porosity and hydrophobic balance of the material. Conversions above 85% were obtained in fatty acids esterification. Among the zeolites evaluated, the most active zeolite obtained was reused and used in several consecutive reaction cycles, where there was no decrease in the catalytic activity of the material and, in addition, the integrity of the zeolite structure was maintained. Thus, the catalytic assays allow to observe that depending on the type of zeolite used it’s possible to obtain promising results in the esterification of fatty acids, which together with the ease of separation of the zeolites from the reaction medium after the reaction and the possibility of their use in new cycles, make it interesting to use these materials for the alkyl esters synthesis.
5

Efeitos estéricos e eletrônicos da fosfina PCy3 influenciando no centro metálico de Ru(II): reatividade em reações de ROMP / Esterics and electronic effect of the fosfin PCy3 influencing in the metallic center of Ru(II): reactivity in ROMP reactions

Tatiane Inforzato 23 October 2007 (has links)
A reação entre o composto [RuCl2(PPh3)3] e a fosfina PCy3 resultou no complexo [RuCl2(PPh3)2(PCy3)]. O centro metálico de Ru(II), deste complexo, possui dois tipos de fosfinas cujas caracteristicas estéricas e eletrônicas são diferentes. Em solução, este novo complexo apresentou maior labilidade quando comparado ao complexo precursor, comprovada pelas técnicas de espectrofotometria no UV-vis e RMN-31P. Este complexo polimeriza norborneno (NBE; 48%) e norbornadieno (NBD; 92%) via ROMP à temperatura ambiente, na presença de 5 microL de etildiazoacetato na razão de [monômero]/[Ru] = 5000 em soluções recém preparadas. Nessas condições o complexo [RuCl2(PPh3)3] não polimeriza nenhum desses monômeros, tornando-se ativo somente à 50 oC polimerizando 63% de norborneno e 6% de norbornadieno. O envelhecimento da solução do complexo [RuCl2(PPh3)2(PCy3)] em CHCl3 provocou uma diminuição no rendimento d NBE e NBD, indício de que a espécie dimérica não é ativa em ROMP. Ainda, as reações de polimerização com o NBD são exotérmicas. O rendimento e o aspecto dos poliNBD isolados mostraram-se dependentes do volume de solvente CHCl3 utilizado durante as reações. O poliNBD obtido com volumes menores apresentou maior rendimento e elasticidade. A substituição de uma das fosfina PPh3 no complexo precursor [RuCl2(PPh3)3] pela fosfina PCy3 resultou um complexo com algumas particularidades, como maior reatividade com o NBD quando comparado ao NBE e ainda reações exotérmicas com o NBD. Essas particularidades foram, até então, inéditas no grupo quando se utilizavam complexos do tipo [RuCl2(PPh3)2(NIII)x]. Assim, o presente trabalho enfocou estudos de caracterização e aplicação do complexo [RuCl2(PPh3)2(PCy3)] em reações de ROMP com os monômeros norborneno, norbornadieno e 1,5-ciclooctadieno. / The reaction between [RuCl2(PPh3)3] compound and PCy3 produced a complex ([RuCl2(PPh3)2(PCy3)]) with two types of phosphines showing different electronic and hindering characteristics. In solution, the new complex presents higher labiality compared to the [RuCl2(PPh3)2(PCy3)] complex confirmed by electronic and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. . The novel complex polymerizes both norbornene (NBE; 48%) and norbornadiene (NBD; 92%) via ROMP at room temperature, in presence of 5 microL of ethyldiazoacetate with [monômero]/[Ru] = 5,000. The polimerization reactions with norbornadiene were exothermic. Under the same reaction conditions, the [RuCl2(PPh3)3] complex does not polymerize those monomers. The yield and the characteristic of the polyNBD is dependent on quantity of solvent (CHCl3). Thus, the presence of the phosphine PCy3 generated a novel complex with higher catalytic reactivity.
6

Hydrogénation catalytique du CO2 sur le rhodium :étude des processus en surface et sous-surface par techniques d’émission de champ.

Lambeets, Sten 12 January 2018 (has links)
Ce travail de thèse propose une investigation des dynamiques régissant la réactiond’hydrogénation du dioxyde de carbone sur une nanoparticule modèle de rhodium àl’échelle moléculaire. Cette recherche s’inscrit dans le contexte de la valorisation du CO2 parla voie catalytique. Une meilleure compréhension de la relation entre la structurecristallographique de la surface et les mécanismes réactionnels permettrait, à terme,d’améliorer l’optimisation des matériaux catalytiques. Dans ce but, la réaction est étudiée àl’échelle moléculaire sur une nanoparticule modèle de rhodium. Sa surface est observée àl’aide de l’ensemble des techniques d’émission de champ :la microscopie d’émission dechamp (FEM), la microscopie ionique à effet de champ (FIM), la sonde atomique unidimensionnelle(1DAP) et la sonde atomique tomographique (APT). Afin d’identifier lesdifférents phénomènes observés, ces derniers sont comparés à d’autres systèmes réactifsimpliquant l’O2, le N2O et le CO, sur du rhodium, du platine et un alliage de platine rhodium(10% en masse de rhodium).Dans ce travail nous avons observé et caractérisé l’adsorption dissociative du CO2 sur lerhodium et sa réaction avec l’hydrogène. À l’aide d’études comparatives avec les autressystèmes, des phénomènes réactifs ont été identifiés. Les traitements des donnéesrecueillies indiquent qu’à 700 K, les gaz CO2 et H2 réagissent via un processus en surface etforment les produits CO(g) et H2O(g). Cette réaction est connue sous le nom de « réaction dugaz à l’eau inverse ». Cette réaction s’accompagne de transformations observables par FEM.La présence d’atomes d’oxygène adsorbés provoque une augmentation du travail de sortiedes électrons de la plupart des facettes cristallographiques de la surface de rhodium, ce quise traduit par un assombrissement global de l’image FEM. Cependant, certaines régionsparticulières correspondant aux facettes {113} présentent une tendance inverse. Grâce audéveloppement d’une nouvelle méthodologie adaptant la sonde atomique tomographique àl’étude de processus dynamiques, il a été possible de relier les observations faites par FEM àla diffusion d’atomes d’oxygène sous la surface. Cette diffusion n’est pas homogène etdépend de la structure cristallographique des facettes. L’oxygène, formé à la suite d’uneadsorption dissociative sur les facettes du type {012}, ne pénètre le coeur de phase qu’autravers de certaines régions telles que les {113}, les {011} et les {111}. La construction desdiagrammes d’adsorption du CO2 et les diagrammes de phase cinétique du systèmeH2+O2/Rh ont permis de mettre en évidence les mouvements des atomes d’oxygène entre lasurface et la sous-surface. Finalement ces observations ont été étendues à d’autresmatériaux :Le platine et l’alliage PtRh. L’accumulation d’atomes d’oxygène sur et sous lasurface peut donc être observée en temps réel et à l’échelle moléculaire. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
7

Enrichissements superficiels sur l’alliage or-argent: Études des compositions chimiques locales par sonde atomique tomographique

Gilis, Natalia 22 May 2020 (has links) (PDF)
Dans le contexte de la recherche de catalyseurs actifs et sélectifs pour des réactions d’oxydation, l’or nanoporeux s’avère être un bon candidat. Sa synthèse se fait à partir d’alliages or-argent et la question de l’influence des résidus d’argent se pose lorsque que l’on cherche à expliquer la réactivité du catalyseur étant donné que l’or pur, même sous une forme nanoporeuse, reste un piètre catalyseur. La composition superficielle d’un alliage or-argent et son rôle en catalyse étant un sujet de controverse, l’objet de ce travail est d’identifier les paramètres physico-chimiques affectant la mobilité des atomes d’or et d’argent à la surface et au sein d’une matrice à priori solide. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié les processus de ségrégation ayant lieu à la surface de catalyseurs nanoporeux d’Au-Ag lorsque ceux-ci sont soumis à différentes contraintes physico-chimiques. Les études ont été menées sur des pointes nanométriques d’Au-Ag dont la surface hémisphérique modélise parfaitement la surface courbe des ligaments de l’or nanoporeux.La première partie de ce projet consiste en la caractérisation de l’alliage étudié par microscopie. Nous y avons démontré que le matériau est formé de nombreux microcristaux empilés les uns sur les autres qui, bien que l’alliage soit habituellement considéré comme une solution solide homogène, sont chacun composés d’une quantité d’or et d’argent variable oscillante en gaussienne autour des 8 ± 2 %at. en argent. Les mesures LEAP (de Local Electrode Atom Probe) ont aussi mis en évidence que ces microcristaux individuellement sont cristallins, et s’ordonnent comme attendu selon le réseau cubique à faces centrées. Toutes les observations et analyses nous ont permis de mettre au point le protocole optimal à suivre lors des évaporations de l’Au-Ag afin d’en maximiser son bon déroulement.Durant la seconde partie du projet, les échantillons sous la forme de pointes nanométriques ont été soumis à différents traitements physiques et chimiques afin de faire écho aux différentes étapes de préparation et de prétraitement que subissent les catalyseurs. Notre étude comporte donc des recuits sous ultra haut vide, des traitements sous des atmosphères oxydantes (O2 et N2O) qui font partie des étapes de prétraitement de l’or nanoporeux et des traitements sous des atmosphères réductrices, en particulier en présence de CO.Nos résultats montrent une tendance univoque de l’argent à se concentrer en surface après des longs (17 h) recuits sous ultra haut vide; induite d’une part par de l’O(ads) procuré par les précurseurs gazeux O2 et N2O. Nous avons identifié deux modes de diffusion différents des atomes d’argent vers la surface de l’alliage. Il s’agit d’une diffusion latérale majoritaire, en surface, couplée à une diffusion perpendiculaire occasionnelle impliquant la mobilité d’atomes du coeur de phase. Enfin en comparant nos résultats avec la littérature, nous sommes arrivés à la conclusion que la force motrice la plus importante lors de la ségrégation de l’argent était la minimisation de la tension de surface élevée sur nos échantillons en forme de pointe nanométrique.iiCette tendance générale résulte en l’observation de ségrégations plus marquées que celles préalablement évoquées dans la littérature sur des échantillons de surfaces moins courbées. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
8

Propriétés structurales, magnétiques et catalytiques de nouveaux oxydes à base de ruthénium ou de platine à empilements mixtes dérivés de la structure perovskite

Grasset, Fabien 22 September 1998 (has links) (PDF)
Lors de l'étude de la série A3A'RuO6 (membre n = infini de la famille A3n+3A'nBn+3O9+6n) (A = Ca, Sr ; A'=Li, Na), quatre nouvelles phases ont été isolées. La structure, constituée de chaînes [RuA'O6] parallèles à l'axe c, est isotype de Sr4PtO6. Une étude comparative des propriétés magnétiques et des expériences de diffraction neutronique montre que ces phases ne semblent pas supporter de description en terme de système magnétique monodimensionnel. L'investigation du système Ba-Pt-O a permis de mettre en évidence la solution solide Ba12[BaxPt3-x]Pt6O27 (O £ x £ 3) où x représente la proportion de Pt2+ occupant les sites prismatiques. La structure de base correspond au membre n = 3 de la famille A3n+3A'NBn+3O9+6n. Il a été montré par diffraction des rayons X et des électrons que la structure de ces phases est modulée incommensurable pour x £ 1 et modulé commensurable pour x > 1. L'activité catalytique de ces composés pour l'oxydation totale du CO en CO2 a été étudiée. Dans le système Ba-Ru-O, les phases Ba5Ru2O9(O2) et Ba5Ru2O10 ont été caractérisées sur le plan structurale et magnétique. L'originalité dans la phase Ba5Ru2O9(O2) est l'existence d'ions peroxydes (O2)2- dans les couches [Ba2(O2)]. Une filiation structurale avec la structure perovskite est proposée. Ba5Ru2O9(O2) et Ba5Ru2O10 correspondant au membre n = 3 de la série [A2O2](AnBn-1O3n).
9

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of immobilized metallic nanoparticles

Wunder, Stefanie 10 June 2013 (has links)
In dieser Arbeit wurden Gold- und PlatinNanopartikel in sphärischen Polyelektolyt-Bürsten (SPB) synthetisiert. Diese wurden zu mechanistischen Untersuchungen der p-Nitrophenol-Reduktion mittels Natriumborhydrid herangezogen. Dabei konnte der Mechanismus der Reaktion auf der Oberfläche der Nanopartikel aufgeklärt werden. Die Reaktion folgt einem Langmuir Hinshelwood (LH) Mechanismus. Hierbei adsorbieren beide Edukte auf die Oberfläche, bevor sie im zu p-Aminophenol umgesetzt werden. Nach der Reaktion desorbiert das Reaktionsprodukt. Mittels des LH Modells konnten für verschiedene Temperaturen die intrinsische Geschwindigkeitskonstante, sowie die Adsorptionskonstanten der Edukte bestimmt werden. Mit diesen Daten konnten dann die Enthalpie und Entropie der Adsorption der Edukte und die Aktivierungsenergie berechnet werden. Neben dem Reaktionsmechanismus wurde die Induktionszeit der p-Nitrophenol Reduktion untersucht. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese Totzeit der Reaktion wahrscheinlich auf eine Restrukturierung der Nanopartikeloberfläche zurückzuführen ist. Sie ist unabhängig von den eingesetzten Konzentrationen des Borhydrids, hingegen abhängig von der Konzentration an p-Nitrophenol auf der Oberfläche der Nanopartikel, was auf Restrukturierung der Nanopartikel durch p-Nitrophenol hindeutet. Zudem wurden Hinweise auf eine spontane Rekonstruktion der Nanopartikel gefunden, die unabhängig von der Konzentration des p-Nitrophenols ist. Des Weiteren wurde die katalytische Oxidation von Morin mit Manganoxid Nanopartikeln untersucht. Diese sind in der Polyelektrolytschale der SPB immobilisiert. Analysen der Reaktionskinetik der Morin Oxidation ergaben, dass auch in diesem Fall der LH Mechanismus vorliegt. Hierbei konnten die Adsorptionskonstanten und Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für verschiedene Temperaturen ermittelt werden und somit die Aktivierungsenergie der Oxidation sowie die Adsorptionsenthalpie und Entropie der Edukte. / In this work, gold and platinum nanoparticles were synthesized into spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPB) in order to apply them as catalysts for kinetic studies of the reduction of p-nitrophenol by sodium borohydride. It was found that the reaction follows the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) mechanism where both educts must adsorb onto the surface of the catalyst in order to react. Thereby, the rate determining step is the surface reaction of both educts. After the reaction, the product desorbs from the surface and a free active site is formed. With this model the intrinsic reaction rate and the adsorption constants for both educts could be determined. The measurements at different temperatures allowed the calculation of the activation energy and the adsorption enthalpy and entropy of the educts. Besides the reaction mechanism, the induction time of the reaction was analyzed. Here, it was shown that the reason of this delay time is a restructuring of the nanoparticle surface. The induction time is solely dependent on the concentration of p-nitrophenol on the surface of the nanoparticles and independent of the applied concentrations of borohydride. Moreover, hints for a spontaneous reconstruction of the nanoparticles without p-nitrophenol were found. In the second part, the catalytic oxidation of morin by manganese oxide has been studied. These nanoparticles were embedded inside the polyelectrolyte layer of the SPB. These nanoparticles were used for systematic studies of the oxidation of morin with hydrogen peroxide. It was shown that in this case the reaction followed a LH kinetics as well. Here, the intrinsic rate constants and the adsorption constants could be obtained for different temperatures. The activation energy and the adsorption enthalpy and entropy could be determined accordingly. The adsorption enthalpy is exothermic in both cases.
10

Synthèses, caractérisation et étude structurale de complexes de type carbènes N-hétérocycliques basés sur des Calix[4]arènes / Synthesis, Characterization and X-Ray Structures of N-heterocyclic Carbene Palladium Complexes based on Calix[4]arenes

Ren, Hui 19 December 2014 (has links)
Cette thèse apporte une contribution au développement de complexes carbènes N-hétérocycliques-palladium basés sur des calix[4]arènes: leur synthèse, leur caractérisation ainsi que l'évaluation de leur activité catalytique est presenté. Pour cela, un calix[4]arène mono-substitué a été préparé conformément aux procédures classiques, puis les précurseurs de nouveaux ligands NHC ont été obtenus. Subissant l'alkylation avec du n-butylbromide et puis une métallation subséquente avec du palladium et de la pyridine, quatorze nouveaux complexes ont été obtenus. Après les caractérisations complètes en solution et à l'état solide, l'évaluation de l'activité catalytique a été réalisée dans réactions couplage de Suzuki-Miyaura. De bonnes performances ont pu être observées permettant d'obtenir des taux de transformation de 99% avec des quantités de catalyseur descandant jusqu'à 0.08 mol%. L'étude de conformation ainsi que les résultats catalytiques en catalyse n'ont pas permis de mettre en évidence un effet supramoléculaire de la cavité macrocyclique envers le processus de couplage. Dans le but d'orienter le centre catalytique à l'intérieur de la cavité, des contraintes stériques ont été appliquées sur des nouveaux Pd-NHC-complexes. Ainsi des complexes dimeriques de palladium ont été synthétisés et entièrement caractérisés. Plusieurs approches pour construire des linkers intramoléculaires permettant de fixer la conformation ont été énvisagées mais n'ont pas permis à ce jour un gel conformationnel / This thesis will focus on development of N-heterocyclic carbene palladium complexes based on calix[4]arenes: from synthesis, characterization and structural study to evaluation of catalytic activity. A new series of calix[4]arene supported N-heterocyclic carbene palladium complexes was developed and fully characterized. A mono-substituted calix[4]arene was prepared through conventional procedures, following with the attachment of imidazolyl derivative groups to compose the precursors of novel NHCs ligands. Undergoing the alkylation with n-butylbromide and corresponding metallation with palladium and pyridine, original complexes were obtained. After a full characterization in solution and solid state, the evaluation of catalytic activity was undertaken through Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions which revealed good performances. The conformational study as well as the catalytic results in catalysis did not allow putting in evidence a supramolecular effect of the macrocycle cavity towards the coupling process. With the aim of localize catalytic center inside of the cavity, steric constrain was involved in the form of new Pd-NHC-complexes. Dimeric Pd complexes were synthesized and fully characterized as well. Several approaches to construct intramolecular linkers for fixing the conformation were elaborated. The conception of ‘flexible steric bulky’ inspired the research on confined structure of calix[4]arene, such as encapsulation and capped configuration. Relative progresses were carried out and discussed

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