Transforming growth factor (TGF) β is a tumor suppressor during early tumor development, by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis. At later stages of cancer, it becomes a tumor promoter, and promotes tumor cell migration and invasion. TGFβ signals via its type II and type I receptors to several downstream signaling pathways. In the present work we have focused on the TRAF6 (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6)/ TAK1 (TGFβ activated kinase 1) signaling pathway and the Smad7-dependent activation of p38 in prostate carcinoma cells (PC3U). We found that TGFβ-induced activation of the ubiquitin ligase TRAF6 was needed for cell invasion, by a mechanism that involves activation of the metalloproteinase TNFα converting enzyme (TACE), via protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ). TACE cleaves the TβRI, whereafter the intracellular domain (ICD) translocates to the nucleus, where it binds to the transcriptional co-activator p300 and regulates gene expression, promoting invasion. Interestingly, the translocation of the TβRI ICD was observed in several cancer cell lines and in sections of primary tumors, but not in primary prostate epithelial cells. We also found that Smad7 and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) are important for TGFβ- and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced cell migration in PC3U cells. TGFβ induces the formation of a complex consisting of Smad7, p38, glycogene synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), APC and β-catenin, which localizes to the membrane ruffles in the leading edge of migrating cells. The complex links the TβRI to the microtubule system and promotes membrane ruffling and microtubule polarization, which are known to be important for cell migration. In the EGF signaling pathway, Smad7 was found to be important for phosphorylation of the EGF receptor at Tyr1068, for the activation of p38 and JNK, and for induction of membrane ruffles. Smad7 is required for TGFβ-induced activation of p38 and apoptosis. We found that Smad7 forms a complex with p38 and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), which is important for activation of p53 mediated apoptosis. Many tumor cells including the PC3U cells lack a functional p53, which is one of the reasons to why cancer cells can avoid the tumor suppressor effects of TGFβ.

P68 RNA helicase (p68), as a DEAD family protein, is a typical RNA helicase protein. P68 functions in many other biological processes, which include the regulations of the gene transcription, cell proliferation and cell differentiation. In our group, Y593 phosphorylated p68 was found to have a function in the epithelial mesynchymal transition, which is an important process for cancer metastasis. In the present study, we found that p68 is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein. The protein carries two functional nuclear exporting signal sequences and two nuclear localization signal sequences. Calmodulin, a calcium sensor protein, is well known to play roles in cell migration by regulating the activities of its target proteins at the leading edge. Calmodulin interacts with p68 at the IQ motif of p68. However, the biological function of this interaction is not known. In this study, we found that the p68/calmodulin protein complex functions as a microtubule motor in migrating cells. The shuttling function of p68 along with the motor function of p68/calmodulin causes the leading edge distribution of calmodulin in migrating cells. Disruption the interaction between p68 and calmodulin inhibits cancer cell metastasis in an established mouse model. On the other hand, Y593-Y595 double phosphorylated p68 were found to interact with PKM2, an important tumor isoform of pyruvate kinase. The shuttling function of p68 is reasoned to promote the dimer formation of PKM2 and transport the PKM2 to the cell nucleus. The nuclear PKM2 was found to function as a protein kinase to promote cell proliferation. In specific, the nuclear PKM2 phosphorylates and activates Stat3, an important transcription factor functions in cell proliferation. Overall, p68 is found to have functions in both cell migration and cell proliferation, and these two functions depend on the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling activity and the post-translational modification of p68.

Hydrogels are three dimensional, insoluble, porous and crosslinked polymer networks. Due to their high water content, they have great resemblance to natural tissues, and therefore, demonstrate high biocompatibility. The porous structure provides an aqueous environment for the cells and also allows influx of nutrients needed for cellular viability. In this study, a natural biodegradable material, agarose (Aga), was used and semi-interpenetrating networks (semi-IPN) were prepared with polymers having different charges, such as positively charged chitosan (Ch) and negatively charged alginate (Alg). Hydrogels were obtained by the thermal activation of agarose with the entrapment of Ch or Alg in the Aga hydrogel structures. Chemical composition of hydrogels were determined by ATR-FTIR examinations, mechanical properties of hydrogels were examined through compression tests, morphologies were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy, thermal properties were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Moreover, swelling ratios, water contact angles and surface free energies (SFE) were determined. Cell proliferation and cell migration within these hydrogels were examined by using L929 fibroblast cell line. MTS assays were carried out to observe the cell proliferation on hydrogels. Confocal microscopy was used in order to examine the cell behavior such as cell attachment and cell migration towards the hydrogels. It was observed that addition of positively charged Ch into agarose increased the ultimate compressive strength (UCS), decreased elastic modulus (E), increased the thermal stability and hydrophobicity of the semi-IPN hydrogels. On the other hand, addition of negatively charged Alg into agarose decreased UCS, E, thermal stability and hydrophilicity. Cell-material interaction results showed that Aga hydrogels in tissue engineering applications was improved by adding different charged polyelectrolytes. Cell migration within Aga hydrogels was enhanced by adding Ch, and hindered by addition of Alg. Maximum cell proliferation and maximum penetration of the cells were obtained with the Ch/Aga hydrogels most probably due to attraction between the negatively charged cell surface and the positively charged Ch/Aga hydrogel surface. It was shown that cell interaction of agarose hydrogel scaffolds could be enhanced by introducing chitosan within the agarose hydrogels and obtained structures could be candidates for tissue engineering applications.

Cancer may arise as a result of deregulation of oncogenes and/or tumor suppressors. Although much progress has been made for the identification of such cancer related genes, our understanding of the complex tumorigenesis pathways is still not complete. Therefore, to improve our understanding of how certain basic mechanisms work in normal and in cancer cells, we aimed to characterize two different breast cancer related genes. First part of the study focused on subcellular localization USP32 (Ubiquitin Specific Protease 32) to help understand the function of this uncharacterized gene. USP32 is a member of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) and the gene maps to a gene rich region on 17q23. Genes on 17q23 are known to undergo amplification and overexpression in a subset of breast cancer cells and tumors. DUBs are known to be implicated in a variety of cellular functions including protein degradation, receptor endocytosis and vesicle trafficking. Therefore to elucidate the function of USP32, we localized the full length USP32 protein fused to GFP, in HeLa cells, using Fluorescence Protease Protection (FPP) assay and confocal microscopy. Results suggested a Golgi localization for USP32 as confirmed by co-localization study via BODIPY-TR, a Golgi specific marker. Additional investigations to find the role of USP32 in Golgi will further clarify the function of this candidate oncogene. Second part of the study focused on a potential tumor suppressor. For this purpose, we functionally characterized miR-125b, a microRNA gene as a potential tumor suppressor in breast cancer. microRNAs are regulators of gene expression and their deregulation is detected in cancer cells. miR-125b is reported as a down regulated microRNA in breast cancers. In this study, we investigated the expression, function and possible targets of miR-125b in breast cancer cell lines (BCCLs). Our results revealed a dramatic down regulation of miR-125b in a panel of BCCLs. Restoring the expression of miR-125b in low miR-125b expressing cells decreased the cell proliferation and migration as well as cytoplasmic protrusions, detected by staining of actin filaments. While connection of miR-125b and cell motility based on ERBB2 targeting has been reported earlier, here we present data on ERBB2 independent effects of miR-125b on cell migration in non-ERBB2 overexpressing breast cancer cells. Our results showed involvement of a miR-125b target, ARID3B, in cell motility and migration. Our findings showed miR-125b to be an important regulator of cell proliferation and migration in ERBB2 negative breast cancer cells, possibly through regulating multiple targets.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, August, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-143).

Prostate cancer is the most common invasive cancer diagnosed in men and a major and growing health problem in Western countries. Deregulation of different pathways has been implicated in progression of prostate cancer, namely nuclear factor kappa enhancer binding protein (NF-κB), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), phosphoinositide 3ʹ-kinase/AKT (PI3K/AKT) and Src kinase pathways. However, the detailed mechanisms by which TGFβ activates these pathways to contribute in tumorigenesis and invasive behavior of prostate cancer cells have not been elucidated. We have demonstrated (paper I) that the E3 ligase activity of TRAF6 is crucial for recruitment of the regulatory subunit of PI3K, p85α, to TβRI and for TGFβ-induced Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of p85α. TRAF6 is required for the TGFβ-induced recruitment of AKT to the complex of PI3K and TβRI, where the polyubiquitination and activation of AKT occurs. When activated, AKT promotes TGFβ-induced cell migration which is dependent on p85 and PI3K activity, as well as on TRAF6, but not on TβRI kinase activity. Thus, TGFβ-induced activation of PI3K/AKT induces cell motility contributing to the progression of cancer. We have demonstrated (paper II) a pivotal role of TAK1 polyubiquitination in three different pathways, including TNFR, IL-1R, and TLR4 signaling. Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of TAK1 at Lys34 is essential for downstream signaling to NF-κB-mediated target gene expression in both cancer and immune cells. These findings are of importance for the understanding of the mechanism of activation of NF-κB in inflammation and may aid in the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat chronic inflammation and cancer. We have also shown (paper III) that TGFβ activates the tyrosine kinase Src via formation of a complex between TβRI and Src. The E3 ligase TRAF6 promotes the formation of the complex in a manner not dependent on its ubiquitin ligase activity, suggesting that TRAF6 acts as an adaptor. Moreover, the activation of Src is not dependent on the kinase activity of TβRI. On a functional level, Src activity was found to be necessary for TGFβ-induced chemotaxis. In conclusion, we have elucidated molecular mechanisms whereby TGFβ activates non-Smad pathways, i.e. PI3K and Src. Our findings shed light on the pro-tumorigenesis mechanisms of TGFβ. In addition, we have demonstrated how the activation of TAK1, an important component of the TGFβ non-Smad pathway, by TGFβ and other stimuli leads to the activation of NF-κB and thereby induction of inflammation which likely contributes to prostate cancer progression.

Tumour cell dissemination is a major issue with the treatment of cancer, thus new therapeutic strategies which can control this process are needed. Antagonism of integrins highly expressed in tumours is one potential strategy. The integrins are transmembrane glycoprotein adhesive receptors. Two of the integrins, αVβ3 and αIIbβ3, are highly expressed in a number of tumours and induce bi-directional signalling through their interaction with extracellular matrix proteins, and growth factor receptors. Through this signalling they play an important role in a number of cellular processes that are involved in tumour dissemination such as tumour growth, migration, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. Dual αIIbβ3 and αVβ3 integrin antagonism will have a direct effect on β3-expressing tumour cells that leads to the inhibition of cell migration and dissemination. Furthermore, through targeting tumour cell interaction with endothelial cells and platelets, this will also lead to inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis. The aim of this project was to characterise the expression of αVβ3 and αIIbβ3 integrin in a panel of tumour cell lines and in human tumour xenograft samples, and to develop and utilise cell-based models to investigate potential novel β3 antagonists. The expression of αV and β3 subunits was detected in xenograft tissue using immunoblotting techniques. A panel of cell lines of different tumour types including melanoma, prostate, breast, colon and non small cell lung carcinoma was then characterised for αVβ3 and αIIbβ3 integrin expression using immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. Melanoma cell lines demonstrated the strongest αVβ3 expression. No αIIbβ3 integrin expression was seen in any of the cell lines evaluated. A selection of cell lines with varying αVβ3 expression were then used to develop a functional test for cell migration, the scratch wound healing assay. Migration of tumour cells that expressed αVβ3 integrin was inhibited by the known β3 antagonists, cRGDfV peptide and LM609 antibody. A panel of 12 potential novel β3 integrin antagonists was screened for cytotoxicity and activity in the validated scratch assay. ICT9055 was the most effective antagonist in inhibition of M14 cell migration as determined by the scratch assay, with an IC₅₀ of < 0.1 μM. Therefore the work presented in this thesis has established models and tools for evaluating potential novel β3 integrin antagonists, and identified a promising molecule to progress for further preclinical evaluation.

The development of the vertebrate limb is a progressive process characterized by initial induction and patterning, concomitant growth and morphogenesis, and subsequent cell differentiation and tissue formation. Many of these processes are regulated by specific signaling centers and the environment they create. Through both classical approaches and recent molecular studies, we are beginning to understand the roles of these signaling events during limb development. However, several questions still remain and need to be further addressed. In this dissertation, I first examine how signaling molecules regulate the proximal-distal (PD) patterning of the limb. We demonstrate that early limb mesenchyme is initially maintained in a state capable of generating all limb segments by a combination of proximal and distal signals. As the limb grows, the proximal limb is established by exposure to flank-derived signal(s), whereas the distal segments are determined by distal signals when cells grow beyond the proximal influence. Thus, these results support the “two signal model” and contradict the classical view of PD patterning by a clock-based system that was postulated in the “progress zone model”. In the second part of this work, I focus on a later developmental event and study the cell- and non-cell-autonomous function of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) during limb muscle formation. Muscle progenitor cells migrate from the lateral somites into the developing limb, where they undergo patterning and differentiation in response to local signals. We find that Shh patterns limb musculature non-cell-autonomously, acting through adjacent non-muscle mesenchyme. However, Shh functions cell-autonomously to maintain cell survival in the dermomyotome and promote slow muscle differentiation. Finally, Shh signaling is required cell-autonomously to maintain Net1 expression, which in turn regulates directional muscle cell migration in the distal limb. The dissertation ends with three appendices, describing separate studies: first, mechanisms of limb loss in snakes, second, the role of Hippo signaling in limb development, and lastly a collaborative work with Dr. Jérôme Gros on limb morphogenesis. Taken together, this dissertation provides a glimpse into the diverse roles of signaling pathways during various stages of vertebrate limb development.

Despite intense interest in the proteolysis of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), how the normal processing and function of this type I receptor-like glycoprotein is regulated remains ill-defined. APP is reported to function in neurodevelopment, including migration of neuronal precursor cells into the cortical plate. In recent years, several candidate ligands for APP, including F-spondin, Reelin, \(\beta1\) Integrin, Contactins, and Lingo-1 have been reported. However, a cognate ligand for APP that regulates its function or processing has yet to be widely confirmed in multiple laboratories. First, in an unbiased approach to reveal novel ligands, Pancortin was identified by a mass spectrometry-based screen for factors that bind to the APP ectodomain in rodent brain. Each of the Pancortin isoforms was confirmed to interact with APP. However, only specific Pancortin isoforms reduced \(\beta\)-secretase but not \(\alpha\)-secretase cleavage of endogenous APP. Using in utero electroporation to overexpress or knockdown Pancortin isoforms in rodent cortex, a previously unidentified role for Pancortin in cortical cell migration with evidence for a functional interaction with APP was discovered. Next, I developed new assays in an effort to confirm a role for one or more of the published candidate ligands in regulating APP ectodomain shedding in a biologically relevant context. A comprehensive quantification of APPs\(\alpha\) and APPs\(\beta\), the immediate products of secretase processing, in both non-neuronal cell lines and primary neuronal cultures expressing endogenous APP yielded no evidence that any of these published candidate ligands stimulate ectodomain shedding. Rather, Reelin, Lingo-1 and Pancortin emerged as the most consistent ligands for significantly inhibiting ectodomain shedding. These studies clarify mechanisms regulating the function and processing of APP, which is needed to understand consequences of chronically altering APP proteolysis to treat AD and to develop new potential drug targets.

Η πλειοτροπίνη αποτελεί έναν αυξητικό παράγοντα με ποικίλες δράσεις και σημαντικό ρόλο στην ανάπτυξη των όγκων και την αγγειογένεση. Η ερευνητική μας ομάδα έχει δείξει σε προηγούμενη μελέτη ότι η πλειοτροπίνη επάγει τη μετανάστευση ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων, μέσω πρόσδεσής της στον υποδοχέα της RPTPβ/ζ. Στην παρούσα μελέτη δείξαμε ότι μονοκλωνικό αντίσωμα έναντι της ιντεγκρίνης ανβ3, αλλά όχι έναντι της α5β1, ανέστειλε την επαγόμενη από την πλειοτροπίνη μετανάστευση ανθρώπινων ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων με δοσο-εξαρτώμενο τρόπο. Η πλειοτροπίνη βρέθηκε να αλληλεπιδρά με την ιντεγκρίνη ανβ3 και η αλληλεπίδραση αυτή είναι ανεξάρτητη από τη θέση δέσμευσης της αλληλουχίας RGD της ιντεγκρίνης. Αντίθετα, ένα συνθετικό πεπτίδιο το οποίο αντιστοιχεί στην κυστεϊνική θηλιά (177CYDMKTTC184) στο εξωκυτταρικό τμήμα της υπομονάδας β3 ανέστειλε την αλληλεπίδραση της πλειοτροπίνης με την ιντεγκρίνη ανβ3 και την επαγόμενη από την πλειοτροπίνη μετανάστευση των ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων. Επιπλέον, η ιντεγκρίνη ανβ3 βρέθηκε να αλληλεπιδρά και με τον υποδοχέα RPTPβ/ζ, ενώ η επαγόμενη από την πλειοτροπίνη φωσφορυλίωση της τυροσίνης 773 της ιντεγκρίνης β3 διαμεσολαβείται μέσω του RPTPβ/ζ και της καθοδικής αυτού κινάσης c-Src, η οποία επιπλέον αλληλεπιδρά και με την ιντεγκρίνη β3. Η midkine βρέθηκε ότι αλληλεπιδρά με τον υποδοχέα RPTPβ/ζ, αλλά όχι με την ιντεγκρίνη ανβ3, ενώ προκάλεσε μια μικρή, αλλά στατιστικά σημαντική αναστολή στη μετανάστευση των ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων. Στο ίδιο πλαίσιο, η πλειοτροπίνη ανέστειλε τη μετανάστευση διαφορετικών κυτταρικών σειρών γλοιώματος τα οποία εκφράζουν τον RPTPβ/ζ, αλλά όχι την ιντεγκρίνη ανβ3¬, ενώ προκάλεσε επαγωγή της μετανάστευσης στα κύτταρα U87MG, που εκφράζουν την ιντεγκρίνη ανβ3 στην κυτταρική τους μεμβράνη. Υπερέκφραση της ιντεγκρίνης β3 σε κύτταρα γλοιώματος είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την επαγωγική δράση της πλειοτροπίνης στην κυτταρική μετανάστευση. Παρόμοια, η πλειοτροπίνη δεν είχε καμία δράση στη μετανάστευση κυττάρων CHO που δεν εκφράζουν την ιντεγκρίνη β3, ενώ προκάλεσε σημαντική επαγωγή στη μετανάστευση των ίδιων κυττάρων σταθερά διαμολυσμένων ώστε να υπερεκφράζουν την ιντεγκρίνη β3. Σε κύτταρα CHO σταθερά διαμολυσμένα ώστε να υπερεκφράζουν μία μεταλλαγμένη μορφή της ιντεγκρίνης β3, στην οποία οι τυροσίνες 773 και 785 έχουν αντικατασταθεί με φαινυλαλανίνη, η πλειοτροπίνη δεν είχε καμία δράση, γεγονός που υποδηλώνει ότι η φωσφορυλίωση της τυροσίνης 773 είναι απαραίτητη για τη μεταγωγή του σήματος της πλειοτροπίνης που οδηγεί σε κυτταρική μετανάστευση. Το γεγονός ότι και η midkine προκάλεσε επαγωγή της φωσφορυλίωσης της τυροσίνης 773 δείχνει επιπλέον ότι η φωσφορυλίωση αυτή από μόνη της δεν είναι ικανή να οδηγήσει σε επαγωγή της κυτταρικής μετανάστευσης. Συνοπτικά, τα αποτελέσματα αυτά δείχνουν ότι η ιντεγκρίνη ανβ3 είναι ένα μόριο που καθορίζει την επαγωγική ή ανασταλτική δράση της πλειοτροπίνης στην κυτταρική μετανάστευση. Επιπλέον, στα πλαίσια της παρούσας εργασίας εξιχνιάσθηκε ο μηχανισμός δράσης ενός πεπτιδίου που αντιστοιχεί στα 26 τελευταία αμινοξέα του καρβοξυτελικού άκρου της πλειοτροπίνης (πεπτίδιο S1), και το οποίο έχει βρεθεί να αναστέλλει την αγγειογένεση in vivo και την επαγωγική δράση της πλειοτροπίνης στη μετανάστευση και το σχηματισμό αυλών των ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων in vitro. Το πεπτίδιο S1 βρέθηκε ότι αναστέλλει την αλληλεπίδραση της πλειοτροπίνης με την ιντεγκρίνη ανβ3, ενώ δεν επηρεάζει την αλληλεπίδρασή της με τον RPTPβ/ζ στα ενδοθηλιακά κύτταρα. Η ανταγωνιστική δράση μεταξύ της πλειοτροπίνης και του πεπτιδίου S1 για πρόσδεση στην ιντεγκρίνη ανβ3 θα μπορούσε να εξηγήσει την ανασταλτική δράση του πεπτιδίου στις επαγόμενες από την πλειοτροπίνη βιολογικές δράσεις, αλλά το κυριότερο, δείχνει ότι η το καρβοξυτελικό άκρο της πλειοτροπίνης είναι υπεύθυνο τμήμα για τη δέσμευσή της στην ιντεγκρίνη ανβ3. Επιπλέον, ανοίγει το δρόμο για την ανάπτυξη μορίων που θα αναστέλλουν τις δράσεις της πλειοτροπίνης μέσω της ιντεγκρίνης ανβ3 και θα μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν θεραπευτικά σε καταστάσεις, στις οποίες η αλληλεπίδραση αυτή παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο. / Pleiotrophin is a growth factor that among other functions, plays a significant role on tumor growth and angiogenesis. Our group has previously shown that pleiotrophin is able to induce migration of endothelial cells through binding to its receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β/ζ (RPTPβ/ζ). In the present study we show that a monoclonal antibody against ανβ3 but not α5β1 integrin abolished pleiotrophin-induced human endothelial cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner. Integrin ανβ3 was found to directly interact with pleiotrophin in an RGD-independent manner, whereas a synthetic peptide corresponding to the specificity loop of the β3 integrin extracellular domain (177CYDMKTTC184) inhibited pleiotrophin-ανβ3 interaction and totally abolished pleiotrophin-induced endothelial cell migration. Interestingly, ανβ3 was also found to directly interact with RPTPβ/ζ, and pleiotrophin-induced Y773 phosphorylation of β3 integrin was dependent on both RPTPβ/ζ and the downstream c-Src kinase activation, which furthermore interacts with β3 integrin. Midkine was found to interact with RPTPβ/ζ, but not with ανβ3, and caused a small but statistically significant decrease in cell migration. In the same line, pleiotrophin decreased migration of different glioma cell lines that express RPTPβ/ζ but do not express ανβ3, while it stimulated migration of U87MG cells that express ανβ3 on their cell membrane. Overexpression of β3 in glioma cells stimulated the effect of pleiotrophin on cell migration. In the same line, pleiotrophin had no effect on migration of CHO cells that do not express β3, while it induced proliferation of the same cells, stably transfected to over-express wild-type β3. In cells over-expressing mutant β3 with replacement of cytoplasmic tyrosines 773 and 785 to phenylalanines, PTN had no effect on migration, suggesting that PTN-induced phosphorylation of tyrosine 773 is required for PTN-induced cell migration. However, the fact that midkine also induces phosphorylation of tyrosine 773 suggests that it is not sufficient by itself to transducer the stimulatory effect of PTN. Collectively, these data suggest that ανβ3 is a key molecule that determines the stimulatory or inhibitory effect of pleiotrophin on cell migration. Furthermore, the mode of action of a synthetic peptide that corresponds to the last 26 aminoacids of the C-terminal region of pleiotrophin (S1 peptide) and has inhibitory effects on angiogenesis in vivo and on pleiotrophin-induced endothelial cell migration and tube formation in vitro was further clarified. The peptide was found to inhibit pleiotrophin binding to ανβ3 integrin whereas it did not affect pleiotrophin binding to RPTPβ/ζ in human endothelial cells. These data explain the inhibitory effects of peptide S1 on pleiotrophin-induced biological activities and clarify that the C-terminal region of pleiotrophin is the domain responsible for the interaction with ανβ3 integrin. Finally, peptide S1 can be used to develop effective molecules in inhibiting actions of pleiotrophin through integrin ανβ3, in order to be used for treating pathologies where pleiotrophin seems to have significant role.