A paracoccidioidomicose é uma enfermidade sistêmica causada principalmente pelo fungo Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Recentemente, observou-se que a capacidade fagocítica dos macrófagos alveolares (MA) em animais diabéticos está diminuída em comparação aos MA de animais sadios, e que a insulina estimula a atividade fagocítica em MA oriundos de animais diabéticos e sadios por mecanismos diferentes. Neste projeto, usando um modelo de carência relativa de insulina (diabetes mellitus experimental), estudamos a intervenção da insulina em um modelo de infecção sistêmica. Após aprovação do comitê de ética (protocolo CEUA/FCF/421), camundongos machos da linhagem C57BL/6 (diabéticos, 60 mg/kg aloxana/10 dias, e seus respectivos controles) receberam injeção intratraqueal contendo suspensão de leveduras de P. brasiliensis ou volume equivalente de PBS estéril. Animais dos grupos de tratamento receberam insulina pela via subcutânea diariamente por 12 dias. Nas amostras, foram avaliados: a) o número de células dos lavados peritoneal (LPe) e broncoalveolar (LBA), o leucograma, e a glicemia (monitor de glicose); b) os níveis séricos de insulina no soro pela técnica de ELISA; c) as concentrações de citocinas (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, CINC-1, CINC-2, CINC-3) nos LPe e LBA e nos homogenatos (ELISA). Após incubação de 55 dias, comparados aos controles (2.9±0,4g e 192±7.5 mg/dL), animais tornados diabéticos (0.87 ± 0,25 g e 570,1 ± 9,27mg/dL) apresentaram redução no ganho de massa corpórea durante o período de experimentação e elevados níveis de glicose sanguínea. O tratamento de insulina reduziu os níveis de glicose (547±36,8mg/dL vs.323,6±36,9mg/dL), embora não o suficiente para tornar os animais normoglicêmicos. Comparados aos controles, animais diabéticos apresentaram número reduzido de leucócitos no LPe (2.2 x106 ± 0.2cells/mm3 vs 1.3 x106 ± 0.1cells/mm3) e, no LBA, reduzidas concentrações de CINC-2 (662,3±73,8pg/mL vs 312,7±114,7pg/mL), CINC-1 (115,5.0±25,5pg/mL vs 88,3±24,7pg/mL) e IL-10(320,9±58,4pg/mL vs 161,0±59,4pg/mL) depois da infecção. O tratamento com insulina restaurou a concentração de leucócitos nos LPe de animais diabéticos, mas não no LBA. Os dados sugerem que a insulina modula a produção/liberação de citocinas, sem alterar a migração de leucócitos para LBA e restaurando a migração destes para LPe durante o curso da paracoccidioidomicose. / Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic disease mainly caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis fungus that interact with antigen-presenting cells, changing its main biological functions. Recently it was observed that the phagocytic capacity of these cells in diabetic animals for IgG opsonized targets is decreased compared to healthy animals, and that insulin stimulates the phagocytic activity in alveolar macrophages in from diabetic and healthy animals, by different mechanisms. In this project, using a model of relative lack of insulin (experimental diabetes mellitus), we studied the intervention of insulin in a model of systemic infection. After approval by the committee of ethics (protocol CEUA/FCF/421), C57BL/6 male diabetic (60mg/kg aloxan/10days) mice and their respective controls were subjected to intratracheal injection of suspension of P. brasiliensis or an equivalent volume of TBS sterile. In the forty-third day, insulin-treated mice were treated subcutaneously daily with insulin for 12 days at 6 P.M. We evaluated: a) the number of cells of the peritoneal(PeL) and bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluids, the leucogram and the glucose levels; b) the levels of insulin on the serum by the technique of ELISA; c) the levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, CINC-1, CINC-2, CINC-3) in the BAL and PeL fluid, and on organ homogenates. After 55 days, relative to controls (2.9±0,4g and 192±7.5 mg/dL)), mice rendered diabetic (0.87 ± 0,25 g and 570,1 ± 9,27mg/dL) exhibited a reduction in body weight gain during the experimental period and sharply elevated blood glucose levels. Treatment of diabetic animals with insulin induced a reduction in blood glucose levels (547±36,8mg/dL vs.323,6±36,9mg/dL), but it was not sufficient to reduce glycemia to control values. In addition, relative to controls, infected diabetic mice exhibited a reduction in the number of leukocytes into the PeL fluid ((2.2 x106 ± 0.2cells/mm3 vs 1.3 x106 ± 0.1cells/mm3) and reduced BAL concentrations of CINC-2 (662,3±73,8pg/mL vs 312,7±114,7pg/mL), CINC-1 (115,5.0±25,5pg/mL vs 88,3±24,7pg/mL) and IL-10 (320,9±58,4pg/mL vs 161,0±59,4pg/mL) after P. brasiliensis infection. Treatment of diabetic mice with insulin restored concentrations of leukocytes in the PeL fluid but not in the BAL. Data presented suggest that insulin modulates the production/release of cytokines but not leukocyte migration to the BAL while restoring this paramether on the PeL during the course of P. brasiliensis fungus-induced PCM.

Perturbations to extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cell migration and invasion are associated with the development of placenta-mediated diseases. Dietary polyphenols have been shown to influence cell migration and invasion in models of tumorigenesis and non-cancerous, healthy cells; however, never shown in EVT cells. We hypothesize that polyphenols present in V. angustifolium leaves will promote trophoblast migration and invasion through ERK and AKT activation. Using the HTR-8/SVneo cell line as a model for EVT cells, the leaf extract increased trophoblast migration and invasion, in an ERK- and AKT-independent manner, and had no effect on cell proliferation or viability. One major polyphenol of the leaf extract was identified and may be an active compound. We have demonstrated for the first time that V. angustifolium leaf extract increases EVT migration and invasion in vitro, thus further investigations examining potential therapeutic applications of this extract in the context of placenta-mediated diseases are warranted.

Les GTPases de la famille Rho sont les principaux régulateurs du remodelage du cytosquelette d’actine lors de la migration et l’invasion cellulaire. En particulier, deux membres de cette famille sont importants dans ce processus : les GTPases RhoA et Rac1. En effet, il existe une balance d’activité de ces GTPases, responsables respectivement de la contraction cellulaire et de la formation d’extensions cytoplasmiques, des étapes clefs de la migration. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d’étudier la régulation de ces protéines dans la migration et l’invasion cellulaire. Pour cela, plusieurs stratégies ont été entreprises. Tout d’abord, une étude structure/fonction de la protéine p190RhoGAP-A (p190A), un des régulateurs majeurs de la GTPase RhoA, a été réalisée. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence un domaine, appelé PLS pour « protrusion localization sequence », permettant à cette protéine de se localiser au niveau des extensions membranaires appelées « replis membranaires » et « lamellipodes » où RhoA est régulée localement. D’autre part, un mutant délété de ce domaine, appelé PLSp190A, ne peux pas se localiser au niveau de ces structures et a un impact négatif sur leur formation et la migration cellulaire. De plus, l’analyse de ce mutant a révélé que le domaine PLS était impliqué dans la régulation négative de p190A. Ainsi, nous avons mis en évidence un nouveau domaine de p190A responsable de sa localisation intracellulaire et de sa fonction. La deuxième partie de ce travail de thèse a été consacrée à la mise en place d’un outil de mesure de l’activité des GTPases Rho par la technologie Alphascreen. Ce test a permis de mesurer l’activité de Rac1 in vitro et in cellulo mais a également été appliqué à un crible en vue d’identifier de nouvelles molécules régulatrices de Rac1. Ainsi, ce travail de thèse, en abordant par plusieurs angles la régulation des GTPases de la famille Rho, a permis d’apporter des informations et des outils pour la compréhension des mécanismes complexes régissant la capacité des cellules à se mouvoir dans leur environnement. / RhoGTPases are major regulators of the actin cytoskeleton during cell migration and invasion. Particularly, the two members of the RhoGTPase family, RhoA and Rac1 play important roles in these processes. Indeed, a reciprocal balance between these GTPases’activity that leads to cell contraction and cell protrusion formation, determines cell movement. The aim of this PhD thesis was to study the regulation of RhoA and Rac1 during cell migration and invasion. To this end, various strategies were undertaken.We first performed a structure/function analysis of p190RhoGAP-A (p190A), a major negative regulator of RhoA. This led to the identification of a protrusion localization sequence (“PLS”) necessary and sufficient for p190A targeting to actin-based structures. A p190A mutant deleted of the PLS domain (PLS), does not localize to ruffles and lamellipodia, where RhoA is locally regulated during cell migration. This analysis also revealed that the PLS is required for the negative regulation of p190A activity. Finally, p190APLS expression has a dominant negative effect on the formation of actin protrusions and cell migration. Thus, we identified a novel functional domain of p190A required for its proper subcellular localization and functions. The second part of this PhD thesis was focused on the design of an Alphascreen technology-based assay to study GTPases activity. This assay allowed the measurement of Rac1 activity in vitro and in cellulo. Moreover, we used this assay to screen for new regulators of Rac1 activity. In conclusion, this work provides new insights and new tools for the understanding of RhoGTPase involvement in cell migration.

The design of a tissue engineered pulmonary valve (TEPV) involves cells source(s), scaffold, in vitro conditioning system and the functional stability of the TEPV in vivo. Vascular cells (pulmonary artery smooth muscle (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs)) and periodontal ligament derived stem cells (PDLSCs) are relevant sources for the designing of TEPVs. In this study, labeling of these cell populations with super paramagnetic iron oxide microparticles along with concomitant usage of transfection agents was followed by visualization using magnetic resonance, while Intracellular iron oxide was confirmed by prussian blue staining and fluorescence microscopy. Also, the potential of PDLSC as a feasible source for TEPVs was investigated, expressing differentiative capacity to both SMC and EC phenotypes by a combination of biochemical and mechanical stimulation. Flow conditioning in a u-shaped bioreactor augmented collagen production in SMC-EC (99.5% for n=3) and PDLSC (93.3% for n=3) seeded scaffolds after a 3-week culturing period (P<0.05).

O glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) é uma neoplasia do sistema nervoso central (SNC), caracterizada por uma elevada capacidade proliferativa e migratória. O desenvolvimento do tumor provoca uma remodelação da matriz extracelular (MEC) que facilita a migração tumoral. Eicosanóides são moléculas lipídicas importantes na carcinogênese e a sua síntese está correlacionada com o grau de desenvolvimento do tumor. As prostaglandinas são eicosanóides envolvidas na estimulação da angiogênese, na adesão celular e proliferação celular. Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar in vitro o efeito da PGE2 na expressão moléculas da MEC e das moléculas de adesão envolvidas na migração, em células U87MG e U251MG. As células U251MG e U87MG foram tratadas com PGE2 (10&#181;M) e Ibuprofeno (25&#181;M), por um período 48hs. As proteínas da MEC foram analisadas por RT-qPCR após o tratamento. Foram realizadas reações de imunohistoquímica para as moléculas da MEC. As alterações foram encontradas na expressão de laminina, fibronectina, colágeno tipo IV e as integrinas &alpha;v , &alpha;3 e &alpha;5 para células U87MG . Observamos imunomarcação nas linhas celulares para colágeno tipo IV, laminina e fibronectina. Concluímos que o tratamento com IBU e PGE2, afeta a expressão gênica de moléculas de MEC. / Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a neoplasm of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by a high proliferative and migratory capacity. Tumor development leads to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and facilitating the migration of these cells. Eicosanoids are important lipid molecules in carcinogenesis, and their synthesis often correlates with the degree of tumor development. Prostaglandins are eicosanoids involved in the stimulation of angiogenesis, cell adhesion and cell proliferation. This study is aimed to evaluate the expression of several ECM molecules involved in migration after altering the concentration of prostaglandins, using human glioma cell lines as an in vitro model. The cell lines U87MG and U251MG were treated with PGE2 (10&#181;M) and Ibuprofen (25&#181;M), for a predetermined period of 48hs. Proteins involved in extracellular matrix were analyzed by RT-qPCR after treatment in vitro. Immunohistochemical reactions were also performed for the ECM molecules. Changes were found in the expression of laminin, fibronectin, type IV collagen and &alpha;v, &alpha;3 and &alpha;5 integrins in cells U87MG. We observed immunostaining in cell lines to type IV collagen, laminin and fibronectin. In conclusion, Ibuprofen and PGE2, affects gene expression of ECM molecules.

Cell-to-cell variations and intracellular processes such as cytoskeletal organization and organelle dynamics exhibit massive heterogeneity. Advances in imaging and optics have enabled researchers to access spatiotemporal information in living cells efficiently. Even though current imaging technologies allow us to acquire an unprecedented amount of cell images, it is challenging to extract valuable information from the massive and complex dataset to interpret heterogeneous biological processes. Machine learning (ML), referring to a set of computational tools to acquire knowledge from data, provides promising solutions to meet this challenge. In this dissertation, we developed ML pipelines for deconvolution of subcellular protrusion heterogeneity from live cell imaging and molecular diagnostic from lens-free digital in-line holography (LDIH) imaging. Cell protrusion is driven by spatiotemporally fluctuating actin assembly processes and is morphodynamically heterogeneous at the subcellular level. Elucidating the underlying molecular dynamics associated with subcellular protrusion heterogeneity is crucial to understanding the biology of cellular movement. Traditional ensemble averaging methods without characterizing the heterogeneity could mask important activities. Therefore, we established an ACF (auto-correlation function) based time series clustering pipeline called HACKS (deconvolution of heterogeneous activities in coordination of cytoskeleton at the subcellular level) to identify distinct subcellular lamellipodial protrusion phenotypes with their underlying actin regulator dynamics from live cell imaging. Using our method, we discover “accelerating protrusion”, which is driven by the temporally ordered coordination of Arp2/3 and VASP activities. Furthermore, deriving the merits of ML, especially Deep Learning (DL) to learn features automatically, we advanced our pipeline to learn fine-grained temporal features by integrating the prior ML analysis results with bi-LSTM (bi-direction long-short term memory) autoencoders to dissect variable-length time series protrusion heterogeneity. By applying it to subcellular protrusion dynamics in pharmacologically and metabolically perturbed epithelial cells, we discovered fine differential response of protrusion dynamics specific to each perturbation. This provides an analytical framework for detailed and quantitative understanding of molecular mechanisms hidden in their heterogeneity. Lens-free digital in-line holography (LDIH) is a promising microscopic tool that overcomes several drawbacks (e.g., limited field of view) of traditional lens-based microscopy. Numerical reconstruction for hologram images from large-field-of-view LDIH is extremely time-consuming. Until now, there are no effective manual-design features to interpret the lateral and depth information from complex diffraction patterns in hologram images directly, which limits LDIH utility for point-of-care applications. Inherited from advantages of DL to learn generalized features automatically, we proposed a deep transfer learning (DTL)-based approach to process LDIH images without reconstruction in the context of cellular analysis. Specifically, using the raw holograms as input, the features extracted from a well-trained network were able to classify cell categories according to the number of cell-bounded microbeads, which performance was comparable with that of object images as input. Combined with the developed DTL approach, LDIH could be realized as a low-cost, portable tool for point-of-care diagnostics. In summary, this dissertation demonstrate that ML applied to cell imaging can successfully dissect subcellular heterogeneity and perform cell-based diagnosis. We expect that our study will be able to make significant contributions to data-driven cell biological research.

Hematopoietic cells exploit the multistep paradigm of cell migration to ultimately enable them to perform their function. This process is dictated by the ability of adhesion molecules on the circulating hematopoietic cells to find their counter-receptors on endothelial cells. Of those molecules, the selectin family and their respective ligands induce the initial transient interactions between circulating cells and the opposing endothelium. In this thesis, I focused on studying E-selectin mediated cellular migration in two hematopoietic cell types, namely human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and human T-lymphocytes. HSPCs derived from pluripotent sources theoretically offers a novel, unlimited source for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation therapy. In vitro pluripotent stem cell derived- hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (ES/iPS-HSPCs) behave much like somatic HSPCs in that they exhibit clonal expansion and multilineage hematopoietic capacity. However, unlike somatic sources, ES/iPS-HSPCs do not give rise to effective hematopoietic repopulation, which may be due to insufficient HSPCs homing to the bone marrow. HSPCs exploit E- and P-selectin to home and engraft into bone marrow niches. Thus, one of my objectives in this thesis was to study the expression of E-selectin ligands associated with ES/iPS-HSPCs. I showed that ES/iPS-HSPCs lack functional E-selectin ligand(s). In an effort to enhance the interaction between Eselectin and ES/iPS-HSPCs, we decorated the cell surface with sialyl-Lewis x (sLex) using the ex-vivo glycan engineering technology. However, this decoration did not improve the engraftment capacity of ES/iPS-HSPCs, in vivo. Induction of E-selectin expression during inflammation is key to recruitment of immune cells and therefore I also focused on analyzing the expression of E-selectin ligands on activated human T-cells. I identified several novel glycoproteins that may function as E-selectin ligands. Specifically, I compared the role of the known E-selectin ligands, namely PSGL-1 and CD43, to CD44. I showed that CD44 purified from in vitro human activated T-cells or from psoriasis patients acts as a functional E-selectin ligand. Furthermore, our knock-down studies demonstrated that CD44, and not CD43, cooperates with P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) as a major E-selectin ligand.

Understanding the dynamics of micro- and nanometer-sized objects like molecules, particles, and living cells in biological systems and biomaterials has become a key component in biomedical research. Consequently, significant progress has been made for the development of imaging platforms, fluorescent probes, and computational tools to visualize and quantify biological processes at different length and time scales. However, despite such advances, achieving a reliable measurement accuracy on the dynamic behavior of these microscopic vehicles in diverse biological contexts is challenging. Subsequently, the motivation behind this dissertation is to develop new robust microfluidic velocimetry techniques to investigate molecular transport and cell migration within an in-vitro microfluidic platform.

This diploma thesis deals with analysing of modern methods for cell detection, visualization and quantification in 3D space. The first section deals with optical methods for cells detection. There is detailed discussion about cell labeling and detection on confocal microscopy. There is also description about developed algorithm for whole cell volume quantification from microscopy images. This could made a comparsion of fluorescence signal according to time of cell labeling and according to cell shapes. There was also optimalization of handmade tissue phantoms visualization. It could be compared a possibilities of cell detections in these phantoms by confocal microscopy and OCT. It was also implemented algorithm for quantification of cells from OCT images. Besides confocal microscopy and OCT cells are also analyzed by other methods. The last part is the Conclusion of results and comparison of used methods.

Cell migration is essential for homeostasis and the development of metastases. We hypothesize that cell migration is regulated by mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum morphology. Using live cell microscopy, we found that mitochondria specifically migrate into the biochemically dense leading edge of the cell interacting with focal adhesions as well. At the leading edge the mitochondria are visibly shorter and less tubular than the perinuclear area. This is related to the elevated levels of fission events per minute in the leading edge and elevated levels of fusion events per minute in the trailing edge. We observe that mitochondria migrate along microtubules and simultaneously interact with the ER. When the ER is sheet-like the mitochondria are longer and tubular and when the ER is tubular the mitochondria are shorter and punctate. This change in ER and mitochondria morphology changes the cell’s ability to migrate. CLIMP63 cells have more sporadic turns, take longer to make turns, have shorter distances travelled and shorter displacements. To determine whether mitochondria dynamics play a role we examined these cell migration parameters in the presence of OPA1 and Drp1. This allowed us to conclude that the ER morphology is responsible for the distance and displacement the cell travels while the mitochondria is responsible for the angles the cell turns. When the ER is sheet-like the cells will be travel shorter total distances and displacements and when the cell has longer mitochondria it will be sporadic turns and take longer to make these turns.